Overview
Lycaeninae, the coppers, are a of the gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae).
The relationships of the Lycaenidae are not fully resolved. Sometimes the Polyommatinae and Theclinae are included in the Lycaeninae; in particular the Theclinae tribe Eumaeini contains many similar taxa. Consequently the delimitation of the Lycaeninae is by no means definitely resolved; many genera await conformation of placement. Regardless, it is today generally considered better to restrict the Lycaeninae to the immediate relatives of the type genus Lycaena, and one or two clades close to that group.1]
The Lycaenidae sensu stricto can be divided into two tribes:[1]
Heliophorini
- Heliophorus – sapphires
- Iophanus
- Melanolycaena
Lycaenini
- Athamanthia
- Gaeides (often included in Lycaena)
- Hyrcanana
- Lycaena – typical coppers
- Phoenicurusia
A few genera included in the Lycaeninae in the most extensive circumscriptions are now placed in subfamilies as distinct as the Lipteninae or Poritiinae. Finally, there are some genera of uncertain status as regards their systematics and taxonomic validity. They might, if valid, be members of the monophyletic Lycaeninae, but this requires confirmation:
- Alciphronia
- Apangea
- Kulua
- Mirzakhania
- Nesa
Photos
Taxonomy
The Subfamily Lycaeninae is a member of the Family Lycaenidae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Lycaeninae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Superorder: Amphiesmenoptera
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies and Moths
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- a genus of Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
- Family: Lycaenidae
- Gossamer Winged Butterflies
- Subfamily: Lycaeninae - Coppers
- Family: Lycaenidae
- Gossamer Winged Butterflies
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- a genus of Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies and Moths
- Superorder: Amphiesmenoptera
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Subfamily Lycaeninae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Tribe (1): Polyommatini
- Genus (48): Acrodipsas · Anthene · Arota · Bindahara · Callictita · Candalides · Catochrysops · Catopyrops · Chrysophanus · Chrysozephyrus · Danis · Deudorix · Erysichton · Euchrysops · Eupsychellus · Freyeria · Heliophorus · Heodes · Hyllus · Hypochrysops · Jalmenus · Jamides · Lampides · Liphyra · Logania · Loxura · Lycaena · Melanolycaena · Nacaduba · Neopithecops · Ogyris · Palaeochrysophanus · Paraduba · Paralucia · Petrelaea · Philiris · Pithecops · Prosotas · Pseudodipsas · Psychonotis · Rapala · Sahulana · Talicada · Thaumaina · Thersamonia · Udara · Upolampes · Zizina
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1,051 species and subspecies in the Subfamily Lycaeninae.
Genera
Acrodipsas
Acrodipsas is a genus of . There are nine species in this genus: [more]
Anthene
Anthene is a genus of in the family Lycaenidae. [more]
Arota
Bindahara
Bindahara is a genus of in the family Lycaenidae. [more]
Callictita
Candalides
Catochrysops
Catopyrops
Chrysophanus
Chrysozephyrus
Danis
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]
Deudorix
Erysichton
Euchrysops
Eupsychellus
Freyeria
Heliophorus
Heliophorus is a genus of butterflies. [more]
Heodes
Hyllus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]
Hypochrysops
Jalmenus
Jamides
Jamides is a genus of in the family Lycaenidae. [more]
Lampides
Lampides is a genus of in the family Lycaenidae. [more]
Liphyra
The Moth Butterfly (Liphyra brassolis) is a found in Asia and Australia that belongs to the Lycaenids or Blues family. The larvae are predatory and feed on ant larvae. This is one of the largest species of Lycaenid butterfly. It is one of two species of Liphyra (the other being Liphyra grandis which is endemic to New Guinea[citation needed]) and occurs as several sub-species throughout its wide range. Never a common butterfly, specimens of this species are highly-prized by collectors. [more]
Logania
Logania is a genus of plants belonging to the family . Native to Australia and New Zealand the genus at least 24 species including herbs, shrub, trees and climbers. [more]
Loxura
Lycaena
Lycaena is a genus with a world-wide range. It is commonly divided into several subgenera, such as Antipodolycaena. Many formerly independent genera are nowadays subsumed within Lycaena, and the genus Gaiedes may well belong herein too. [more]
Melanolycaena
Nacaduba
Nacaduba is a of gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae). It contains many of the species commonly called "lineblues". As they are the genus initially erected to contain all lineblues, they might be considered the "typical" lineblues, as opposed to the species relatives now separated in Catapyrops, Prosotas and Petrelea. [more]
Neopithecops
Ogyris
Palaeochrysophanus
Paraduba
Paralucia
The Bathurst Copper (Paralucia spinifera) is a species of in the Lycaenidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Paralucia. It is endemic to Australia. [more]
Petrelaea
Philiris
Pithecops
Prosotas
Pseudodipsas
Psychonotis
Rapala
Rapala is the world's largest manufacturer of and other fishing related products. It was established in Finland. Their most popular product is a balsa wood minnow imitation lure named the Original Floater. [more]
Sahulana
Talicada
Thaumaina
Thersamonia
Udara
Upolampes
Zizina
At least 4 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zizina.
More info about the Genus Zizina may be found here.
References
- Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2008): Tree of Life Web Project – Lycaeninae. Version of 2008-APR-29. Retrieved 2009-FEB-18.
Footnotes
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Danis&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Hyllus&search=Search
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Thursday, August 13, 2009.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The GMapImageCutter is used under license from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis.
- The technology underlying this page, including the Image Browser and controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved.