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Nymphalidae

(Family)

Overview

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The Nymphalidae is a family of about 5,000 species of butterflies which are distributed throughout most of the world. These are usually medium sized to large butterflies. Most species have a reduced pair of forelegs and many hold their colorful wings flat when resting. They are also called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies. Many species are brightly colored and include popular species such as the emperor, admirals, tortoiseshells and fritillaries. However, the underwings are in contrast often dull and in some species look remarkably like dead leaves, or are much paler, producing a cryptic effect that helps the butterfly disappear into its surroundings.

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In adult butterflies the first pair of legs are small or reduced, giving the family the other names of four-footed or brush-footed butterflies. The caterpillars are hairy or spiky with projections on the head, and the chrysalids have shiny spots. This small, active butterfly can be seen perched on leaves wherever the sun is shining.

The forewing has the submedial vein (vein 1) unbranched and in one subfamily forked near base; medial vein with three branches, veins 2, 3 and 4; veins 5 and 6 arising from the points of junction of the discocellulars; subcostal vein and its continuation beyond apex of cell, vein 7, with never more than four branches, veins 8?11 ; 8 and 9 always arising from vein 7, 10 and also 11 sometimes from vein 7 but more often free, i.e. given off by the subcostal vein before apex of cell.[1]

The hindwing has internal (1a) and precostal veins. The cell in both wings closed or open, often closed in the fore, open in the hindwing. Dorsal margin of hind wing channelled to receive the abdomen in many of the forms.[1]

Antennae always with two grooves on the underside; club variable in shape. Throughout the family the front pair of legs in the male, and with three exceptions (Libythea, Pseudergolis and Calinaga) in the female also, is reduced in size and functionally impotent; in some the atrophy of the forelegs is considerable, e.g. Danainae and Satyrinae. In many of the forms of these subfamilies the fore legs are kept pressed against the underside of the thorax, and are in the male often very inconspicuous.[1]

Systematics and phylogeny

The phylogeny of the Nymphalidae is complex. Several taxa are of unclear position, reflecting the fact that some subfamilies were formerly well-recognized as distinct families due to insufficient study.

There are five main clades within the family:[2]

The libytheine clade (basal)

The danaine clade (basal)

The satyrine clade

Mimics of the Danainae and restricted to host plants in the family Moraceae.[3]
Tropical canopy butterflies. Caterpillars often with head spines or projections. Mostly edible species with some Batesian mimics. Host plants in the families Annonaceae, Celastraceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae, Santalaceae and Sapindaceae.[3]
Include the spectacular neotropical Morphos. Food plants include the Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Menispermaceae, Poaceae and Sapindaceae.
  • Brassolini (Owls. Neotropical with 70?80 species. Mostly crepuscular. Sometimes considered a subfamily Brassolinae.)
Host plants in the families Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, and Poaceae.[3]
Host plants in the families Arecaceae, Araceae, Cyperaceae, Heliconiaceae, Poaceae, and Selaginellaceae.

The heliconiine clade (sister group of the nymphaline clade; excludes former tribes Biblidini and Cyrestini, and tribes Pseudergolini and Coeini.)

colorful tropical butterflies noted for M?llerian mimicry. All species use host plants in the family Passifloraceae.
  • Acraeini (Mostly African, but some species in Asia. Sometimes considered a family Acraeinae.)
Host plant in the families Asteraceae, Passifloraceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae and Urticaceae.

The nymphaline clade (sister group of the heliconiine clade; also includes tribes Coeini and Pseudergolini)

Host plants in the family Ulmaceae. Caterpillars smooth with bifid tails and horns on the head.[3]
Some species migratory. Caterpillars sometimes covered in spines. Host plants include Acanthaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lamiaceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Urticaceae and Verbenaceae.[3]

Example species from this family

  • Archdukes, genus Lexias
  • California Tortoiseshell, Nymphalis californica
  • Comma, Polygonia c-album
  • Common Buckeye, Junonia coenia
  • Common Snout Butterfly, Libytheana carinenta
  • Cracker butterflies, genus Hamadryas
  • Crimson Patch, Chlosyne janais
  • Lorquin's Admiral, Limenitis lorquini
  • Marsh Fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia
  • Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina
  • Mourning Cloak, Nymphalis antiopa
  • Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus
  • Blue Morpho, Morpho menelaus
  • Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui
  • Peacock, Inachis io
  • Question Mark, Polygonia interrogationis
  • Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta
  • Small Heath, Coenonympha pamphilus
  • Small Tortoiseshell, Nymphalis urticae
  • Westin Indigo, Westin siblis
forms of these subfamilies the fore legs are kept pressed against the underside of the thorax, and are in the male often very inconspicuous.[1]

Systematics and phylogeny

The phylogeny of the Nymphalidae is complex. Several taxa are of unclear position, reflecting the fact that some subfamilies were formerly well-recognized as distinct families due to insufficient study.

There are five main clades within the family:[2]

The libytheine clade (basal)

The danaine clade (basal)

The satyrine clade

Mimics of the Danainae and restricted to host plants in the family Moraceae.[3]
Tropical canopy butterflies. Caterpillars often with head spines or projections. Mostly edible species with some Batesian mimics. Host plants in the families Annonaceae, Celastraceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rutaceae, Santalaceae and Sapindaceae.[3]
Include the spectacular neotropical Morphos. Food plants include the Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Menispermaceae, Poaceae and Sapindaceae.
  • Brassolini (Owls. Neotropical with 70?80 species. Mostly crepuscular. Sometimes considered a subfamily Brassolinae.)
Host plants in the families Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Heliconiaceae, Musaceae, and Poaceae.[3]
Host plants in the families Arecaceae, Araceae, Cyperaceae, Heliconiaceae, Poaceae, and Selaginellaceae.

The heliconiine clade (sister group of the nymphaline clade; excludes former tribes Biblidini and Cyrestini, and tribes Pseudergolini and Coeini.)

colorful tropical butterflies noted for M?llerian mimicry. All species use host plants in the family Passifloraceae.
  • Acraeini (Mostly African, but some species in Asia. Sometimes considered a family Acraeinae.)
Host plant in the families Asteraceae, Passifloraceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae and Urticaceae.

The nymphaline clade (sister group of the heliconiine clade; also includes tribes Coeini and Pseudergolini)

Host plants in the family Ulmaceae. Caterpillars smooth with bifid tails and horns on the head.[3]
Some species migratory. Caterpillars sometimes covered in spines. Host plants include Acanthaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lamiaceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Urticaceae and Verbenaceae.[3]

Example species from this family

  • Archdukes, genus Lexias
  • California Tortoiseshell, Nymphalis californica
  • Comma, Polygonia c-album
  • Common Buckeye, Junonia coenia
  • Common Snout Butterfly, Libytheana carinenta
  • Cracker butterflies, genus Hamadryas
  • Crimson Patch, Chlosyne janais
  • Lorquin's Admiral, Limenitis lorquini
  • Marsh Fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia
  • Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina
  • Mourning Cloak, Nymphalis antiopa
  • Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus
  • Blue Morpho, Morpho menelaus
  • Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui
  • Peacock, Inachis io
  • Question Mark, Polygonia interrogationis
  • Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta
  • Small Heath, Coenonympha pamphilus
  • Small Tortoiseshell, Nymphalis urticae
  • Westin Indigo, Westin siblis

References

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  1. ^ a b c Charles Thomas Bingham (1905). Butterflies, Volume 1. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor and Francis. http://www.archive.org/details/TheFunaOfBritishIndiaButterfliesVolI. 
  2. ^ Niklas Wahlberg, Elisabet Weingartner & S?ren Nylin (2003). Towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). In Gisella Caccone & Giacomo Bernardi. "Papers presented at the Mammalian Phylogeny symposium during the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Sorrento, Italy, June 13?16, 2002" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (3): 473?484. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00052-6. PMID 12927132. http://nymphalidae.utu.fi/Wahlbergetal2003b.pdf. 
  3. ^ a b c d e Philip J. DeVries (2001). "Nymphalidae". In Simon A. Levin. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press. pp. 559?573. doi:10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00039-0. ISBN 978-0-12-226865-6. 

External links

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Taxonomy

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The Family Nymphalidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Abananote

[more]

Abrota

In Greek mythology, Abrota (Greek ) was the daughter of Onchestus the Boeotian, sister of Megareus, and the wife of Nisos, king of Megara. On her death Nisos commanded all the Megarian women to wear a garment of the same kind as Abrota had worn, which was called aphabroma (af?????a), and was still in use in the time of Plutarch. [more]

Acraea

Acraea (Greek: ) was a name that had several uses in Greek and Roman mythology. [more]

Acrophtalmia

Acrophtalmia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Acropolis

Acropolis (Greek: ) means "high city" in Greek, literally city on the extremity and is usually translated into English as Citadel (akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis). For purposes of defense, early people naturally chose elevated ground to build a new settlement, frequently a hill with precipitous sides. In many parts of the world, these early citadels became the nuclei of large cities, which grew up on the surrounding lower ground, such as modern Rome. [more]

Actinote

Actinote is a genus of butterflies from South America of the subfamily Heliconiinae in the family Nymphalidae. For taxonomic problems regarding this group, see Acraea. [more]

Adelpha

Adelpha is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, commonly called the sisters found in southern USA and Mexico to South America. This genus is sometimes included with the admiral butterflies (Limenitis). [more]

Adolias

[more]

Aemona

Emona or Aemona, short for Colonia Iulia (A)emona, was a Roman castrum founded in 14-15 AD, possibly by the Legio XV Apollinaris (theory proposed by the noted historian and epigraphy expert ), on a territory already populated by ancient settlers of uncertain origin. Its location overlaps with the SW part of the old nucleus of the modern city of Ljubljana, capital of Slovenia, where numerous remains of Emona can still be seen today (substantial parts of the ancient city walls, most of which were destroyed[] in 1963, several mosaics, parts of the paleochristian baptistry, residential houses, statues, tombstones etc.). [more]

Aeria

Gaussia is a in the palm family, native to Mexico, Central America and the Greater Antilles. They are solitary, unarmed, and have pinnately compound leaves. The trees have enlarged bases and prop-roots. [more]

Aeropetes

[more]

Agapetes

Agapetes is a semi-climbing shrub genus native to the Himalayas, grown as an ornamental for its attractive pendulous benches of red tubular flowers blooming over a long period. It is mostly grown in climates from cool temperate to sub-tropical. Propagation is from cuttings. [more]

Aglais

Aglais is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, containing the Tortoiseshells. This genus is sometimes included as a subgenus of Nymphalis, which also includes Tortoiseshells, but it is usually considered to be separate. [more]

Agralius

[more]

Agraulis

The Gulf Fritillary or Passion Butterfly, Agraulis vanillae, is a striking, bright orange butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Heliconiinae. These were formerly classified in a separate family, the Heliconiidae or longwing butterflies, and like other longwings this species does have long, rather narrow wings in comparison with other butterflies. It is not closely related to the true fritillaries. It is a medium to large butterfly, with a wingspan of 6?9.5 cm (2.4?3.7 in). Its underwings are buff, with large silvery spots. It takes its name from migrating flights of the butterflies sometimes seen over the Gulf of Mexico. [more]

