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Noctuidae

(Family)

Overview

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The Noctuidae or Owlet moths are a family of robustly-built that includes more than 35,000 known species out of possibly 100,000 total, in more than 4,200 genera. They constitute the largest family in the Lepidoptera.

Their distribution is worldwide with about 1,450 species found in Europe 1] [2] [3]

Most have drab forewings, although some have brightly colored hindwings. There are usually few differences between the sexes. The overwhelming majority of noctuids fly at night and are almost invariably strongly attracted to light. Many are also attracted to sugar and nectar-rich flowers.

Some of the family are preyed upon by bats. However, many Noctuidae species have tiny organs in their ears which responds to bat echolocation calls, sending their wing muscles into spasm and causing the moths to dart erratically. This aids the moths in evading the bats.

Several species have larvae (caterpillars) that live in the soil and are agricultural or horticultural pests. These are the "cutworms" that eat the bases of young brassicas and lettuces. They form hard, shiny pupae. Most noctuid larvae feed at night, resting in the soil or in a crevice in its food plant during the day.

The Noctuidae are also remarkable for containing an extraordinary number of species whose caterpillars are able to feed on certain poisonous plants without harm. These foodplants - namely Solanaceae (e.g. Nicotiana) and Fabaceae (e.g. Sophora) - contain chemicals that would kill most insects trying to feed on them.

Systematics

Division int o subfamilies, and the number of subfamilies is unsatisfactory and varies somewhat in various taxonomical systems. Several moth genera are not yet robustly assigned to subfamilies:

However recent molecular studies [4] [5] have shown that the family Noctuidae is paraphyletic. The subfamily Plusiinae should be raised to family status. The Noctuidae sensu stricto should be confined to trifines. The quadrifid noctuid subfamilies are paraphyletic (or perhaps polyphyletic) and should be grouped in a clade with the Arctiidae and Lymantriidae. The terms trifid and quadrifid refer to the number of veins from the lower part of the hindwing midcell.

See list of noctuid genera.

Example Species

Acronictinae

Amphipyrinae

Catocalinae

Cuculliinae

Hadeninae

Heliothinae

Ipimorphinae

Noctuinae

Plusiinae

Additional examples:

Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Family Noctuidae is a member of the Superfamily Noctuoidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Noctuidae:

The Family Noctuidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Abagrotis

[more]

Abrostola

[more]

Acadia

Acadia (in the Acadie) was the name given to lands in a portion of the French colonial empire in northeastern North America that included parts of eastern Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and modern-day New England, stretching as far south as Philadelphia. [more]

Acanthoplusia

Acerra

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]

Achaea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]

Achatia

[more]

Achatodes

[more]

Acherdoa

[more]

Achytonix

[more]

Acontia

[more]

Acrobyla

Acronicta

Acronicta is a of noctuid moths containing about 150 species distributed mainly in the temperate Holarctic, with some in adjacent subtropical regions. Caterpillars of most Acronicta species are unmistakable, with brightly colored hairy spikes, and often feed quite visibly on common foliate trees. The larva of the Smeared Dagger Moth (A. oblinita) is unusually hairy even for this genus[1]. Acronicta species are generally known as dagger moths, as most have one or more black dagger-shaped markings on their forewing uppersides. But some species have a conspicuous dark ring marking instead. [more]

Acronycta

[more]

Actebia

[more]

Adelphagrotis

[more]

Adita

[more]

Admetovis

[more]

Adrapsa

[more]

Aeria

Gaussia is a in the palm family, native to Mexico, Central America and the Greater Antilles. They are solitary, unarmed, and have pinnately compound leaves. The trees have enlarged bases and prop-roots. [more]

Aetheria

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Agape

With jaws open; gaping.[3] [more]

Agnorisma

[more]

Agriopodes

[more]

Agrochola

[more]

Agroperina

[more]

Agrotis

Agrotis is a genus of of the Noctuidae family. A number of the species of this genus are extinct. [more]

Albocosta

Aletia

[more]

Allagrapha

[more]

Alypia

[more]

Alypiodes

[more]

Amathes

[more]

Amiana

[more]

Amolita

[more]

Amphipoea

[more]

