Overview
A skipper or skipper butterfly is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. They are named after their quick, darting flight habits. There are more than 3500 recognized species of skippers and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.1]
Description and systematics
The Hesperiidae are placed in a monotypic superfamily Hesperioidea. This is because they form a lineage apart from other Rhopalocera (butterflies), which mostly belong to the typical butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea. The third and rather small butterfly superfamily are the moth-butterflies (Hedyloidea) which are restricted to the Neotropics. Hesperioidea is very likely the sister group of Papilionoidea, and together with Hedyloidea they constitute a natural group (clade). Collectively, these three groups of butterflies share many characteristics, especially in the egg, larval and pupal stage.[1]
However, skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook, while the typical butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae, and moth-butterflies have feathered or pectinate (comb-shaped) antennae similar to "moths". Skippers also have generally stockier bodies and larger compound eyes than the other two groups, with stronger wing muscles in the plump thorax, in this resembling many "moths" more than the other two butterfly lineages do. But unlike for example the Arctiidae, their wings are usually small in proportion to their bodies. Some have larger wings, but only rarely as large in proportion to the body as in other butterflies. When at rest, skippers keep their wings usually angled upwards or spread out, and only rarely fold them up completely.[1]
The wings are usually well-rounded with more or less sharply-tipped forewings. There are some with prominent hindwing tails, and others have more angled wings; the skippers' basic wing shape varies not much by comparison to Papilionoidea however. Most have a fairly drab coloration of browns and greys; some are more boldly black-and-white. Yellow, red and blue hues are less often found, but some largely brown species are quite rich-colored too. Green colors and metallic iridescence are generally absent. Sexual dichromatism is present in some; males may have a blackish streak or patch of scent scales on their forewings.[1]
Many species of skippers look frustratingly alike. For example, some species in the genera Amblyscirtes, Erynnis (duskywings) and Hesperia (branded skippers) cannot currently be distinguished in the field even by experts. The only reliable method of telling them apart involves dissection and microscopic examination of the genitalia, which have characteristic structures that prevent mating except between conspecifics.[1]
Subfamilies
There are about 3500 species of skippers. They are now classified in the following subfamilies:[2]
- Coeliadinae ? awls, awlets, and policemen (about 75 species)
- Euschemoninae ? Regent Skipper (monotypic)
- Eudaminae
- Pyrginae ? spread-winged skippers and firetips (including Pyrrhopyginae)
- Heteropterinae ? skipperlings (about 150 species)
- Hesperiinae ? grass skippers (over 2000 species)
- Megathyminae ? giant skippers (about 18 species; doubtfully distinct from Hesperiinae)
- Trapezitinae ? Australian skippers (about 60 species)
Footnotes
Description and systematics
The Hesperiidae are placed in a monotypic superfamily Hesperioidea. This is because they form a lineage apart from other Rhopalocera (butterflies), which mostly belong to the typical butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea. The third and rather small butterfly superfamily are the moth-butterflies (Hedyloidea) which are restricted to the Neotropics. Hesperioidea is very likely the sister group of Papilionoidea, and together with Hedyloidea they constitute a natural group (clade). Collectively, these three groups of butterflies share many characteristics, especially in the egg, larval and pupal stage.[1]
However, skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook, while the typical butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae, and moth-butterflies have feathered or pectinate (comb-shaped) antennae similar to "moths". Skippers also have generally stockier bodies and larger compound eyes than the other two groups, with stronger wing muscles in the plump thorax, in this resembling many "moths" more than the other two butterfly lineages do. But unlike for example the Arctiidae, their wings are usually small in proportion to their bodies. Some have larger wings, but only rarely as large in proportion to the body as in other butterflies. When at rest, skippers keep their wings usually angled upwards or spread out, and only rarely fold them up completely.[1]