Agrias

Agrias is a genus of charaxine nymphalid butterflies found in South and Central America. [more]

Aldania

[more]

Algia

[more]

Algiachroa

[more]

Altiapa

[more]

Altinote

[more]

Altopedaliodes

[more]

Amathusia

Amathusia or Amathuntia (Gr. or ??a????t?a) was in Greek mythology a toponymic epithet of the goddess Aphrodite, which is derived from the city of Amathus in Cyprus, one of the most ancient seats of her worship. Her temple there remained famous in Roman times. [more]

Amathuxidia

[more]

Amaurina

[more]

Amauris

Amauris is a genus of nymphalid butterfly in the Danainae subfamily. [more]

Amnosia

[more]

Amphidecta

[more]

Anaea

Anaeini is a tribe of Neotropical brush-footed butterflies. Their wing undersides usually mimic dead leaves. [more]

Anaeomorpha

[more]

Anartia

Anartia is a genus of butterflies in family Nymphalidae, and subfamily Nymphalinae, found in tropical and subtropical areas in the Americas. The butterflies are known as Peacocks, although the common European Peacock (Inachis io) is not in the same genus. [more]

Anemeca

[more]

Anetia

Anetia is a genus of nymphalid butterfly in the Danainae subfamily. [more]

Anicia

[more]

Anosia

[more]

Antanartia

Antanartia, commonly called (African) Admirals, is a genus in the Nymphalidae family found in southern Africa. They live along forest edges and are strongly attracted to rotting fruit and plant juices. For other Admirals see genus, Vanessa. [more]

Anthanassa

[more]

Antigonis

[more]

Antillea

Antillea is a genus of butterflies from Central America in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Antirrhea

[more]

Antonia

[more]

Antopedaliodes

[more]

Apatuna

[more]

Apatura

Apatura is a genus of butterflies commonly known as the emperors. [more]

Apaturina

Apaturina is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. One example is the turquoise emperor, found in New Guinea. [more]

Apaturopsis

Apaturopsis is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Aphantopus

[more]

Aphysoneura

[more]

Aponarope

[more]

Apsithra

[more]

Araschnia

Araschnia is a genus is the Nymphalidae family found in Asia. [more]

Archaeoprepona

Archaeoprepona is a genus of Neotropical charaxine butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, native to Mexico, Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean. The underside of their wings is pale brownish, while the upperside is dark with a distinct bright blue band. [more]

Archeuptychia

Archeuptychia is a monotypic genus of satyrid butterfly. Its sole member, Archeuptychia cluena is found in Brazil. The original name of this species was Papilio cluena as described by Drury (1782), while the genus itself was created by Forster (1964). [more]

Archimestra

[more]

Aremfoxia

[more]

Arethusana

[more]

Argestina

[more]

Argraulis

[more]

Argymnis

[more]

Argynnina

Argynnini is a tribe of butterflies in the subfamily Heliconiinae, containing some of the fritillaries. This group has also been classified as subtribe Argynnina of the Heliconiini, or even as a distinct subfamily Argynninae in the Nymphalidae. This group has roughly 30 species in North America with other species distributed worldwide. [more]

Argynnis

Argynnis, commonly known as fritillaries, is the genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae commonly found in Europe and Asia. Delimitation versus Speyeria is problematic, and the latter genus is sometimes entirely included in Argynnis. [more]

Argyreuptychia

[more]

Argyreus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]

Argyronome

[more]

Argyronympha

[more]

Argyrophenga

Argyrophenga, is a genus of butterflies that are endemic to New Zealand. It comprises three species that are found in the Southern Alps of the South Island of New Zealand. [more]

Argyrophorus

[more]

Arhuaco

The Arhuaco people, also called the Aruacos, Ica, Ijca or Bintuk, names of a Native American ethnic group part of the Chibcha family, descendents of the Tairona Culture concentrated in northern Colombia in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. [more]

Ariadne

Ariadne (; Ancient Greek: ????d??; Latin: Ariadna; "most holy", Cretan Greek a?? [ari] "most" and ad??? [adnos] "holy"), in Greek mythology, was the daughter of King Minos of Crete, and his queen Pasipha?, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She is mostly associated with mazes and labyrinths, due to her involvement in the myths of the Minotaur and Theseus. Her father put her in charge of the labyrinth where sacrifices were made as part of reparations (either to Poseidon or to Athens, depending on the version of the myth); however, she would later help Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and saving the would-be sacrificial victims. In other stories, she became the bride of the god Dionysus, with the question of her background as being either a mortal or a goddess varying in those accounts. [more]

Asterocampa

Asterocampa, commonly called Hackberry Butterflies or American Emperors, is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae found mainly in North and Central America and the Caribbean. [more]

Asterope

Asterope can refer to: [more]

Atalanta

Atalanta (Ancient Greek: , Atalante, "balanced") is a character in Greek mythology. [more]

Atella

Atella was an ancient city of Campania, halfway between Naples and Capua; its ruins lie between the towns of Orta di Atella and Sant'Arpino. Atella is not mentioned until the Second Punic War, when, although an independent city striking its own coinage, it was allied with Capua and the other Campanian cities in siding with Carthage after the battle of Cannae. It was occupied by Rome in 210 BC, the chief citizens executed and the survivors enslaved or exiled; the city was refounded as a home for the refugees from Nuceria. In the 1st century BC, Cicero speaks highly of it and appears to have been its patron; it continued into imperial times as a municipium, famed for its traditional scenic performances known as Atellanae. [more]

Atercoloratus

Erebia is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90?100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands. These usually bear black spots within, which sometimes have white center spots. [more]

Aterica

[more]