Amphipyra

Amphipyra is a of moths. It is currently the only genus remaining in the subfamily Amphipyrinae, the others having been removed e.g. to the Hadeninae. [more]

Amyna

[more]

Anagrapha

[more]

Anania

[more]

Anapamea

Anaplectoides

[more]

Anarta

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]

Anartomima

[more]

Anathix

[more]

Androloma

[more]

Andropolia

[more]

Anepia

[more]

Anhimella

[more]

Anicla

[more]

Anita

[more]

Annaphila

[more]

Anodontodes

[more]

Anomis

[more]

Anomogyna

[more]

Anorthoa

Anorthodes

[more]

Antarchaea

[more]

Anterastria

[more]

Antoculeora

[more]

Anuga

[more]

Apamea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]

Apatele

[more]

Apharetra

[more]

Aplectoides

[more]

Aplotelia

[more]

Apterogenum

Araeopteron

[more]

Archanara

[more]

Argyrogramma

[more]

Aseptis

[more]

Astrapetis

[more]

Atacira

Athetis

[more]

Autographa

[more]

Azenia

[more]

Bagada

[more]

Bagisara

[more]

Baileya

A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]

Balsa

Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale, synonym O. lagopus) is a large, fast-growing that can grow up to 30m (98ft) tall. Balsa trees are native from southern Brazil and Bolivia north to southern Mexico however Ecuador has been the primary source of commercial Balsa. In recent years some Balsa has been plantation grown. It is evergreen, or dry-season deciduous if the dry season is long, with large (30–50 cm, 12-20 in) weakly palmately lobed leaves. The name balsa derives from Spanish for a raft. Despite being very soft, balsa is classified as a hardwood, and is the softest commercial hardwood. [more]

Basilodes

[more]

Behounekia

[more]

Behrensia

[more]

Belciana

[more]

Bellura

[more]

Biston

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[6] [more]

Blasticorhinus

[more]

Blepharita

[more]

Bochus

[more]

Bombotelia

[more]

Borsippa

[more]

Brachylomia

[more]

Bracon

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]

Brevipecten

Bryolymnia

[more]

Bryophila

Byromoia

Caduca

[more]

Callierges

[more]

Callopistria

[more]

Calogramma

[more]

Calophasia

[more]

Caloplusia

[more]

Calotaenia

[more]

Calpe

Calymnia

[more]

Capis

[more]

Capnodes

[more]

Caradrina

[more]

Caranilla

[more]

Cardepia

[more]

Catabena

[more]

Catada

[more]

Catocala

Catocala is a genus of noctuid moths commonly known as Underwings. (A few closely related genera are sometimes called Underwings as well, but usually the term is synonymous with this genus.) Most species have brightly colored underwings, orange, red, or white. The genus name is a combination of two Greek words, kato behind, and kalos beautiful. The bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden by the dull forewings, but they help the moth avoid predators such as if they are disturbed during the day (Stevens 2005). The genus occurs in Eurasia and North America. Due to their variety of colors and species diversity, Underwings are popular with collectors of lepidoptera. Larvae (caterpillars) of most species feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs. [more]

Celaena

[more]

Cerapteryx

[more]

Cerastis

[more]

Cerathosia

[more]

Cerma

[more]

Chaetaglaea

[more]

Chalconyx

[more]

Chalcopasta

[more]

Chamaeclea

[more]

Characta

[more]

Charadra

[more]

Chasmina

[more]

Chazaria

[more]

Checupa

[more]

Chersotis

[more]

Chloantha

[more]

Choephora

[more]

Chorizagrotis

[more]

Chortodes

[more]

Chrysanympha

[more]

Chrysaspidia

[more]

Chytonix

[more]

Cirrhia

Cirrhophanus

[more]

Clavipalapula

[more]

Clavipalpura

Cleoceris

[more]

Cloantha

[more]

Cobubatha

[more]

Coenipeta

Coenophila

[more]

Collomena

Colocasia

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]

Condica

[more]

Conochares

[more]

Conservula

[more]

Contexta

[more]

Copablepharon

[more]

Copanarta

[more]

Copicucullia

[more]

Copivaleria

[more]

Coranarta

Coremagnatha

Cosdinoscera

[more]

