Overview
Opisthobranchs () are a large and diverse group of specialized complex marine gastropods previously united under Opisthobranchia within the Heterobranchia, but no longer considered to represent a monophyletic grouping.[2] Euopisthobrancha is a collection of opisthobranchs that is monophyletic, but this group leaves out some "traditional" opisthobranchs.[3]
The Opisthobranchia includes a number of species in the order Cephalaspidea (bubble shells and headshield slugs), the sacoglossans, the anaspidean sea hares, the pelagic sea angels, the sea butterflies, and many families of Nudibranchia.[2]
Opisthobranch means "gills behind" (and to the right of the heart). In contrast, Prosobranch means gills in front (of the heart). Opisthobranchs are characterized by two pairs of tentacles and a single gill behind and to the right of the heart.
Opisthobranchia are known from as early as the Carboniferous.[4]
Taxonomy
Under the old classification system by Johannes Thiele in 1931 Gastropoda were divided into the Prosobranchia, Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia. The later two were later combined into a single order.[5]
Relation to pulmonates
It is speculated that the Opisthobranchia may be paraphyletic,[6] and may have given rise to the Pulmonata, although this is still disputed.
The Pulmonata may be a sibling group to an opisthobranch taxon. The Opisthobranchia are therefore not a monophyletic group and can no longer be accepted as a valid taxon. They are now included within the subclass Orthogastropoda. One can still encounter the old classification in many manuals and on most websites.
A new study of rRNA gene sequences, published in 2005, could not resolve monophyly versus paraphyly of the Opisthobranchia [7]
Linnean taxonomy
Order Opisthobranchia Milne-Edwards, 1848 - sea slugs
- Suborder Cephalaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 - headshield slugs and bubble shells
- Suborder Sacoglossa von Ihering, 1876 - sap-sucking slugs and bivalved gastropods
- Suborder Aplysiomorpha P. Fischer, 1883 - sea hares
- Suborder Notaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 - sidegill slugs
- Suborder Thecosomata Blainville, 1824 sea butterflies with shells
- Suborder Gymnosomata Blainville, 1824 - sea angels, no shells
- Suborder Nudibranchia Blainville, 1814 - nudibranchs
- Infraorder Anthobranchia F?russac, 1819
- Infraorder Cladobranchia Willan & Morton, 1984
A phylogenetic study published in November 2004,[8] gave new definitions of the seven main lineages of the Opisthobranchia. However, the grouping is no longer considered to represent a valid clade, and thus appears as an informal group within the Heterobranchia in the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).[2] Accordingly, recent articles do not use the term.[3]
Description
The reduction or loss of the shell, the elaboration of the head, foot or mantle, and the acquisition of chemical defences are evolutionary trends shared by most opisthobranch taxa.[9]
Opisthobranchs have undergone detors ion, an evolutionary reversal of the half revolution torsion of their immediate ancestors.
There is no marked distinction between head and mantle. The tentacles, situated close to the mouth, are used for orientation. Behind them are the rhinophores, olfactory organs which often have complex forms. The middle part of the foot is the sole, used for locomotion. The sides of the foot have evolved into parapodia, fleshy winglike outgrowths. In several suborders, such as the Thecosomata and Gymnosomata, these parapodia are used to move in a swimming motion.
They have pit-cup eyes[ambiguous] with a lens and cornea.[10]
Ecology
Opisthobranchia represents a morphologically diverse group of gastropods occupying a great variety of ecological niches. Opisthobranchs have a global distribution, but are restricted almost e xclusively to marine habitats with the only exception being few freshwater acochlidians.[9]
Defence
Opisthobranchs are principally soft-bodied marine creatures with a reduced or absent shell and no operculum and utilize other methods for protection. Due to a combination of outstanding camouflage and aggressive toxicity they have few predators. However some utilize warning coloration. Animals that do predate opisthobranchs include other opisthobranchs and toxin-resistant predators like sea spiders.