Athesis

Athesis is a genus of clearwing (ithomiine) butterflies, named by Doubleday in 1847. They are in the brush-footed butterfly family, Nymphalidae. [more]

Athyma

Athyma is a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are commonly known as the "true" or "typical" sergeants, to distinguish them from the of the genus Pseudathyma, a fairly close relative from the Adoliadini. [more]

Athymodes

[more]

Athyrtis

[more]

Atlantea

Atlantea is a genus of butterflies from the Caribean in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Auca

Auca or AUCA may refer to: [more]

Aulocera

[more]

Auzakia

[more]

Baeotus

Baeotus is a genus of butterflies in the Nymphalidae family found in Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. [more]

Basilarchia

[more]

Bassaris

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]

Bassarona

[more]

Batesia

[more]

Bebearia

[more]

Bematistes

[more]

Berberia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Bhagadatta

[more]

Bia

BIA as an that can mean: [more]

Biblis

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[3] [more]

Bicyclus

[more]

Bletogona

[more]

Bolboneura

[more]

Boloria

Boloria is a brush-footed (Nymphalidae) genus. Clossiana is usually included with it nowadays, though some authors still consider it distinct and it seems to warrant recognition as a subgenus at least. [more]

Brassolis

[more]

Brenthis

[more]

Brintesia

[more]

Byblia

[more]

Caerois

[more]

Caeruleuptychia

[more]

Caligo

Butterflies in the genus Caligo are commonly called owl butterflies, after their huge eyespots, which resemble owls' eyes. They are found in the rainforests and secondary forests of Mexico, Central, and South America. [more]

Calinaga

Calinaginae is a butterfly subfamily from the family Nymphalidae. This group of butterflies includes one genus, Calinaga, that occurs in Asia. [more]

Calisto

Calisto can refer to: [more]

Callarge

[more]

Callerebia

[more]

Callicore

[more]

Callidula

[more]

Calliorce

[more]

Callithea

[more]

Callithomia

[more]

Callizona

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]

Calloleria

[more]

Capronnieria

[more]

Cassionympha

[more]

Castilia

Castile or Castilia or Castilla may refer to: [more]

Catacore

[more]

Catacroptera

[more]

Catagramma

[more]

Catargynnis

[more]

Catoblepia

[more]

Catonephele

Catonephele is a nymphalid butterfly genus found in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies. [more]

Catuna

[more]

Cepheuptychia

[more]

Ceratinia

[more]

Ceratiscada

[more]

Cercyeuptychia

[more]

Cercyonis

[more]

Cethosia

[more]

Charaxes

Charaxes has several meanings: [more]

Charidryas

[more]

Chazara

[more]

Cheimas

[more]

Chersonesia

[more]

Childrena

[more]

Chillanella

[more]

Chitoria

[more]

Chloreuptychia

[more]

Chloropoea

[more]

Chlosyne

[more]

Chonala

[more]

Cirrochroa

[more]

Cissia

[more]

Cithaerias

[more]

Clossiana

[more]

Coea

[more]

Coelites

[more]

Coenonympha

Coenonympha is a butterfly genus. It belongs to the , a subtribe of the "browns" (Satyrinae). The latter are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae). As a rule, Palearctic species are colloquially called "heaths", while Nearctic ones are called "ringlets". Neither term is limited to members of this genus, however. [more]

Coenophlebia

[more]

Coenyra

[more]

Coenyropsis

[more]

Coeruleotaygetis

[more]

Colobura

[more]

Consul

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]

Corades

[more]

Corderopedaliodes

[more]

Coryphaeola

[more]

Cosmosatyrus

[more]

Crenidomimas

[more]

Cupha

[more]

Cybdelis

[more]

Cyclogramma

[more]

Cyllogenes

[more]

Cyllopsis

[more]

Cymatogramma

[more]

Cymothoe

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Cynandra

[more]

Cynitia

Cynthia

Cynthia is a personal name of Greek origin meaning "from Mount Cynthus." It can be abbreviated as Cindy. Cynthia was originally an epithet of the Greek goddess of the moon, Artemis, who was sometimes called "Cynthia" because, according to legend, the goddess was born on Mount Cynthus. [more]

Cyntia

Cyrestis

[more]

Daedalma

[more]

Dagon

Dagon was originally an Assyro-Babylonian fertility god who evolved into a major northwest Semitic god, reportedly of grain (as symbol of fertility) and fish and/or fishing (as symbol of multiplying). He was worshipped by the early Amorites and by the inhabitants of the cities of Ebla (modern Tell Mardikh, Syria) and Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria) (which was an ancient city near the Mediterranean containing a large variety of ancient writings and pre-Judeo-Christian shrines). He was also a major member, or perhaps head, of the pantheon of the Biblical Philistines. [more]

Damora

[more]

Danaus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[6] [more]

Dangond

[more]

Dasyophthalma

[more]

Diaethria

[more]

Diagora

Dichorragia

[more]

Dilipa

Dilipa is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Dingana

[more]

Dione

is an archaic goddess in Greek mythology. It may also refer to [more]

Dira

[more]

Dircenna

[more]

Discophora

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Dodonidia

Helm's butterfly or the forest ringlet butterfly, Dodonidia helmsii, is a rare of the family Nymphalidae, endemic to New Zealand. It is the only species in the genus Dodonidia. [more]

Doleschallia

[more]

Dophla

Doricha

Doricha is a genus of in the Trochilidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Doxocopa

Doxocopa is a of neotropical butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Apaturinae. [more]

Dravira

Drucina

[more]

