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Nectariniidae

(Family)

Overview

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The sunbirds and spiderhunters are a , Nectariniidae, of very small passerine birds. There are 132 species in 15 genera. The family is distributed throughout Africa, southern Asia and just reaches northern Australia. Most sunbirds feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Fruit is also part of the diet of some species. Their flight is fast and direct on their short wings.

The sunbirds have counterparts in two very distantly related groups: the hummingbirds of the Americas and the honeyeaters of Australia. The resemblances are due to convergent evolution due to the similar nectar-feeding lifestyle.1] Some sunbird species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

Description

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The family ranges in size from the 5-gram Black-bellied Sunbird to the Spectacled Spiderhunter, at about 45 grams. Like the hummingbirds, sunbirds are strongly sexually dimorphic, with the males usually brilliantly plumaged in metallic colors.[2] In addition to this the tails of many species are longer in the males, and overall the males are larger. Sunbirds have long thin down-curved bills and brush-tipped tubular tongues, both adaptations to their nectar feeding.[3] The spiderhunters, of the genus Arachnothera, are distinct in appearance from the other members of the family. They are typically larger than the other sunbirds, with drab brown plumage that is the same for both sexes and long down-curved beaks.

Species of sunbirds that live in high altitudes will enter torpor while roosting at night, lowering their body temperature and entering a state of low activity and responsiveness.[2][4]

Distribution and Habitat

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Sunbirds are a tropical Old World family, with representatives in Africa, Asia and Australasia. In Africa they are found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar but are also distributed in Egypt, in Asia the group occurs along the coasts of the Red Sea as far north as Israel, with a gap in their distribution till Iran, from where the group occurs continuously as far as southern China]] and Indonesia. In Australasia the family occurs in New Guinea, north eastern Australia and the Solomon Islands. They are generally not found on oceanic islands, with the exception of the Seychelles. The greatest variety of species is in Africa, where the group probably arose. Most species are sedentary or short-distance seasonal migrants. The sunbirds occur over the entirely of the family's range, whereas the spiderhunters are restricted to Asia.[2]

The sunbirds and spiderhunters occupy a wide range of habitats, with a majority of species being found in primary rainforest, but other habitats used by the family including disturbed secondary forest, open woodland, open scrub and savannah, coastal scrub and alpine forest. Some species have readily adapted to human modified landscapes such as plantations, gardens and agricultural land. Many species are able to occupy a wide range of habitats from sea level to 4900 m.[2]

Behaviour

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Sunbird are active diurnal birds that generally occur in pairs or occasionally in small family groups. A few species occasionally gather in larger groups, and sunbird will join with other birds to mob potential predators, although sunbirds will also aggressively target other species, even if they are not predators, when defending their territories.

Breeding

Juvenile Olive-backed Sunbird in the nest

The sunbirds that breed outside of the equatorial regions are mostly seasonal breeders, with the majority of these species breeding in the wet season. This timing reflects the increased availability of insect prey for the growing young. Where species, like the Buff-throated Sunbird, breed in the dry season, it is thought to be associated with the flowering of favoured food plants. Species of sunbird in the equatorial areas breed throughout the year. They are generally monogamous and often territorial, although a few species of sunbirds have lekking behaviour.

The nests of sunbirds are generally purse-shaped, enclosed and suspended from thin branches. The nests of the spiderhunters are different, both from the sunbirds and in some cases from each other. Some, like the Little Spiderhunter, are small weaved cups attached to the underside of large leaves; that of the Yellow-eared Spiderhunter is similarly attached but is a long tube. The nests of spiderhunters are inconspicuous, in contast to those of the other sunbirds which are more visible. In most species the female alone constructs the nest. Up to four eggs are laid. While the female builds the nest and incubates the eggs alone, although the male assists in rearing the young after hatching.[5] In the spiderhunters both sexes help to incubate the eggs.[5] The nests of sunbirds and spiderhunters are often targeted by brood parasites such as cuckoos and honeyguides.

Relationship With Humans

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Overall the family has fared better than many others, with only seven species considered to be threatened with extinction. Most species are fairly resistant to changes in habitat, and while attractive the family is not sought after by the cagebird trade, as they have what is considered an unpleasant song and are tricky to keep alive. Sun birds are considered attractive birds and readily enter gardens where flowering plants are planted to attract them. There are a few negative interactions, for example the Scarlet-chested Sunbird is considered a pest in cocoa plantations as it spreads parasitic mistletoes.