Opisthobranchs secrete irritants such as strong acids or accumulate toxins from their food. Aeolidioidea pirate the stinging cells from their cnidarian prey and use them for their own defence.[11][12]
Diet
Opisthobranchs may be herbivores, detritivores or carnivores. Being slow, the carnivores hunt sedentary prey. They may eat bryozoans, Cnidaria, or sponges, absorbing the sponge toxin for defensive purposes. Opisthobranchs may maintain the zooxanthellae of their coral prey and use their metabolic products for themselves. Some herbivorous slugs do the same with the chloroplasts of the algae they eat.[13]
Communication
Like most lifeforms, they use chemical cues for much of their life cycle. The planktonic larvae float until a pheremone alerts them to a suitable settling site, sometimes delaying metamorphosis until favourable chemicals, such as prey pheromones, are detected. Some mating opisthobranchs release chemicals to attract conspecifics.
Reproduction
Opisthobranchs are hermaphro dites and have complex reproductive strategies, typically involving reciprocal sperm transfer and storage until the eggs are ready for fertilisation.[14] Eggs are commonly laid in ribbons of varying structure. The egg ribbons are usually unique to each species and in some cases are the only means of differentiating them.[15]
#cite_note-10">[11][12]Diet
Opisthobranchs may be herbivores, detritivores or carnivores. Being slow, the carnivores hunt sedentary prey. They may eat bryozoans, Cnidaria, or sponges, absorbing the sponge toxin for defensive purposes. Opisthobranchs may maintain the zooxanthellae of their coral prey and use their metabolic products for themselves. Some herbivorous slugs do the same with the chloroplasts of the algae they eat.[13]
Communication
Like most lifeforms, they use chemical cues for much of their life cycle. The planktonic larvae float until a pheremone alerts them to a suitable settling site, sometimes delaying metamorphosis until favourable chemicals, such as prey pheromones, are detected. Some mating opisthobranchs release chemicals to attract conspecifics.
Reproduction
Opisthobranchs are hermaphrodites and have complex reproductive strategies, typically involving reciprocal sperm transfer and storage until the eggs are ready for fertilisation.[14] Eggs are commonly laid in ribbons of varying structure. The egg ribbons are usually unique to each species and in some cases are the only means of differentiating them.[15]
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from reference.[9]
- ^ Jensen, K. R. (1997). "Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants". Evolutionary Ecology 11: 301?335. doi:10.1023/A:1018468420368. edit
- ^ a b c Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Fr?da J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Vald?s ?. & War?n A. (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1-2): 1?397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997. http://www.archive.org/details/malacologia47122005inst.
- ^ a b J?rger K. M., St?ger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schr?dl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.
- ^ (in Czech) Pek I., Va??cek Z., Rocek Z., Hajn. V. & Mikul? R.: Z?klady zoopaleontologie. - Olomouc, 1996. 264 pp., ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
- ^ Knudsen, B.; Kohn, B.; Nahir, B.; Mcfadden, S.; Moroz, L. (Feb 2006). "Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the sea-slug, Aplysia californica: conservation of the gene order in Euthyneura". Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 38 (2): 459?469. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.017. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 16230032. edit
- ^ (Haszprunar, 1985)
- ^ Verena Vonnemann, Michael Schr?dl, Annette Klussmann-Kolb and Heike W?gele (2005). "Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by means of 18s and 28s rRNA gene sequences". Journal of Molluscan Studies 71 (2): 113?125. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyi014.
- ^ Cristina Grandea, Jos? Templadoa, J. Lucas Cerverab and Rafael Zardoya (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) based on mitochondrial cox 1, trnV, and rrnL genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2): 378?388. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.008. PMID 15336672.
- ^ a b c Kristof A. & Klussmann-Kolb A. (22 January 2010). "Neuromuscular development of Aeolidiella stephanieae Vald?z, 2005 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)". Frontiers in Zoology 7: 5. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-5.
- ^ Hughes, H. P. I. (1970). "A light and electron microscope study of some opisthobranch eyes". Zeitschrift f?r Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 106: 79?98. doi:10.1007/BF01027719. edit
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.7 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ Heike W?gele, Annette Klussmann-Kolb (2005). "Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) ? more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defence and foraging". PubMed Central - Frontiers in Zoology 2 (3): 3. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-2-3. PMC 554092. PMID 15715915. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=554092.
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.9 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ Debelius, Helmut (2001) Nudibranchs and Sea Snails Indo-Pacific Field Guide p.7 Ikan, Frankfurt
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.11 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
Taxonomy
The Order Opisthobranchia is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Suborder (8): Acochlidiacea · Anaspidea · Cephalaspidea · Gymnosomata · Notaspidea · Nudibranchia · Sacoglossa · Thecosomata
- Infraorder (2): Euthecosomata · Pseudothecosomata
- Family (107): Acochlidiidae · Acteonidae · Actinocyclidae · Aegiretidae · Aeolidiidae · Aglajidae · Akeridae · Aplysiidae · Aranucidae · Arminidae · Bathydorididae · Bornellidae · Boselliidae · Bullactidae · Bullidae · Bullinidae · Caliphyllidae · Calmidae · Cavoliniidae · Charcotiidae · Chromodorididae &m iddot; Clionidae · Cliopsidae · Corambidae · Cumanotidae · Cylichnidae · Cylindrobullidae · Cymbuliidae · Dendrodorididae · Dendronotidae · Desmopteridae · Diaphanidae · Dironidae · Discodorididae · Dorididae · Doridomorphidae · Doridoxidae · Dotidae · Embletoniidae · Eubranchidae · Facelinidae · Fionidae &m iddot; Flabellinidae · Ganitidae · Gastropteridae · Glaucidae · Goniaeolididae · Goniodorididae · Gymnodorididae · Haminoeidae · Hancockiidae · Hedylopsidae · Hermaeidae · Heroidae · Heterodorididae · Hexabranchidae · Hydromylidae · Ilbiidae · Juliidae · Laginiopsidae · Limacinidae · Limapontiidae · Liv orniellidae · Lomanotidae · Madrellidae · Mandeliidae · Marianinidae · Minicheviellidae · Notaeolidiidae · Notobranchaeidae · Notodiaphanidae · Okadaiidae · Onchidorididae · Oxynoidae · Palliohedylidae · Parhedylidae · Peraclidae · Philinidae · Philinoglossidae · Phyllidiidae · Phylliroidae · Pinufiidae · Piseino tecidae · Placobranchidae · Platyhedylidae · Pleurobranchidae · Plusculidae · Pneumodermatidae · Polyceridae · Proctonotidae · Pseudovermidae · Pseudunelidae · Retusidae · Rhodopidae · Ringiculidae · Runcinidae · Scyllaeidae · Smaragdinellidae · Sphaerocinidae · Strubelliidae · Tantulidae · Tergipedidae · Tethydi dae · Tritoniidae · Tylodinidae · Umbraculidae · Volvatellidae
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2,414 species and subspecies in the Order Opisthobranchia.
Families
Acochlidiidae
Acteonidae
Actinocyclidae
Actinocyclidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea. [more]
Aegiretidae
Aeolidiidae
Aeolidiidae, the aeolid nudibranchs, are a family of Nudibranchs. Many feed on hydroids(anemones) and thus have highly serrated radular teeth. [more]
Aglajidae
Aglajidae is a family of often colorful, medium-sized, sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. These are not nudibranchs; instead they are headshield slugs, in the clade Cephalaspidea. [more]
Akeridae
Akeridae is a small taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs belonging to the superfamily Akeroidea, the sea hares. The family, in its original spelling "Aceridae", has previously been attributed in error to Pilsbry, 1893. [more]
Aplysiidae
The superfamily Aplysioidea is a superfamily of mostly rather large sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Aplysiomorpha within the informal group Opisthobranchia. [more]
Aranucidae
Aranucidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. [more]
Arminidae
Arminidae is a family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arminoidea. [more]
Bathydorididae
Bornellidae
Bornellidae is a family of sea snails or sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. [more]
Boselliidae
Bosellia is a genus of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Placobranchoidea. [more]
Bullactidae
Haminoeidae, commonly known as the haminoeid bubble snail family, is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haminoeoidea. [more]
Bullidae
Bulla is a genus of medium to large hermaphrodite sea snails, shelled marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs. These herbivorous snails are in the suborder Cephalaspidea, headshield slugs, and the order Opisthobranchia. [more]
Bullinidae
Bullinidae is a taxonomic family of small sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acteonoidea. [more]
Caliphyllidae
Caliphyllidae is a taxonomic family of sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. [more]
Calmidae
Calmidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Fionoidea. [more]
Cavoliniidae
The family Cavoliniidae is a taxonomic group of small floating sea snails, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. [more]
Charcotiidae
Charcotiidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura. There are no subfamilies in Charcotiidae. [more]
Chromodorididae
Chromodorididae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to large, colorful, sea slugs; dorid nudibranchs in the superfamily Doridoidea. These are marine gastropod mollusks. [more]
Clionidae
Clionidae is a family of sea angels, which are a group of pelagic marine gastropods. [more]
Cliopsidae
Cliopsidae, common name sea angels, are a taxonomic family of small free-swimming sea slugs, pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the order Opisthobranchia. [more]
Corambidae
Corambidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Onchidoridoidea. This family is within the clade Euctenidiacea. [more]
Cumanotidae
Cylichnidae
Cylichnidae, common name the "chalice bubble snails" or "canoe bubble snails" is a family of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Philinoidea. [more]
Cylindrobullidae
Cylindrobulla is a genus of sea snails or bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa. [more]
Cymbuliidae
Cymbuliidae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea. [more]
Dendrodorididae
Dendrodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the Superfamily Phyllidioidea. [more]
Dendronotidae
Dendronotidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. [more]
Desmopteridae
Desmopteridae is a family of pelagic sea snails or "sea butterflies", marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cymbulioidea. [more]
Diaphanidae
Dironidae
Dironidae is a family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Euthyneura. There are no subfamilies in Dironidae. [more]
Discodorididae
Discodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. [more]
Dorididae
Sea lemon is a loosely-applied common name for a group of medium-sized to large shell-less colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs, specifically dorid nudibranchs in the taxonomic family Dorididae and other closely related families. These are marine gastropod mollusks. [more]
Doridomorphidae
Doridomorphidae is a taxonomic family of colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs. [more]
Doridoxidae
Dotidae
Dotidae are a taxonomic family of small sea slugs, nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod molluscs in the order Opisthobranchia. [more]
Embletoniidae
Eubranchidae
Eubranchidae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Aeolidioidea, the aeolid nudibranchs. [more]
Facelinidae
Facelinidae is a taxonomic family of colorful sea slugs. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs. [more]
Fionidae
Fiona pinnata, common name Fiona, is a species of small pelagic sea slug, specifically a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the superfamily Fionoidea. This nudibranch species lives worldwide on floating objects on seas, and feeds mainly on barnacles, specifically goose barnacles in the genus Lepas. [more]
Flabellinidae
Flabellinidae is a taxonomic family of brightly-colored sea slugs, specifically nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks. [more]
Ganitidae
Gastropteridae
Gastropteridae is a family of sea slugs, gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Philinoidea of the clade Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails. [more]
Glaucidae
Glaucidae is a taxonomic family of colorful sea slugs. These are specifically aeolid nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Aeolidioidea. [more]
Goniaeolididae
Goniodorididae
Goniodorididae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Opisthobranchia. [more]
Gymnodorididae
Gymnodorididae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Polyceroidea. [more]
Haminoeidae
Hancockiidae
Hancockiidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. [more]
Hedylopsidae
Hermaeidae
Heroidae
Heroidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Nudipleura. There are no subfamilies in Heroidae. [more]
Heterodorididae
Arminidae is a family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arminoidea. [more]
Hexabranchidae
Hexabranchidae is a taxonomic family of the colorful sea slugs which are known as nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod mollusks. [more]
Hydromylidae
Ilbiidae
Juliidae
Juliidae, common name the bivalved gastropods, is a family of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. [more]
Laginiopsidae
Limacinidae
Limacinidae is a family of small sea snails, pteropods, pelagic marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Thecosomata (sea butterflies). [more]
Limapontiidae
Limapontiidae is a taxonomic family of small to minute sacoglossan sea slugs. These are marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. [more]
Livorniellidae
Lomanotidae
Lomanotidae is a family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. [more]
Madrellidae
Madrellidae is a family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, in the clade Nudipleura. There are no subfamilies in Madrellidae. [more]
Mandeliidae
Marianinidae
Minicheviellidae
Notaeolidiidae
Notobranchaeidae
Notobranchaeidae is a taxonomic family of floating sea slugs or "sea angels", pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. [more]
Notodiaphanidae
Okadaiidae
Onchidorididae
Onchidorididae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Onchidoridoidea. [more]
Oxynoidae
Oxynoidae is a family of sea snails, bubble snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea, an opisthobranch group. [more]
Palliohedylidae
Parhedylidae
Peraclidae
Philinidae
Philinidae is a family of medium-sized, sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. They are headshield slugs, in the Cephalaspidea. [more]
Philinoglossidae
Philinoglossidae is a family of marine snails, gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Philinoidea. [more]
Phyllidiidae
Phyllidiidae is a family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Phyllidioidea. [more]
Phylliroidae
Phylliroidae are a taxonomic family of nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Opisthobranchia. [more]
Pinufiidae
Piseinotecidae
Placobranchidae
Platyhedylidae
Pleurobranchidae
The Pleurobranchidae are a taxonomic family of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Notaspidea. [more]
Plusculidae
Pneumodermatidae
Pneumodermatidae is a family of sea angels, or small floating predatory sea snails or sea slugs. They are pelagic marine heterobranch opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Gymnosomata. [more]
Polyceridae
Polyceridae is a taxonomic family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks within the Superfamily Polyceroidea. [more]
Proctonotidae
Pseudovermidae
Pseudovermidae is a taxonomic family of minute sea slug[ 
]s, specifically aolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusks. [more]
Pseudunelidae
Retusidae
Retusidae is a family of small sea snails, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. They are headshield slugs, in the clade Cephalaspidea. [more]
Rhodopidae
Rhodopidae is a taxonomic family of dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks. [more]
Ringiculidae
Ringiculidae are a family of minute deep water sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Lower Heterobranchia. [more]
Runcinidae
Runcinidae is a family of medium-sized, sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks. They are headshield slugs, in the clade Cephalaspidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]
Scyllaeidae
Scyllaeidae is a family of sea slugs, nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. [more]
Smaragdinellidae
Sphaerocinidae
Strubelliidae
Tantulidae
Tergipedidae
Tergipedidae is a family of seaslugs, aeolid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Nudibranchia (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [more]
Tethydidae
Tethydidae is a family of sea slugs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tritonioidea. [more]
Tritoniidae
Tritoniidae are a taxonomic family of dendronotid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs. [more]
Tylodinidae
Tylodinidae is a family of sea snails or limpets, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Umbraculoidea. [more]
Umbraculidae
Umbraculidae are a taxonomic family of unusual sea snails or limpets, marine opistobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade Umbraculida. [more]
Volvatellidae
Volvatellidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Oxynooidea. [more]
At least 10 species and subspecies belong to the Family Volvatellidae.
More info about the Family Volvatellidae may be found here.
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from reference.[9]
- ^ Jensen, K. R. (1997). "Evolution of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and the ecological associations with their food plants". Evolutionary Ecology 11: 301?335. doi:10.1023/A:1018468420368. edit
- ^ a b c Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., Fr?da J., Hausdorf B., Ponder W., Vald?s ?. & War?n A. (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks) 47 (1-2): 1?397. ISBN 3925919724. ISSN 0076-2997. http://www.archive.org/details/malacologia47122005inst.
- ^ a b J?rger K. M., St?ger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schr?dl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.
- ^ (in Czech) Pek I., Va??cek Z., Rocek Z., Hajn. V. & Mikul? R.: Z?klady zoopaleontologie. - Olomouc, 1996. 264 pp., ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
- ^ Knudsen, B.; Kohn, B.; Nahir, B.; Mcfadden, S.; Moroz, L. (Feb 2006). "Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the sea-slug, Aplysia californica: conservation of the gene order in Euthyneura". Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 38 (2): 459?469. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.08.017. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 16230032. edit
- ^ (Haszprunar, 1985)
- ^ Verena Vonnemann, Michael Schr?dl, Annette Klussmann-Kolb and Heike W?gele (2005). "Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by means of 18s and 28s rRNA gene sequences". Journal of Molluscan Studies 71 (2): 113?125. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyi014.
