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Kinorhyncha (Gr. ?????, kineo 'move' + ??????, rhynchos 'snout') is a phylum of small (1 mm or less) marine pseudocoelomate invertebrates that are widespread in mud or sand at all depths as part of the meiobenthos. They are also called mud dragons.

Kinorhynchans are segmented, limbless animals, with a body consisting of a head, neck, and a trunk of eleven segments. Unlike some similar invertebrates, they do not have external cilia, but instead have a number of spines along the body, plus up to seven circles of spines around the head.^[1] These spines are used for locomotion, withdrawing the head and pushing forward, then gripping the substrate with the spines while drawing up the body.

The body wall consists of a thin syncitial layer, which secretes a tough cuticle; this is molted several times while growing to adultho od. The spines are essentially moveable extensions of the body wall, and are hollow and covered by cuticle. The head is completely retractable, and is covered by a set of neck plates called placids when retracted.^[2]

Kinorhynchs eat either diatoms or organic material found in the mud, depending on species. The mouth is located in a conical structure at the apex of the head, and opens into a pharynx and then an oesophagus, both of which are lined by cuticle. Two pairs of salivary glands and one or more pairs of pancreatic glands connect to the oesophagus and presumably secrete digestive enzymes. Beyond the oesophagus lies a midgut that combines the functions of a stomach and intestine, and lacks a cuticle, enabling it to absorb nutrients. The short hind-gut is lined by cuticle, and empties into an anus at the posterior end of the trunk.^[2]

There is no circulatory system, although the body cavity (or pseudocoel) is well developed, and includes amoebocytes. The excretory system consists of two protonephridia emptying through pores in the final segment.^[2]

The nervous system consists of a ventral nerve cord, with one ganglion in each segment, and an anterior nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. Smaller ganglia are also located in the lateral and dorsal portions of each segment, but do not form distinct cords. Some species have simple ocelli on the head, and all species have tiny bristles on the body to provide a sense of touch.^[2]

Reproduction

There are two sexes that look alike. A pair of gonads are located in the mid-region of the trunk, and open to pores in the final segment. In most species, the sperm duct includes two or three spiny structures that presumably aid in copulation, although the details are unknown. The larvae are free-living, but little else is known of their reproductive process.^[2]

Classification

Their closest relatives are thought to be the phyla Loricifera and Priapulida. Together they constitute the Scalidophora.

Taxonomy

The two groups of Kinorhynchs are still generally characterized as orders rather than classes. About 180 species are known.^[3]

Phylum Kinorhyncha

• Order Cyclorhagida
  • Suborder Cyclorhagae
    • Family Echinoderidae
    • Family Zelinkaderidae
    • Family Centroderidae
    • Family Dracoderidae
  • Suborder Conchorhagae
    • Family Semnoderidae
  • Suborder Cryptorhagae
    • Family Cateriidae
• Order Homalorhagida
  • Suborder Homalorhagae
    • Family Pycnophyidae
    • Family Neocentrophyidae

>Kinorhyncha (Gr. ?????, kineo 'move' + ??????, rhynchos 'snout') is a phylum of small (1 mm or less) marine pseudocoelomate invertebrates that are widespread in mud or sand at all depths as part of the meiobenthos. They are also called mud dragons.

Kinorhynchans are segmented, limbless animals, with a body consisting of a head, neck, and a trunk of eleven segments. Unlike some similar invertebrates, they do not have external cilia, but instead have a number of spines along the body, plus up to seven circles of spines around the head.^[1] These spines are used for locomotion, withdrawing the head and pushing forward, then gripping the substrate with the spines while drawing up the body.

The body wall consists of a thin syncitial layer, which secretes a tough cuticle; this is molted several times while growing to adulthood. The spines are essentially moveable extensions of the body wall, and are hollow and covered by cuticle. The head is completely retractable, and is covered by a set of neck plates called placids when retracted.^[2]

Kinorhynchs eat either diatoms or organic material found in the mud, depending on species. The mouth is located in a conical structure at the apex of the head, and opens into a pharynx and then an oesophagus, both of which are lined by cuticle. Two pairs of salivary glands and one or more pairs of pancreatic glands connect to the oesophagus and presumably secrete digestive enzymes. Beyond the oesophagus lies a midgut that combines the functions of a stomach and intestine, and lacks a cuticle, enabling it to absorb nutrients. The short hind-gut is lined by cuticle, and empties into an anus at the posterior end of the trunk.^[2]

There is no circulatory system, although the body cavity (or pseudocoel) is well developed, and includes amoebocytes. The excretory system consists of two protonephridia emptying through pores in the final segment.^[2]

The nervous system consists of a ventral nerve cord, with one ganglion in each segment, and an anterior nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. Smaller ganglia are also located in the lateral and dorsal portions of each segment, but do not form distinct cords. Some species have simple ocelli on the head, and all species have tiny bristles on the body to provide a sense of touch.^[2]

Reproduction

There are two sexes that look alike. A pair of gonads are located in the mid-region of the trunk, and open to pores in the final segment. In most species, the sperm duct includes two or three spiny structures that presumably aid in copulation, although the details are unknown. The larvae are free-living, but little else is known of their reproductive process.^[2]

Classification

Their closest relatives are thought to be the phyla Loricifera and Priapulida. Together they constitute the Scalidophora.

Taxonomy

The two groups of Kinorhynchs are still generally characterized as orders rather than classes. About 180 species are known.^[3]

Phylum Kinorhyncha

• Order Cyclorhagida
  • Suborder Cyclorhagae
    • Family Echinoderidae
    Family Zelinkaderidae
    • Family Centroderidae
    • Family Dracoderidae
  • Suborder Conchorhagae
    • Family Semnoderidae
  • Suborder Cryptorhagae
    • Family Cateriidae
• Order Homalorhagida
  • Suborder Homalorhagae
    • Family Pycnophyidae
    • Family Neocentrophyidae

References

1. ^ Brusca and Brusca, Invertebrates, pp. 347
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 286?288. ISBN 0-03-056747-5. 
3. ^ Zhang, Z.-Q. (2011). "Animal biodiversity: An introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness". Zootaxa 3148: 7-12. http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p012.pdf. 

External links

• Introduction to the Cephalorhyncha
• Drawings of Kinorhyncha

The Phylum Kinorhyncha is a member of the Superphylum Aschelminthes. Here is the complete "parentage" of Kinorhyncha:

• Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
  • Kingdom: Animalia C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
    • Subkingdom: Bilateria (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
      • Branch: Protostomia Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
        • Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
          • Superphylum: Aschelminthes
            • Phylum: Kinorhyncha Reinhard, 1887 - Kinorhynchs