Systematics

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Gallery

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Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Family Nectariniidae is a member of the Superfamily Passeroidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Nectariniidae:

The Family Nectariniidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Aethopyga

Aethopyga is a genus of in the Nectariniidae family. [more]

Aithopyga

[more]

Anthreptes

Anthreptes is a of birds in the sunbird family, Nectariniidae. It usually contains the following species: [more]

Arachnocestra

[more]

Arachnothera

The spiderhunters are birds of the Arachnothera, part of the sunbird family Nectariniidae. The genus contains eleven species found in the forests of south and southeastern Asia. They are large representatives of the sunbird family, with drab plumage and long strongly curved bills. They feed on both nectar and a range of small arthropods. [more]

Chalcomitra

Chalcomitra is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia [more]

Chalcostetha

[more]

Cinnyris

Cinnyris is a genus of . Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia [more]

Cyanomitra

Cyanomitra is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia [more]

Cyrtostomus

[more]

Deleornis

Dicaeum

Dicaeum is a genus of in the flowerpecker family, a group of passerines tropical southern Asia and Australasia from India east to the Philippines and south to Australia. [more]

Hedydipna

Hedydipna is a genus of sunbirds. Its members are sometimes included in Anthreptes. [more]

Hermotimia

[more]

Hypogramma

The Purple-naped Sunbird (Hypogramma hypogrammicum) is a species of in the Nectariniidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Hypogramma. It is found in Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. [more]

Leptocoma

Leptocoma is a genus of found from tropical South Asia to Papua New Guinea. Its members are sometimes included in Nectarinia [more]

Nectarinia

[more]

Nectrainia

[more]

Prionochilus

Prionochilus is one of two flowerpecker that comprise the family Dicaeidae. The genus differs from the other flowerpecker genus, Dicaeum in having ten long primary feathers in the wing and in the character of its calls. A study comparing the calls of the two genera suggested that Prionochilus is basal to Dicaeum. The genus contains six species, in contrast to the 38 species in the genus Dicaeum. They have a more restricted distribution than Dicaeum, occurring in the Philippines, Borneo, Suamtra, Java and the Malay Peninsula. The name Prionochilus is derived from the Greek prion for saw, and kheilos for lip, referring to the minute serrations along the edge of the bill. [more]

Promerops

The sugarbirds are a small , Promeropidae, of passerine birds which are restricted to southern Africa. The two species of sugarbird make up one of only two bird families restricted entirely to southern Africa, the other being the rock-jumpers Chaetopidae. In general appearance as well as habits they resemble large long-tailed sunbirds, but are possibly more closely related to the Australian honeyeaters. They have brownish plumage, the long downcurved bill typical of passerine nectar feeders, and long tail feathers. [more]

At least 6 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Promerops.

More info about the Genus Promerops may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ Prinzinger, R.; Schafer T. & Schuchmann K. L. (1992). "Energy metabolism, respiratory quotient and breathing parameters in two convergent small bird species : the fork-tailed sunbird Aethopyga christinae (Nectariniidae) and the chilean hummingbird Sephanoides sephanoides (Trochilidae)". Journal of thermal biology 17 (2): 71–79. 
  2. ^ a b c d Cheke, Robert; Mann, Clive (2008), "Family Nectariniidae (Sunbirds)", in Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie, Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, pp. 196–243, ISB N 978-84-96553-45-3 
  3. ^ Cade, Tom; Lewis Greenwald (1966). "Drinking Behavior of Mousebirds in the Namib Desert, Southern Africa" (PDF). Auk 83 (1). 
  4. ^ Downs, Colleen; Mark Brown (2002). "Nocturnal Heterothermy And Torpor In The Malachite Sunbird (Nectarinia famosa)". Auk 119 (1): 251–260. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0251:NHATIT]2.0.CO;2. 
  5. ^ a b Lindsey, Terence (1991). Forshaw, Joseph. ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 207. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 

Sources

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Last Revised: September 22, 2009
2009/09/22 13:32:38