Dryadula

Dryadula phaetusa, also known as the Banded Orange Heliconian, Banded Orange, or Orange Tiger, is a species of butterfly (an insect). The sole representative of its genus, the Banded Orange Heliconian is native from Brazil to central Mexico, and in summer it can be found rarely as far north as central Kansas. Its wingspan ranges from 86 to 89 mm, and it is colored a bright orange with thick black stripes in males, and a duller orange with fuzzier black stripes in females. [more]

Dryas

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]

Dulcedo

[more]

Dygoris

[more]

Dymasia

[more]

Dynamine

[more]

Dynastor

[more]

Ectima

[more]

Editha

[more]

Elina

[more]

Elymnias

[more]

Elymniopsis

[more]

Elzunia

[more]

Enispe

[more]

Enodia

[more]

Eolimenitis

[more]

Epiphile

[more]

Episcada

[more]

Epityches

[more]

Erebia

Erebia is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90?100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands. These usually bear black spots within, which sometimes have white center spots. [more]

Erebina

[more]

Erebiola

Eresia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Eretris

[more]

Ergolis

[more]

Erichthodes

[more]

Erites

[more]

Erycinidia

[more]

Eryphanis

[more]

Esperarge

[more]

Etcheverrius

[more]

Eteona

[more]

Ethope

[more]

Euapatura

Euapatura is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Eueides

[more]

Eulaceura

Eulaceura is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Eulalia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]

Eunica

[more]

Euphaedra

[more]

Euphydrias

Euphydryas

[more]

Euploea

Euploea is a genus of milkweed butterflies. The species are generally dark in coloration, often quite blackish, for which reason they are commonly called crows. As usual for their subfamily, they are poisonous due to feeding on milkweeds and other toxic plants as caterpillars. The latter are aposematically colored to warn off predators from eating them, and the adult butterflies are often mimicked by unrelated species which are not or less poisonous. [more]

Euptera

Euptoieta

[more]

Euptychia

[more]

Euptychoides

[more]

Euriphene

[more]

Euripus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Eurodryas

[more]

Euryphaedra

[more]

Euryphura

[more]

Euryrhura

Eurytela

[more]

Eurytion

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[9] [more]

Euthalia

Euthalia is a of brush-footed butterflies. They are commonly called barons or (like some relatives in Bassarona and Dophla) dukes. [more]

Euthaliopsis

[more]

Euthalis

Euthelia

Eutholia

Eutresis

[more]

Euxanthe

[more]

Fabriciana

[more]

Faunis

Faunis is a genus of Asian butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. They are among the butterflies commonly known as "fauns" or "duffers".[ ? discuss] [more]

Faunula

[more]

Fessonia

Fessonia is a genus of mites belonging to the family Smaridiidae. These mites can be distinguished from other related genera by having 2 pairs of eyes and always lacking sclerotized plates on the body. [more]

Forbestra

[more]

Fountainea

[more]

Foutainea

Freija

Futhalia

Garsauritis

[more]

Geitoneura

[more]

Gnathotriche

[more]

Gnathotrusia

[more]

Gnophodes

[more]

Godardia

[more]

Godartiana

[more]

Godyris

[more]

Greta

[more]

Gyrocheilus

[more]

Hadrodontes

[more]

Haematera

[more]

Haetera

[more]

Hallelesis

[more]

Hamadryas

A Genus in the Kingdom unknown!.[10] [more]

Hamanumida

[more]

Harjesia

[more]

Harma

Harmilla

[more]

Harsiesis

[more]

Haywardella

[more]

Haywardina

[more]

Helcyra

Helcyra is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Heliconius

Crenis redirects here. As described by Boisduval in 1833, this is an invalid name of the brush-footed butterfly genus Sevenia. [more]

Henotesia

[more]

Hermeuptychia

[more]

Herona

Herona is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Hestia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[11] [more]

Hestina

Hestina is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Hestinalis

Hestinalis is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. Some authors consider Hestinalis and Hestina as one genus. [more]

Heteronympha

[more]

Heteropsis

Heteropsis is a of flowering plant, in the family Araceae. It includes these species:- [more]

Heterosais

[more]

Heteroscada

[more]

Higginsius

[more]

Hipolimnas

[more]

Hipparchia

[more]

Historis

[more]

Homoeonympha

[more]

Hyalenna

[more]

Hyalyris

[more]

Hyantis

[more]

Hypanartia

[more]

Hypna

[more]

Hypocysta

[more]

Hypodryas

The Scarce Fritillary, Euphydryas maturna, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Sweden. [more]

Hypoleria

[more]

Hypolimnas

Hypolimnas is a genus of tropical brush-footed butterflies commonly known as eggflies or diadems. The genus contains approximately 23 species, most of which are found in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. One species, the Danaid Eggfly (H. misippus), is noted for its exceptionally wide distribution across five continents; it is the only Hypolimnas species found in the Americas. [more]

Hypolimnus

Hypolimnus is a genus of in the Megascolecidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Hypomenitis

[more]

Hyponephele

[more]

Hyposcada

[more]

Hypothyris

[more]

Idea

An idea is a concept or mental impression. Very often, ideas are construed as representational images; i.e. images of some object. In other contexts, ideas are taken to be concepts, although abstract concepts do not necessarily appear as images. Many philosophers consider ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings. In a popular sense, an idea arises in a reflex, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, when we talk about the idea of a person or a place. [more]

Ideopsis

Ideopsis is a genus of butterflies in the subfamily Danainae. [more]

Idioneurula

[more]

Idrusia

[more]

Inachis

The European Peacock (Aglais io), more commonly known simply as the Peacock butterfly, is a colorful butterfly, found in Europe and temperate Asia as far east as Japan. Formerly classified as the only member of the genus Inachis (the name is derived from Greek mythology, meaning Io, the daughter of Inachus). It should not be confused or classified with the "American peacocks" in the genus Anartia; these are not close relatives of the Eurasian species. The Peacock butterfly is resident in much of its range, often wintering in buildings or trees. It therefore often appears quite early in spring. The Peacock butterfly has figured in research where the role of eye-spots as anti-predator mechanism has been investigated. [more]

