Overview
Pentatomoidea is a superfamily of insects in the Heteroptera suborder of the Hemiptera order and, as such, share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.1] They are commonly referred to as shield bugs, chust bugs, and stink bugs.
There are about 7000 species under Pentatomoidea, divided under 14 to 15 families.[2][3]
Description
Pentatomoidea are characterized by a well developed scutellum (the hardened extension of the thorax over the abdomen). It can be triangular to semi-elliptical in shape.[3] Pentatomoidea usually have an antennae with five segments. The tarsi usually have two or three segments.[4]
Shield bugs have glands in their thorax between the first and second pair of legs which produce a foul smelling liquid. This liquid is used defensively to deter potential predators and is sometimes released when the bugs are handled carelessly.
The nymphs, similar to adults except smaller and without wings, also have stink glands.
The nymphs and adults have piercing mouthparts, which most use to suck sap from plants, although some eat other insects. When they group in large numbers, they can become significant pests.
Species that resemble pentatomoids are found in the superfamily Coreoidea.
Families
The following families are classified under Pentatomoidea:[5]
- Acanthosomatidae Signoret, 1863 ? Known as shi eld bugs. Contains 46 genera and 184 species found worldwide.[6]
- Canopidae McAtee & Malloch, 1928 ? Found strictly in the Neotropical ecozone.[7]
- Cydnidae Billberg, 1820 ? Known as burrowing bugs, it contains 120 genera and about 765 species worldwide.
- Dinidoridae St?l, 1867 ? Found in tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America. It is composed of 16 genera and about 65 species.[3]
- Lestoniidae China, 1955 ? Small round bugs which bear a resemblance to tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae). It is composed only of one genus and two species, it is endemic to Australia.[8]
- Megarididae McAtee & Malloch, 1928 ? Contains only one genus (Megaris) and 16 species. They are small globular bugs occurring in Central America.[9]
- Parastrachiidae Oshanin, 1922 ? Bright red and black bugs exhibiting maternal care of eggs, they are composed of one genus and two Asian and Estern Paearctic species.[10]
- Pentatomidae Leach, 1815 ? Known as stink bugs, it is the largest family in Pentatomoidea. It contains around 900 genera and over 4700 species.[10]
- Phloeidae ? Large mottled brown and flattened bugs found strictly in the Neotropical ecozone.. It is composed on only 2 genera and 3 species. They are known to exhibit strong maternal care.[7]
- Plataspididae ? Found in Asia, particularly eastern Asia, although a few species of Coptosoma occur in the Palearctic. They are round plant-feeding bugs. It has about 59 genera and 560 species.[10]
- Scutelleridae ? Known as jewel bugs or shield-backed bugs. Composed of 81 genera and about 450 species.
- Tessaratomidae ? Known as giant shield bugs because they are usually relatively large. Has about 55 genera and 240 species worldwide (mainly in the Old World tropics).[3][2][11]
- Thaumastellidae ? Small bugs usually found under rocks in tropical Africa and the Middle East. It contains only one genus and three species. There is some debate to their inclusion within Pentatomoidea.[12]
- Thyreocoridae Amyot & Serville, 1843 ? Known as ebony bugs, they are small oval bugs that are a shiny black.[13]
- Urostylididae ? Contains about 11 genera and 170 species. They are found in Southern and Eastern Asia.[10] (including Korea).
Phylogeny
The morphological unweighted tree of Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).[14][15]
See also
- List of shield bug species of Korea
- Pentatomomorpha
- Sunn pest
References
- ^ "Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas". CSIRO. http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hemiptera.html. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ a b Cedric Gillott (1995). Entomology. Springer. p. 604. ISBN 9780306449673. http://books.google.com/books?id=DrTKxvZq_IcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b c d G. Cassis, Australia. Bureau of Flora and Fauna, & Gordon F. Gross (2002). Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). Csiro Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 9780643068759. http://books.google.com/books?id=UWifn5wT6D8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ T. N. Ananthakrishnan (2004). General and applied entomology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 370. ISBN 9780070434356. http://books.google.com/books?id=KHt-daXqZ-sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ David A. Rider (October 20, 2009). "Classification". Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Classification/classification.htm. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
- ^ Fa?ndez, E. I. 2009. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Zootaxa. 2137: 57?65
- ^ a b P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8014-2066-0
- ^ P136 Christopher G. Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0-12-200400-0
- ^ www.discoverlife.org
- ^ a b c d Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-5142-0
- ^ James T. Costa (2006), The other insect societies; Belknap Press Series Harvard University Press, p.311, ISBN 0-674-02163-0
- ^ P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia
- ^ Mike Boone (September 11, 2004). "Family Thyreocoridae ? Ebony Bugs". BugGuide, Iowa State University. http://bugguide.net/node/view/6985. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
- ^ Dimitri Forero (March 13, 2009). "Pentatomoidea". Tree of Life web project. http://tolweb.org/Pentatomoidea/10945. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
- ^ Jocelia Grazia, Randall T. Schuhb, & Ward C. Wheeler (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)". Cladistics (Wiley-Blackwell) 24: 932?976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x. http://research.amnh.org/scicomp/pdfs/wheeler/Graziaetal2008.pdf. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
External links
Taxonomy
The Superfamily Pentatomoidea is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Family (16): Acanthosomatidae · Aphylidae · Canopidae · Cydnidae · Dinidoridae · Eumenotidae · Lestoniidae · Megarididae · Pentatomidae · Phloeidae · Plataspidae · Scutelleridae · Tessaratomidae · Thaumastellidae · Thyreocoridae · Urostylidae
Families
Acanthosomatidae
Acanthosomatidae is a family of Hemiptera, commonly named ?shield bugs,? for which Kumar in his World revision recognizes 47 genera; now this number is 54 genera, with about 200 species, and is one of the least diversified families within Pentatomoidea. [more]
Aphylidae
Canopidae
Cydnidae
Cydnidae are a family of shield bugs, known by common names including burrowing bugs or burrower bugs. In some classifications, Cydnidae includes the family Thyreocoridae (sometimes referred to as "Corimelaenidae"), which are known commonly as negro bugs or ebony bugs, and/or the family . Though similar in appearance to a beetle at casual glance, they can be distinguished by both their piercing/sucking mouthparts, and wing configuration (beetle elytra are split directly down the back of the insect). Of some 750 species of burrower bugs, 27 are reported as crop pests, and six species are thought to feed on peanut. [more]
Dinidoridae
Eumenotidae
Lestoniidae
Megarididae
Pentatomidae
Pentatomidae, Greek pente meaning five and tomos meaning section, is a family of insects belonging to order Hemiptera including some of the stink bugs and shield bugs. The scutellum body is usually trapezoidal in shape, giving this family the name 'shield bug'. The tarsi are 3-segmented. The forewings of stink bugs are called hemelytra, with the basal half thickened while the apex is membranous (as are the hindwings). The name stink bug derives from their tendency to eject a foul smelling glandular substance secreted from pores in the thorax when disturbed; in some species the liquid contains cyanide compounds with a rancid almond scent. This is a form of antipredator adaptation. [more]
Phloeidae
Plataspidae
Plataspididae (often misspelled Plataspidae) are a family of shield bugs native to the Eastern Hemisphere. One species, Megacopta cribraria, has recently become introduced and established in the southeastern United States, where it is a pest of soybeans. [more]
Scutelleridae
Scutelleridae is a family of true bugs. They are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration. They are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the last section of their thorax into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings. This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug. These insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops. Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide. [more]
Tessaratomidae
Tessaratomidae is a family of true bugs. It contains about 240 species of large bugs divided into 3 subfamilies and 56 genera. [more]
Thaumastellidae
Thyreocoridae
Thyreocoridae are a family of shield bugs, known by common names including negro bugs or ebony bugs. In some classifications, they are included as a subfamily within the family Cydnidae; some authors also refer to this family under the name Corimelaenidae, a junior synonym. [more]
Urostylidae
At least 43 species and subspecies belong to the Family Urostylidae.
More info about the Family Urostylidae may be found here.
References
- ^ "Hemiptera: bugs, aphids and cicadas". CSIRO. http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/hemiptera.html. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ a b Cedric Gillott (1995). Entomology. Springer. p. 604. ISBN 9780306449673. http://books.google.com/books?id=DrTKxvZq_IcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f= false.
- ^ a b c d G. Cassis, Australia. Bureau of Flora and Fauna, & Gordon F. Gross (2002). Zoological catalogue of Australia: Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). Csiro Publishing. p. 353. ISBN 9780643068759. http://books.google.com/books?id=UWifn5wT6D8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ T. N. Ananthakrishnan (2004). General and applied entomology. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 370. ISBN 9780070434356. http://books.google.com/books?id=KHt-daXqZ-sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ David A. Rider (October 20, 2009). "Classification". Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Classification/classification.htm. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
- ^ Fa?ndez, E. I. 2009. Co ntribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Zootaxa. 2137: 57?65
- ^ a b P220 Randall T. Schuh, James Alexander Slater, True bugs of the world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): classification and natural history, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8014-2066-0
- ^ P136 Christopher G. Morris Academic Press dictionary of science and technology, Gulf Professional Publishing, 1992, ISBN 0-12-200400-0
- ^ www.discoverlife.org
- ^ a b c d Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-5142-0
- ^ James T. Costa (2006), The other insect societies; Belknap Press Series Harvard University Press, p.311, ISBN 0-674-02163-0
- ^ P353 Zoological Catalogue of Australia
- ^ Mike Boone (September 11, 2004). "Family Thyreocoridae ? Ebony Bugs". BugGuide, Iowa State University. http://bugguide.net/node/view/6985. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
- ^ Dimitri Forero (March 1 3, 2009). "Pentatomoidea". Tree of Life web project. http://tolweb.org/Pentatomoidea/10945. Retrieved April 28, 2011.
- ^ Jocelia Grazia, Randall T. Schuhb, & Ward C. Wheeler (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera)". Cladistics (Wiley-Blackwell) 24: 932?976. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00224.x. http://research.amnh.org/scicomp/pdfs/wheeler/Graziaetal2008.pdf. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
Sources
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