The wings are usually well-rounded with more or less sharply-tipped forewings. There are some with prominent hindwing tails, and others have more angled wings; the skippers' basic wing shape varies not much by comparison to Papilionoidea however. Most have a fairly drab coloration of browns and greys; some are more boldly black-and-white. Yellow, red and blue hues are less often found, but some largely brown species are quite rich-colored too. Green colors and metallic iridescence are generally absent. Sexual dichromatism is present in some; males may have a blackish streak or patch of scent scales on their forewings.[1]
Many species of skippers look frustratingly alike. For example, some species in the genera Amblyscirtes, Erynnis (duskywings) and Hesperia (branded skippers) cannot currently be distinguished in the field even by experts. The only reliable method of telling them apart involves dissection and microscopic examination of the genitalia, which have characteristic structures that prevent mating except between conspecifics.[1]
Subfamilies
There are about 3500 species of skippers. They are now classified in the following subfamilies:[2]
- Coeliadinae ? awls, awlets, and policemen (about 75 species)
- Euschemoninae ? Regent Skipper (monotypic)
- Eudaminae
- Pyrginae ? spread-winged skippers and firet ips (including Pyrrhopyginae)
- Heteropterinae ? skipperlings (about 150 species)
- Hesperiinae ? grass skippers (over 2000 species)
- Megathyminae ? giant skippers (about 18 species; doubtfully distinct from Hesperiinae)
- Trapezitinae ? Australian skippers (about 60 species)
Footnotes
References
- Ackery, P.R.; de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999): The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. In: Kristensen, N.P. (ed.): Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Vol.1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography: 263-300. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
- Brower, Andrew V.Z. & Warren, Andrew (2008): Tree of Life Web Project ? Hesperiidae. Version of 2008-APR-07. Retrieved 2009-DEC-24.
External links
- Family Hesperiidae at Lepidoptera.pro
- Nearctica North America (Index page)
- Skippers of North America: Large format diagnostic photographs Cirrus Digital Imaging
- Internet Archive Free download of Watson, E.Y. 1891 Hesperiidae Indicae: Being a reprint of descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma, and Ceylon
Taxonomy
The Family Hesperiidae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (11): Apinae · Coeliadinae · Hesperiinae · Heteropterinae · Megathyminae · Polyommatinae · Pyrginae · Pyrrhopyginae · Rhinanthoideae · Trapezitinae · Unplaced
- Tribe (2): Anthophorini · Veroniceae
- Genus (562): Abantis · Ablepsis · Abraximorpha · Acada · Acerbas · Achalarus · Achlyodes · Achylodes · Acleros · Acromecis · Adlerodea · Adopaeoides · Aecas · Aegiale · Aeromachus · Aethilla · Agathymus · Aguna · Aides · Alenia · Alera · Allora · Amblyscirtes · Amenis · Ampittia · Anastrus · Anatrytone · Ancistroides · Ancyloxypha · Andinus · Andronymus · Anisochoria · Anisynta · Anisyntoides · Ankola · Anthoptus · Antigonus · Apaustus · Apostictopterus · Appia · Apyrrothrix · Ardaris · Argon · Argopteron · Arina · Arita · Arnetta · Aroma · Arotis · Arrhenes · Arteurotia · Artines · Artitropa · Asbolis · Aspitha · Astictopterus · Astraptes · Atalopedes · Atarnes · Atrytone · Atrytonopsis · Augiades · Aurina · Autochton · Azonax · Badamia · Banta · Baoris · Baracus · Barbo · Barca · Bibasis · Binghamia · Bolla · Borbo · Bruna · Brusa · Bungalotis · Burara · Burca · Buzyges · Cabares · Cabirus · Caenides · Caicella · Calephelus · Caligulana · Calleagris · Calliades · Calliana · Callimormus · Calpodes · Caltoris · Camptopleura · Cantha · Capila · Caprona · Carcharodus · Carrhenes · Carterocephalus · Carystina · Carystoides · Carystus · Celaenorrhinus · Celotes · Cephise · Cephrenes · Ceratrichia · Chaetocneme · Chalcone · Chamunda · Charidia · Charmion · Chioides · Chiomara · Chloeria · Choaspes · Chondrolepis · Choranthus · Chryoplectrum · Chrysoplectrum · Clito · Cobaloides · Cobalopsis · Cobalus · Codatractus · Coeliades · Cogia · Coladenia · Conga · Conognathus · Copaeodes · Corticea · Croitana · Croniades · Ctenoptilum · Cumbre · Cupitha · Cycloglypha · Cyclosemia · Cyclosma · Cymaenes · Cynea · Cyrina · Daimio · Dalla · Damas · Dardarina · Darpa · Decinea · Diaeus · Dion · Dispar · Doberes · Drephalys · Dubiella · Dyscophellus · Eagris · Eantis · Ebrietas · Ebusus · Ectomis · Eetion · Elbella · Enosis · Entheus · Eogenes · Epargyreus · Ephyriades · Eprius · Eracon · Eretis · Erionota · Erynnis · Euphyes · Euschemon · Eutocus · Eutychide · Evansiella · 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- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 9,434 species and subspecies in the Family Hesperiidae.