- ^ Cristina Grandea, Jos? Templadoa, J. Lucas Cerverab and Rafael Zardoya (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) based on mitochondrial cox 1, trnV, and rrnL genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2): 378?388. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.008. PMID 15336672.
- ^ a b c Kristof A. & Klussmann-Kolb A. (22 January 2010). "Neuromuscular development of Aeolidiella stephanieae Vald?z, 2005 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia)". Frontiers in Zoology 7: 5. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-7-5.
- ^ Hughes, H. P. I. (1970). "A light and electron microscope study of some opisthobranch eyes". Zeitschrift f?r Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 106: 79?98. doi:10.1007/BF01027719. edit
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.7 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ Heike W?gele, Annette Klussmann-Kolb (2005). "Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) ? more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defence and foraging". PubMed Central - Frontiers in Zoology 2 (3): 3. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-2-3. PMC 554092. PMID 15715915. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=554092.
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.9 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ Debelius, Helmut (2001) Nudibranchs and Sea Snails Indo-Pacific Field Guide p.7 Ikan, Frankfurt
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.11 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
Footnotes
- ^ Wilbur, Karl M.; Trueman, E.R.; Clarke, M.R., eds. (1985), "5. Aspects of evolution within the Opisthobranchs", The Mollusca, 10. Evolution, New York: Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-728702-7
- ^ Knudsen, B; Kohn, Ab; Nahir, B; Mcfadden, Cs; Moroz, Ll (Feb 2006). "Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the sea-slug, Aplysia californica: conservation of the gene order in Euthyneura". Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 38 (2): 459–69. doi:
- ^ (in Czech) Pek I., Vašícek Z., Rocek Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R.: Základy zoopaleontologie. - Olomouc, 1996. 264 pp., ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
- ^ Hughes, Helen P. I. (1970). "A light and electron microscope study of some opisthobranch eyes". Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 106: 79. doi:
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.7 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ Heike Wägele, Annette Klussmann-Kolb (2005). "Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) – more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defence and foraging". PubMed Central - Frontiers in Zoology 2 (3): 3. doi:
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.9 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ Debelius, Helmut (2001) Nudibranchs and Sea Snails Indo-Pacific Field Guide p.7 Ikan, Frankfurt
- ^ Gosliner, Terrence (1987) Nudibranchs of Southern Africa p.11 ISBN 0-930118-13-8
- ^ Cristina Grandea, Josè Templadoa, J. Lucas Cerverab and Rafael Zardoya (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) based on mitochondrial cox 1, trnV, and rrnL genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2): 378–388. doi:
Further Reading
- Haszprunar G. (1985). "The Heterobranchia ? a new concept of the phylogeny of the higher Gastropoda". Z. F. Zool. Systematik u. Evolutionsforschung Bd. 23 (1): 15?37.
- Bieler R. (1990). "Haszprunar's "clado-evolutionary" classification of the Gastropoda?a critique". Malacologia 31(2): 371?380, 2 tabs. [28 May; G, Haszprunar's response published in Malacologia, 1990, 32(1): 195?202].
- Bieler R. (1992). "Gastropod phylogeny and systematics". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 311?338. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001523.
- Verena Vonnemann, Michael Schr?dl, Annette Klussmann-Kolb and Heike W?gele (2005). "Reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) by means of 18s and 28s rRNA gene sequences". Journal of Molluscan Studies 71 (2): 113?125. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyi014.
External links
- The Sea Slug Forum, a resource from the Australian Museum.
- Sea slugs of Hawaii
- Born to be Wild: Sea Slugs, retrieved 30.4.2008
- Various opisthobranch species from Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand
- Nudi Pixel Nudi Pixel is a web-based identification tool for opisthobranchs worldwide
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Wednesday, April 25, 2012.
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