Cosmia

[more]

Cosmophila

Crambodes

[more]

Craniophora

[more]

Crassivesica

[more]

Cretonia

[more]

Crocigrapha

[more]

Crymodes

[more]

Cryphia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[9] [more]

Crypsedra

Cryptocala

[more]

Ctenoplusia

[more]

Ctenostola

Cucullia

[more]

Cyclopis

Cydosia

The ("owlet") moth genus Cydosia is presently the only member of the tribe Cydosiini in the Acontiinae subfamily. The few species occur from Argentina along the Andes to the Caribbean and Central America, reaching into the southern states of the USA. [more]

Dargida

[more]

Dasycampa

Deltote

[more]

Denticucullus

[more]

Derrima

[more]

Devia

[more]

Diachrysia

[more]

Dianthoecia

[more]

Diarsia

[more]

Diastema

[more]

Dichagyris

[more]

Dictyestra

Dimorphicosmia

Dinorphicosmia

Diomea

[more]

Dioszeghyana

Diphtherocome

[more]

Diphtherocone

Dipterygina

[more]

Dipthera

[more]

Discestra

[more]

Donda

[more]

Draudtia

[more]

Dryobotodes

[more]

Dypterygia

[more]

Dysaletia

Dysgonia

[more]

Egira

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[10] [more]

Eigra

Elaphria

[more]

Eldana

[more]

Elwesia

[more]

Emargia

[more]

Emarginea

[more]

Emmelia

[more]

Enargia

[more]

Engelhardtia

Engelhardia is a of seven species of trees in the family Juglandaceae, native to southeast Asia from northern India east to Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines. The genus name is commonly misspelled "Engelhardtia", a "correction" made by the original author Blume in 1829 and persistent until today as it was thus entered in the Index Kewensis; the original spelling is Engelhardia. [more]

Enterpia

Eosphoropteryx

[more]

Ephesia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Epiglaea

[more]

Epimorpha

Epipaschia

[more]

Epipsammia

[more]

Epizuexis

[more]

Erebus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[11] [more]

Eremobastis

Eremobina

[more]

Eremodrina

[more]

Eremohadena

Eriopyga

[more]

Erythroecia

[more]

Esmeralda

The name Esmeralda ( and Spanish: , emerald) or Esméralda (French) may refer to: [more]

Euagrotis

[more]

Euamiana

[more]

Eublemma

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[12] [more]

Eucirroedia

[more]

Euclidimera

Eucoptocnemis

[more]

Eudryas

[more]

Eueretagrotis

[more]

Eugnorisma

[more]

Eugraphe

[more]

Eumicremma

[more]

Euplexia

[more]

Eupsilia

[more]

Eurois

[more]

Euscirrhopterus

[more]

Eutolype

[more]

Eutricopis

[more]

Euxoa

[more]

Exophila

[more]

Exyra

[more]

Fagitana

[more]

Falx

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[13] [more]

Faronta

[more]

Feliniopsis

[more]

Feltia

[more]

Feralia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[14] [more]

Fodina

[more]

Franclemontia

Furcifera

[more]

Furcilla

[more]

Galgula

[more]

Gamma

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[15] [more]

Gaurenopsis

[more]

Gerra

[more]

Gerrodes

[more]

Glabella

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[16] [more]

Glossodice

[more]

Gonepatica

Gonospileia

[more]

Gortyna

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[17] [more]

Graphiphora

[more]

Griposia

Grotella

[more]

Hada

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[18] [more]

Hadena

[more]

Hadenella

[more]

Hadula

[more]

Hapalotis

Harricimemna

Harrisimemna

[more]

Hasta

[more]

Hecatera

[more]

Heliocheilus

[more]

Heliolonche

[more]

Heliophobus

[more]

Heliothis

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[19] [more]

Heliothodes

[more]

Helotropha

[more]

Hemieuxoa

[more]

Hemiglaea

[more]

Hemigraphiphora

[more]

Hemipachnobia

[more]

Hemipsectra

Hemispragueia

[more]