Issoria

[more]

Ithomia

[more]

Ituna

[more]

Janatella

[more]

Junea

[more]

Junonia

Junonia is a genus of nymphalid butterflies, described by Jacob H?bner in 1819. They are commonly known as Buckeyes, Pansies, or Commodores. This genus flies on every continent except Antarctica. The genus contains about 30?35 species. [more]

Kallima

[more]

Kallimoides

Kaniska

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[12] [more]

Karanasa

Karanasa is an Old World of Satyrinae (family Nymphalidae). [more]

Kirinia

[more]

Kumothales

[more]

Lachnoptera

[more]

Lachnotera

Ladoga

[more]

Lamprolenis

[more]

Laringa

[more]

Lasiommata

[more]

Lasiophila

[more]

Lasippa

[more]

Lebadea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Lelecella

[more]

Lelex

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Lethe

[more]

Lexias

The Archdukes are a genus (Lexias) of tropical forest-dwelling butterflies that are common throughout Southeast Asia and Australasia. Members of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae, the genus is represented by about 17 species. Two very similar and coexisting genera are (the Viscounts and Earls) and Euthalia (the Barons and Counts), the latter previously including some Lexias species. The largest species reach a wingspan of ca. 10 cm. [more]

Libythea

Libythea is a widespread genus of butterflies commonly called Beaks or Snouts. They are strong fliers and may even be migratory. [more]

Libytheana

[more]

Libythina

[more]

Limenitis

Limenitis is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, commonly called the Admirals. The Sister butterflies (Adelpha) and Commander butterflies (Moduza) are sometimes included here. [more]

Limentis

Liminitis

Lopinga

[more]

Loxerebia

[more]

Lucinia

[more]

Lybytheana

Lycorea

[more]

Lymanopoda

[more]

Magneuptychia

[more]

Manataria

[more]

Mandarinia

[more]

Manerebia

[more]

Maniola

[more]

Marpesia

[more]

Mashuna

[more]

Mazia

[more]

Mcclungia

[more]

Mechanitis

[more]

Megeuptychia

[more]

Megisto

[more]

Melampias

Melanargia

[more]

Melanithis

Melanitis

[more]

Melanocyma

[more]

Melinaea

[more]

Melinda

The modern name Melinda is a combination of "Mel" with the suffix "-inda". "Mel" can be derived from names such as Melanie meaning "dark, black" in Greek, or from Melissa meaning "honeysuckle" in Greek. It is also associated with the Greek word meli, meaning "honey", and with Linda, meaning "gentle, soft, tender" in the Germanic languages. [more]

Melitaea

Melitaea is a of brush-footed butterflies. [more]

Mellicta

[more]

Memphis

Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers. [more]

Meneris

[more]

Mesoacidalia

[more]

Mesoxantha

[more]

Mestra

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[13] [more]

Metamorpha

[more]

Methona

[more]

Microtia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[14] [more]

Mimathyma

Minois

[more]

Miraleria

[more]

Miyana

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Moduza

[more]

Moneuptychia

[more]

Mormonia

[more]

Morpho

A Morpho butterfly may be one of over 80 species of butterflies in the genus Morpho. They are Neotropical butterflies found mostly in South America as well as Mexico and Central America. Morphos range in wingspan from the 7.5 cm (3 inch) M. rhodopteron to the imposing 20 cm (8 inch) Sunset Morpho, M. hecuba. The name Morpho, meaning changed or modified, is also an epithet of Aphrodite and Venus. [more]

Morphocatenaria

Morphopsis

[more]

Muscopedaliodes

[more]

Mycalesis

The bushbrowns, Mycalesis, are a of brush-footed butterflies. They are common in the warm regions from Central Asia to Australia, and have a high diversity in South Asia and the Wallacea. [more]

Mygona

[more]

Mynes

[more]

Myscelia

[more]

Napeocles

[more]

Napeogenes

[more]

Naptis

Narope

[more]

Neita

[more]

Nelia

[more]

Nentis

Neocoenyra

[more]

Neomaenas

[more]

Neomaniola

[more]

Neominois

[more]

Neonympha

[more]

Neope

[more]

Neorina

[more]

Neosatyrus

[more]

Nephargynnis

[more]

Neptidopsis

[more]

Neptis

[more]

Nessaea

[more]

Neurosigma

[more]

Nica

The term Nica may refer to several things: [more]

Ninguta

[more]

None

Noreppa

[more]

Nymphalis

Nymphalis, commonly known as Anglewings, is a of brush-footed butterflies, containing the Tortoiseshells and relatives. [more]

Nymphalites

[more]

Occidryas

[more]

Oeneis

[more]

Oleria

[more]

Olina

[more]

Olyras

[more]

Opoptera

[more]

Opsiphanes

[more]

Oreixenica

[more]

Oressinoma

[more]

Orinoma

[more]

Orsotriaena

Orsotriaena is a genus of butterflies found in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australia. It contains only one species, Orsotriaena medus. In India, the butterfly has historically been called the "African American", but it has been renamed in Australian faunal works to the socially acceptable name of smooth-eyed bushbrown. [more]

Ortilia

[more]

Oxeoschistus

[more]

Pagyris

[more]

Paititia

[more]

Palaeontina

[more]

Palaeonympha

[more]

Palla

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[15] [more]

Palmaris

[more]

Pampasatyrus

[more]

Pamperis

[more]

Panacea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[16] [more]

Panarche

[more]

Pandita

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Pandora

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[17] [more]

Pandoriana

[more]

Pandriana

Pantoparia

Pantoporia

[more]

Panyapedaliodes

[more]

Paralasa

Paralethe

[more]

Paramacera

[more]

Paramecera

[more]

Paramo

The term p?ramo can refer to a variety of alpine tundra ecosystems. Some ecologists describe the p?ramo broadly as ?all high, tropical, montane vegetation above the continuous timberline?. A more narrow term classifies the p?ramo according to its regional placement - specifically located in ?the northern Andes of South America and adjacent southern Central America?. The p?ramo is the ecosystem of the regions above the continuous forest line, yet below the permanent snowline. It is a ?Neotropical high mountain biome with a vegetation composed mainly of giant rosette plants, shrubs and grasses? [more]

Parantica

Parantica is an genus of butterflies in subfamily Danainae of family Nymphalidae. It contains the species: [more]

Parantirrhoea

[more]

Parapedaliodes

[more]

Pararge

[more]

Parasarpa

Parataygetis

[more]

Parathyma

[more]

Paratica

[more]

Paratisiphone

[more]

Pardopsis

[more]

Pareuptychia

[more]

Paroeneis

Parthenos

The clipper butterflies (Parthenos) are a of butterflies. It includes the species Parthenos sylvia. [more]

Paternympha

Patricia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[18] [more]

Paulogramma

[more]

Pedaliodes

[more]

Penetes

[more]

Penrosada

[more]

Penthema

[more]

Percnodaimon

Peria

Peria could refer to: [more]

Perisama

[more]

Phaedyma

[more]

Phalanta

[more]

Pharneuptychia

[more]

Pherepedaliodes

[more]

Philaethria

[more]

Phyciodes

[more]

Physcaeneura

[more]

Physcopedaliodes

[more]

Phystis

[more]

Pierella

Pierella is a butterfly genus from the subfamily Satyrinae in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico through Central America to South America. The species of Pierella have larger hindwings than forewings, unique among butterflies. The oval green flash on the forewing is also unique. It is caused by diffraction, the wing scales forming a diffraction grating. [more]

Pieridopsis

[more]

Pindis

[more]

Placidina

[more]

Placidula

[more]

Platypthima

[more]

Podotricha

[more]

Poladryas

[more]

Polygonia

Polygonia (from Greek p???? - polys, "many" and ????a - gonia, "angle") is a genus of butterflies with a conspicuous white mark on the underside of each hindwing, hence the common name Comma. They also have conspicuous angular notches on the outer edges of their forewings, hence the other common name Anglewing butterflies. For other anglewings see the related genus, Nymphalis. Many members of the genus, Polygonia, hibernate as adults. This genus is sometimes classified as a subgenus of Nymphalis. [more]

Polygrapha

[more]

Polyura

Polyura is the of nawab butterflies. They belong to the brush-footed butterfly subfamily Charaxinae, or leafwing butterflies. Like the large and conspicuous pasha and rajah butterflies (Charaxes) they belong to the Charaxini tribe. [more]

Posteuptychia

[more]

Posttaygetis

[more]

Praefaunala

[more]

Praepedaliodes

[more]

Praepronophila

[more]

Precis

[more]

Prepona

Prepona is a genus of Neotropical charaxine butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. They are strong fliers in tropical forests where they feed on fermenting fruits and animal dung. The underside of the wings is pale greyish or brownish, while the upperside is dark with distinct iridescent blue markings. A few species also have orange markings on the upperside of the wings. They are popular among butterfly collectors. [more]

Presis

[more]

Prittwitzia

[more]

Proacidalia

[more]

Proboscis

A proboscis (English pronunciation: ) is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, the term is used to describe an elongated nose or snout. [more]

Proclossiana

[more]

Prodryas

[more]

Pronophila

[more]

Protapatura

[more]

Proterebia

[more]

Prothoe

Prothoe is a genus of charaxine butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. Two of the three species are virtually restricted to western and central Melanesia, but the most widespread species, P. franck, occurs throughout a large part of southeast Asia and as far northwest as Assam in India. [more]

Protogoniomorpha

Protoploea

The The Magpie (Protoploea apatela) is a species of butterfly in the Danainae subfamily. It is monotypic within the genus Protoploea. It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. [more]

Pseudacraea

[more]

Pseudargynnis

Pseudathyma

[more]

Pseudergolis

[more]

Pseudeuptychia

[more]

Pseudocercyonis

[more]

Pseudochazara

Pseudochazara euxina is a species of in the Nymphalidae family, in the monotypic genus Pseudochazara. It is found in Russia and Ukraine. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss. [more]

Pseudodebis

[more]

Pseudohaetera

[more]

Pseudomaniola

Pseudoneptis

[more]

Pseudonympha

[more]

Pseudoscada

[more]

Pteronymia

[more]

Ptychandra

[more]

Punapedaliodes

[more]

Punargentus

[more]

Pycina

[more]

Pyrameis

[more]

Pyronia

[more]

Pyrrhogrya

Pyrrhogyra

[more]

Quilaphoestosus

[more]

Ragadia

Ragadia is a of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). This genus is one of those commonly called "ringlets". [more]

Rareuptychia

[more]

Rhaphicera

[more]

Rhinopalpa

[more]

Rhodussa

[more]

Ristia

[more]

Roddia

[more]

Rohana

Rohana is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Roswellia

[more]

Sabatoga

[more]

Sais

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[19] [more]

Salamis

Salamis may refer to [more]

Salatura

Sallya

[more]

Satyrodes

[more]

Satyrotaygetis

[more]

Satyrus

Satyrus (latin for Satyr) was a common name in Ancient Greece. [more]

Scada

[more]

Sea

1) a large body of salt water, smaller than an ocean, more or less landlocked and part of or connected with an ocean or larger sea.[20] [more]

Selenophanes

[more]

Seokia

Sephisa

Sephisa is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Sevenia

Siderone

[more]

Sierrasteroma

[more]

Sinimia

[more]

Siproeta

[more]

Smerina

[more]

Smyrna

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[21] [more]

Speyeria

[more]

Spinantenna

[more]

Splendeuptychia

[more]

Steremnia

[more]

Steroma

[more]

Stibochiona

[more]

Stichophthalma

[more]

Strabena

Stuardosatyrus

[more]

Stygionympha

[more]

Sumalia

Symbrenthia

[more]

Symphaedra

[more]

Tabuda

[more]

Tacola

Taenaris

[more]

Tanaecia

[more]

Tarsocera

[more]

Tatinga

[more]

Taygetina

[more]

Taygetis

[more]

Taygetsis

Tegosa

[more]

Telchinia

[more]

Telenassa

[more]

Tellervo

[more]

Temenis

[more]

Terinos

[more]

Tetraphlebia

[more]

Texola

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[22] [more]

Thaleropis

Thaleropis is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Thaumantis

[more]

Thauria

[more]

Thessalia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[23] [more]

Thiemeia

[more]

Thyodamas

Thyridia

[more]

Tigridia

Tigridia (tiger-flowers or shell flowers) is a genus of bulbous or cormous plants, belonging to the family Iridaceae. They have large showy flowers and one species, Tigridia pavonia, is often cultivated for this. The approximately thirty five species in this family grow in the Western Hemisphere, from Mexico to Chile. The tigridia flower is short lived, each often blooming for only one day, but often several flowers will bloom from the same stalk. Usually they are dormant during the winter dry-season. Its roots are edible and was eaten by the Aztecs of Mexico who called it cacomitl and its flower ocēlōxōchitl "Jaguar flower". [more]

Timelaea

Timelaea is a of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. [more]

Tiradelphe

The Schneider's Surprise (Tiradelphe schneideri) is a species of butterfly in the Danainae subfamily. It is monotypic within the genus Tiradelphe. It is endemic to the Solomon Islands. [more]

Tirigidia

Tirumala

Tirumala ({{lang-te|??????}, {Tamil:???????}) is a hill town in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Tirumala is a pilgrim center of Hindus. Popularly known as Sri Venkateswara Temple. Tirumala is dedicated for the Shrimann Narayana or Maha Vishnu. Sri Rengam, Tirumala and Badrinath are other existing places of Archavathara temples of Vishnu. [more]

Tisiphone

Tisiphone (: ??s?f???, "avenging murder") is the name of two figures in Greek mythology. [more]

Tisona

[more]

Tithorea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[24] [more]

Torynesis

[more]

Triphysa

[more]

Vadebra

[more]

Vagrans

[more]

Vanessa

Vanessa can refer to: [more]

Vanessula

[more]

Vareuptychia

[more]

Veladyris

[more]

Velamysta

[more]

Vesta

Victorina

[more]

Vila

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[25] [more]

Vindula

[more]

Weymerana

[more]

Xanthocleis

[more]

Xanthotaenia

[more]

Xois

Yoma

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[26] [more]

Yphthimoides

[more]

Ypthima

[more]

Ypthimomorpha

[more]

Ypthimorpha

[more]

Yramea

Zabirnia

[more]

Zaretis

[more]

Zethera

[more]

Zeuxidia

[more]

Zingha

[more]

Zipaetis

[more]

Zischkaia

[more]

At least 3 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zischkaia.

More info about the Genus Zischkaia may be found here.

References

[ Back to top ]
  1. ^ a b c Charles Thomas Bingham (1905). Butterflies, Volume 1. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor and Francis. http://www.archive.org/details/TheFunaOfBritishIndiaButterfliesVolI. 
  2. ^ Niklas Wahlberg, Elisabet Weingartner & S?ren Nylin (2003). Towards a better understan ding of the higher systematics of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). In Gisella Caccone & Giacomo Bernardi. "Papers presented at the Mammalian Phylogeny symposium during the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Sorrento, Italy, June 13?16, 2002" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (3): 473?484. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00052-6. PMID 12927132. http://nymphalidae.utu.fi/Wahlbergetal2003b.pdf. 
  3. ^ a b c d e< /a> Philip J. DeVries (2001). "Nymphalidae". In Simon A. Levin. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press. pp. 559?573. doi:10.1016/B0-12-226865-2/00039-0. ISBN 978-0-12-226865-6. 

Footnotes

[ Back to top ]
  1. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=176051
  2. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=113815
  3. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Biblis&search=Search
  4. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Callizona&search=Search
  5. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Consul&search=Search
  6. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Danaus&search=Search
  7. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Dryas&search=Search
  8. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Eulalia&search=Search
  9. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Eurytion&search=Search
  10. http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=112819
  11. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Hestia&search=Search
  12. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Kaniska&search=Search
  13. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Mestra&search=Search
  14. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Microtia&search=Search
  15. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Palla&search=Search
  16. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Panacea&search=Search
  17. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Pandora&search=Search
  18. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Patricia&search=Search
  19. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Sais&search=Search
  20. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Sea&search=Search
  21. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Smyrna&search=Search
  22. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Texola&search=Search
  23. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Thessalia&search=Search
  24. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Tithorea&search=Search
  25. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Vila&search=Search
  26. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Yoma&search=Search
  1. ^ a b c Bingham (1905)
  2. ^ Wahlberg et al. (2003)
  3. ^ a b c d e DeVries (2001)

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:37:46