Genera
Abantis
Abantis is a genus of skippers. [more]
Ablepsis
Abraximorpha
Abraximorpha is a a small Asian genus of skippers. [more]
Acada
Acada is a genus of skippers. [more]
Acerbas
Acerbas, a Tyrian priest of Hercules, who married Elissa, the daughter of king , and sister of Pygmalion. He was possessed of considerable wealth, which, knowing the avarice of Pygmalion, who had succeeded his father, he concealed in the earth. But Pygmalion, who heard of these hidden treasures, had Acerbas murdered, in hopes that through his sister he might obtain possession of them. But the prudence of Elissa saved the treasures, and she emigrated from Phoenicia. They landed and settled in North Africa, founding the city of Carthage. [more]
Achalarus
Achalarus is a genus of skippers. The species range from eastern United States to Venezuela. [more]
Achlyodes
Achlyodes is a genus of skippers. [more]
Achylodes
Acleros
Acleros is a genus of skippers. [more]
Acromecis
Acromecis is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Adlerodea
Adlerodea is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Adopaeoides
Adopaeoides is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Aecas
Aegiale
In Greek mythology, Aegiale may be: [more]
Aeromachus
Aeromachus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. The species are known by the common name of Scrub Hoppers. [more]
Aethilla
Aethilla or Aethylla (Greek: or ??????a) was a daughter of Laomedon and sister of Priam, Astyoche, and Medesicaste. After the fall of Troy she became the prisoner of Protesilaus, who took her, together with other captives, with him on his voyage home. He landed in Thrace in order to take in fresh water. While Protesilaus had gone inland, Aethilla persuaded her fellow prisoners to set fire to the ships. This was done and all remained on the spot and founded the town of Scione. [more]
Agathymus
Agathymus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Aguna
Agunah (Hebrew: ?, plural: agunot (??????); literally 'anchored or chained') is a halachic term for a Jewish woman who is "chained" to her marriage. The classic case of this is a man who has left on a journey and has not returned, or has gone into battle and is MIA. It also refers to a woman whose husband refuses, or is unable, to grant her an official bill of divorce, known as a get. [more]
Aides
Aides has various meanings: [more]
Alenia
Alenia Aermacchi, a Finmeccanica subsidiary, is a European aerospace company from Italy. Alenia Aermacchi owns ATR, a joint venture with EADS. The company head office is in Venegono Superiore, Varese. It also maintains offices on the property of Turin Caselle Airport in San Maurizio Canavese, Province of Turin and Pomigliano d'Arco, Province of Naples. [more]
Alera
Alera is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Allora
Allora is a town in south-western Queensland, Australia, on the Darling Downs 158 km south-west of the state capital, Brisbane. The town is in the Southern Downs Region. The township is located on the New England Highway between Warwick and Toowoomba. At the 2006 census, Allora had a population of 923. [more]
Amblyscirtes
Amblyscirtes is a genus of butterfly called skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Amenis
Amenis is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Ampittia
Ampittia is the genus of bush hoppers in the skipper butterfly family, Hesperiidae. It is presently the only member of the tribe Ampittiini, but many skipper butterflies are yet to be assigned to tribes, so this might change eventually. [more]
Anastrus
Anastrus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Anatrytone
Anatrytone is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae widespread New World. [more]
Ancistroides
Ancistroides is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Ancyloxypha
Ancyloxypha is a genus of butterflies in the subfamily Hesperiinae. [more]
Andinus
Andinus is a theonym used in the Roman Empire to refer to a god worshipped in the area of modern-day Kacanik, once upper Moesia - Dardania. It may be related to Andis. The theonym has been classified as a Continental Celtic deity but has also been taken to be an Illyrian divine name. At any rate, the epigraphic evidence for the theonym was uncovered in the area of the ancient Dardani tribe. The name may have local origin in Dardania, during the Trajan era. The name may have some Thracian - south Pannonian - Dalmatian element. [more]
Andronymus