Hepatica

Herbs perennial. Rhizome lateral roots dense. Leaves basal, simple, long petiolate, conspicuously or inconspicuously 3- to 5-lobed to parted to middle, margin entire or toothed. Inflorescences scapose, 1-flowered; involucral bracts 3, whorled. Flowers terminal, bisexual. Sepals petaloid. Petals absent. Stamens numerous; filaments sublinear; anthers ellipsoid. Pistils numerous; ovary 1-ovuled. Styles persistent, short. Achenes ovoid.[20] [more]

Heptagrotis

[more]

Herminodes

Hermonassa

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Hexorthodes

[more]

Himella

[more]

Homoglaea

[more]

Homohadena

[more]

Homophoberia

[more]

Homorthodes

[more]

Honeyania

Hyalobole

[more]

Hyboma

[more]

Hydraecia

[more]

Hydroecia

[more]

Hydroeciodes

[more]

Hylonycta

Hypena

Hypena is a of moths in the Noctuidae family. [more]

Hypenodes

[more]

Hyperepia

[more]

Hyperlophoides

[more]

Hyperstrotia

[more]

Hypersypnoides

[more]

Hypospila

[more]

Hyppa

[more]

Idia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[21] [more]

Imosca

Impleta

[more]

Iodopepla

[more]

Ipimorpha

[more]

Itomia

Jocheaera

Johanssonia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Koyaga

Lacanobia

[more]

Lacinipolia

[more]

Laphygma

[more]

Lasiestra

[more]

Lasionycta

[more]

Lateroligia

[more]

Lemmeria

[more]

Lepipolys

[more]

Leptologia

Lethe

[more]

Leucania

[more]

Leucapamea

Leuconycta

[more]

Lichnoptera

[more]

Linda

[more]

Lineostriastiria

Lithacodia

[more]

Litholomia

[more]

Lithophane

[more]

Lithopolia

[more]

Litoligia

[more]

Loda

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[22] [more]

Longalatedes

[more]

Lophoceramica

[more]

Lophonycta

[more]

Lophoptera

[more]

Lorea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[23] [more]

Loxagrotis

[more]

Luperina

[more]

Lutosa

[more]

Lycophotia

[more]

Lygephila

[more]

Lythrodes

[more]

Macrochilo

[more]

Macronoctua

[more]

Magusa

[more]

Maliattha

[more]

Mamestra

[more]

Manruta

[more]

Marilopteryx

[more]

Mazacyla

Megalographa

Meganephria

[more]

Meganola

[more]

Melanchra

[more]

Melanopis

[more]

Mentaxya

[more]

Merolonche

[more]

Meropleon

[more]

Mesapamea

[more]

Mesembragrotis

[more]

Mesogona

[more]

Metalepsis

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[24] [more]

Metaponpneumata

[more]

Metaxaglaea

[more]

Methorasa

[more]

Miaromima

[more]

Micrathetis

[more]

Microhelia

[more]

Microxyla

Mimobarathra

[more]

Miodera

[more]

Miracavira

[more]

Miranda

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[25] [more]

Miselia

[more]

Mniotype

[more]

Mocis

[more]

Moreno

Moreno is , Portuguese for a tanned or brown-skinned person. In origin the term was used to refer to a person with brown or black hair color, regardless of skin or eye color (synonym for Brunette), nowadays both meanings co-exist. It is also a Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian surname and an Italian given name. [more]

Morrisonia

[more]

Mythimna

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[26] [more]

Mythumna

[more]

Naganoella

Nagara

Napaea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[27] [more]

Narangodes

[more]

Narcotica

Nebula

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[28] [more]

Nedra

[more]

Neleucania

[more]

Neoligia

Neotuerta

Nephelodes

[more]

Neumoegenia

[more]

Neustrotia

Nimbus

[more]

Niphonyx

Noctua

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[29] [more]

Nola

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[30] [more]

Nonagria

[more]

Nyctycia

[more]

Ochrogaster

[more]

Ochropleura

[more]

Odice

[more]

Ogdoconta

[more]

Oglasa

[more]

Oligia

[more]

Oligonyx

[more]

Olulis

[more]

Ommatochila

Ommatostola

[more]

Oncocnemis

[more]

Onychagrotis

[more]

Opacifrons

[more]

Ophiogramma

[more]

Ophiusa

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[31] [more]