Andronymus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Anisochoria
Anisochoria is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Anisynta
Anisynta is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Anisyntoides
Anisyntoides is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Ankola
Ankola (Kannada: , Konkani:??????) which is a Taluk (an administrative subdivision) is in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state, India. A small town by any standard surrounded by numerous temples. It is in line with Arabian sea. The beaches present at this place are Baskal gudda, nadibag, shedikuli, keni, Belekeri and many more.Ankola is famous for its native breed of mango called ishaad and for cashews harvesting. [more]
Anthoptus
Anthoptus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Antigonus
Antigonus, a Greek name meaning "comparable to his father" or "worthy of his father", may refer to: [more]
Apaustus
Apaustus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Apostictopterus
Apostictopterus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Appia
Adolphe Appia (born 1 September 1862 in Geneva; died 29 February 1928 in Nyon), son of Red Cross co-founder Louis Appia, was a Swiss architect and theorist of stage lighting and d?cor. [more]
Apyrrothrix
Apyrrothrix is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Ardaris
Ardaris is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. It includes two endemic species that are restricted to mountain forests and p?ramos in the cordillera de M?rida, Venezuela. [more]
Argon
Argon ( ar-gon is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ar. Argon has atomic number 18 and is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table (noble gases). Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide. Nearly all of this argon is radiogenic argon-40 derived from the decay of potassium-40 in the Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope, being the preferred argon isotope produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas. [more]
Argopteron
Argopteron is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Arina
Arina is a feminine given name. [more]
Arita
Arita' is a Japanese name. It can also refer to: [more]
Arnetta
Arnetta is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. Species include: [more]
Aroma
An odor or odour (commonly referred to as a smell) is caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans or other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction. Odors are also commonly called scents, which can refer to both pleasant and unpleasant odors. The terms fragrance and aroma are used primarily by the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and are sometimes used to refer to perfumes. In contrast, malodor, stench, reek, and stink are used specifically to describe unpleasant odors. [more]
Arotis
Arrhenes
Arrhenes is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Arteurotia
Arteurotia is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Artines
Artines is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Artitropa
Artitropa is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Asbolis
Asbolis is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Aspitha
Aspitha is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Astictopterus
Astictopterus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Astraptes
Astraptes is the genus of flasher butterflies. They belong to the skipper butterfly subfamily Eudaminae, which was long included with the spread-winged skippers (Pyrginae) as a tribe. [more]
Atalopedes
Atalopedes is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Atarnes
Atarnes is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Atrytone
Atrytone is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Atrytonopsis
Atrytonopsis is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Augiades
Augiades is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Aurina
Aurina is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Autochton
Autochthon (from Greek a?t????? "indigenous", from a?t?- "self, same" -???? "earth, soil"), or the anglicized adjective autochthonous or abstract noun autochthony may refer to: [more]
Azonax
Azonax is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae. [more]
Badamia
Badamia is a genus of skipper butterflies. [more]
Banta
Banta (marble) is a lemon or orange-flavoured drink popular in India. [more]
Baoris
Baracus
Barbo
Barca