Opsigalea

[more]

Orrhodia

[more]

Orthodes

[more]

Orthosea

[more]

Orthosia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[32] [more]

Orthozona

[more]

Oruza

[more]

Oslaria

[more]

Oxycnemis

[more]

Oxyodes

[more]

Oxytripia

[more]

Ozarba

[more]

Pabulatrix

Pachypolia

[more]

Palluperina

[more]

Pamparama

[more]

Panilla

[more]

Panolis

[more]

Panthea

[more]

Papaipema

[more]

Papestra

[more]

Parabagrotis

[more]

Parabola

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[33] [more]

Paracolax

[more]

Paradiarsia

[more]

Parahypenodes

[more]

Paramiana

[more]

Parapamea

[more]

Parastichtis

[more]

Paratrachea

[more]

Pechipoga

Peridroma

[more]

Perigea

[more]

Perigonica

[more]

Perigrapha

[more]

Periphanes

[more]

Periscepta

Phaea

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[34] [more]

Phalga

[more]

Phlogophora

[more]

Phosphila

[more]

Phragmatiphila

[more]

Phyllophora

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[35] [more]

Phytometra

[more]

Plagiomimicus

[more]

Plataplecta

Platyja

[more]

Platyperigea

[more]

Platypolia

[more]

Platysenta

[more]

Plebeia

Pleromelloida

[more]

Plusia

[more]

Plusiodonta

[more]

Polia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[36] [more]

Poliobrya

[more]

Polychrysia

[more]

Polygrammate

[more]

Ponometia

[more]

Potnyctycia

[more]

Proagrotis

[more]

Prodotis

[more]

Pronoctua

[more]

Pronuba

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[37] [more]

Properigea

[more]

Propodea

Protagrotis

[more]

Proteinania

[more]

Protexarnis

[more]

Protodeltote

[more]

Protogygia

[more]

Protolampra

[more]

Protoperigea

[more]

Protorthodes

[more]

Proxenus

[more]

Psaphida

[more]

Psectraglaea

[more]

Pseudaletia

[more]

Pseudanarta

[more]

Pseudargyria

[more]

Pseudeustrotia

[more]

Pseudeva

[more]

Pseudobryomima

[more]

Pseudodeltote

Pseudohermonassa

[more]

Pseudoleucania

Pseudoplusia

[more]

Pseudorthodes

[more]

Pseudorthosia

[more]

Psychomorpha

[more]

Pyreferra

[more]

Pyrocleptria

[more]

Pyrrhia

[more]

Pyrrhidivalva

Rachiplusia

[more]

Rancora

[more]

Raphia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[38] [more]

Rhizedra

[more]

Rhodoecia

[more]

Rhosologia

[more]

Rhyacia

[more]

Rhynchagrotis

[more]

Richia

[more]

Rictonis

Risoba

[more]

Rivula

[more]

Sapporia

Sarcopolia

Scedopla

[more]

Schinia

Schinia is a large of moths belonging to the family Noctuidae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with the vast majority of species being found in North America, many with a very restricted range. [more]

Scoparia

A genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[39] [more]

Scopelosoma

[more]

Scotogramma

[more]

Selicanis

[more]

Sericaglaea

[more]

Sesamia

[more]

Setagrotis

[more]

Shargacucullia

[more]

Sideridis

[more]

Simyra

[more]

Spaelotis

[more]

Sparkia

[more]

Spartiniphaga

[more]

Speidelia

[more]

Speiredonia

[more]

Spiramater

[more]

Spodoptera

[more]

Spragueia

[more]

Stenoloba

[more]

Stibadium

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[40] [more]

Stibaera

[more]

Stiria

[more]

Stiriodes

[more]

Stretchia

[more]

Stylopoda

[more]

Sunira

[more]

Sutyna

[more]

Sympistis

[more]

Syngrapha

[more]

Synorthodes

[more]

Sypnoides

[more]

Tacoma

Tacoma is a mid-sized urban port city in and the of Pierce County, Washington, United States. The city is on Washington's Puget Sound, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Seattle, 31 miles (50 km) northeast of the state capital, Olympia, and 58 miles (93 km) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. The population was 193,556, according to the 2000 census, while the Census Bureau estimated its population at 196,520 in 2007. Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. [more]

Taeniocampa

[more]

Tarachidia

[more]

Targalla

[more]

Teratophora

[more]

Tetragona

[more]

Tetraphora

[more]

Thalpophila

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Therasea

[more]

Thioptera

Tholera

[more]

Thurberiphaga

[more]

Tiliacea

Tisagronia

[more]

Tmetolophota

Trachea

Trachea is a common term for an airway through which respiratory air transport takes place in organisms. [more]

Trichagrotis

[more]

Trichoclea

[more]

Trichocosmia

[more]

Trichofeltia

[more]

Tricholita

[more]

Trichophisia

[more]

Trichoplusia

[more]

Trichopolia

[more]

Trichordestra

[more]

Trichorthosia

[more]

Trichosilia

[more]

Tridepia

[more]

Triocnemis

[more]

Triphaena

[more]

Tripudia

Trudestra

[more]

Ufeus

[more]

Uganda

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[41] [more]

Ulolonche

[more]

Uraba

[more]

Ursogastra

[more]

Viatica

[more]

Vietteania

[more]

Viminia

Xanthia

[more]

Xanthodes

[more]

Xanthopastis

[more]

Xerociris

[more]

Xestia

Xestia is a genus of in the family Noctuidae. It includes many species living at high latitude, in tundra and taiga ecosystems. Some have two-year (semivoltine) life-cycles and only occur as adults every other year. [more]

Xylena

[more]

Xylotype

[more]

Xystopeplus

[more]

Zanclognatha

[more]

Zosteropoda

[more]

Zotheca

[more]

At least 4 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zotheca.

More info about the Genus Zotheca may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ Fibiger, M., 1990. Noctuinae 1. - Noctuidae Europaeae 1, Sorĝ, Denmark
  2. ^ Fibiger, M., 1993. Noctuinae 2. - Noctuidae Europaeae 2, Sorĝ, Denmark
  3. ^ Fibiger, M., 1997. Noctuinae 3. - Noctuidae Europaeae 3, Sorĝ, Denmark.
  4. ^ Weller, S. J., Pashley, D. P., Martin, J. A., and Constable, J. L. (1994). "Phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes". Systematic Biology 43 (43): 194–211. doi:10.2307/2413461
  5. ^ Andrew Mitchell, Charles Mitter, Jerome C. Regier (2006). "Systematics and evolution of the cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): evidence from two protein-coding nuclear genes". Systematic Entomology 1 (31): 21–46.  abstract online

Footnotes

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  1. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Acerra&search=Search
  2. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Achaea&search=Search
  3. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Agape&search=Search
  4. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Anarta&search=Search
  5. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Apamea&search=Search
  6. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Biston&search=Search
  7. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Bracon&search=Search
  8. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Colocasia&search=Search
  9. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Cryphia&search=Search
  10. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Egira&search=Search
  11. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Erebus&search=Search
  12. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Eublemma&search=Search
  13. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Falx&search=Search
  14. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Feralia&search=Search
  15. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Gamma&search=Search
  16. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Glabella&search=Search
  17. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Gortyna&search=Search
  18. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Hada&search=Search
  19. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Heliothis&search=Search
  20. Fu Dezhi, Orbélia R. Robinson "Hepatica". in Flora of China Vol. 6 Page 328. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  21. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Idia&search=Search
  22. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Loda&search=Search
  23. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Lorea&search=Search
  24. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Metalepsis&search=Search
  25. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Miranda&search=Search
  26. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Mythimna&search=Search
  27. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Napaea&search=Search
  28. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Nebula&search=Search
  29. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Noctua&search=Search
  30. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Nola&search=Search
  31. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Ophiusa&search=Search
  32. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Orthosia&search=Search
  33. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Parabola&search=Search
  34. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Phaea&search=Search
  35. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Phyllophora&search=Search
  36. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Polia&search=Search
  37. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Pronuba&search=Search
  38. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Raphia&search=Search
  39. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Scoparia&search=Search
  40. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Stibadium&search=Search
  41. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Uganda&search=Search

Sources

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Last Revised: September 22, 2009
2009/09/22 13:33:51