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Bibasis
The awlets, Bibasis, are a of skipper butterflies. [more]
Binghamia
Cupido is a genus of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The subgenus Everes (H?bner, [1819]) is included here. [more]
Bolla
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Borbo
Bruna
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Brusa
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Bungalotis
Burara
Burca
Buzyges
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Cabares
Cabirus
Caenides
Caicella
Calephelus
Caligulana
Calleagris
Calliades
Calliana
Callimormus
Calpodes
Caltoris
Caltoris is a genus of . Like several related genera, they are called "swifts". [more]
Camptopleura
Cantha
Capila
Caprona
Carcharodus
Carrhenes
Carterocephalus
Carterocephalus is a in the skipper butterfly family, Hesperiidae. [more]
Carystina
Carystoides
Carystus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Celaenorrhinus
Celaenorrhinus is a genus of skipper butterflies which are commonly termed sprites. An alternate name is "flats", for their habit of holding their wings flat when resting, but this is also used for related genera. They belong to the spread-winged skipper subfamily (Pyrginae), and therein are the type genus of tribe Celaenorrhini. [more]
Celotes
Cephise
Cephrenes
Ceratrichia
Chaetocneme
Chalcone
See chalcones. [more]
Chamunda
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Charidia
Savia or SAVIA can refer to: [more]
Charmion
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Chioides
Chiomara
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]
Chloeria
Choaspes
Choaspes may be referring to: [more]
Chondrolepis
Choranthus
Chryoplectrum
Chrysoplectrum
Clito
Cobaloides
Cobalopsis
Cobalus
Codatractus
Coeliades
Cogia
Coladenia
Conga
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Conognathus
Copaeodes
Corticea
Croitana
Croniades
Ctenoptilum
Cumbre
Cupitha
Cycloglypha
Cyclosemia
Cyclosma
Cymaenes
Cynea
Cyrina
Daimio
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Dalla
Damas
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]
Dardarina
Darpa
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Decinea
Diaeus
Dion
Dion or Dio may refer to: [more]
Dispar
Doberes
Drephalys
Dubiella
Dyscophellus
Eagris
Eantis
Ebrietas
Ebusus
Ibiza (Catalan: , IPA: Ibosim) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea 79 km off the coast of the city of Valencia in Spain. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. With Formentera, it is one of the two Pine Islands or Pityuses. Its largest cities are Ibiza Town (Catalan: Vila d'Eivissa, or simply Vila), Santa Eul?ria des Riu and Sant Antoni de Portmany. Its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa (or Sa Talaia), is 475 m/1,558 ft above sea level. [more]
Ectomis
Eetion
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Elbella
Enosis
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Entheus
Eogenes
Epargyreus
Ephyriades
Eprius
Eracon
Eretis
Erionota
Erynnis
Erynnis is a in the Skippers butterfly family, Hesperiidae, known as the Duskywings. [more]
Euphyes
Euschemon
Eutocus
Eutychide
Evansiella
Exometoeca
Falga
Felicena
Flaccilla
Fresna
Fulda
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Gallio
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[3] [more]
Gamia
Gangara
Ge
Ge may refer to: word: [more]
Georgina
Georgina (2006 Population 42,346) is a town in south-central Ontario, and the northernmost municipality in the Regional Municipality of York. It forms part of the northern boundary of the Greater Toronto Area and is situated on the southern shores of Lake Simcoe. It is not so much one cohesive town as a large area containing three primary subsections: the community of Keswick, the communities of Sutton and Jackson's Point, and the smallest main subsection of Pefferlaw and Port Bolster. [more]
Gesta
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Gindanes
Gomalia
Gomalia Moore, 1879 is a monotypic genus of hesperiid butterfly.Gomalia elma, commonly known as the Marbled Skipper, Green-Marbled Sandman or African Mallow Skipper, is found in Africa and parts of Asia. [more]
Gorgopas
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Gorgyra
Gorgythion
Grais
Granila
Gretna
Gyrogora
Haemactis
Halotus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Halpe
Hansa
Hansa may refer to [more]
Hasora
Hasora, the awls, are a of skipper butterflies. [more]
Hegesippe
Helias
Heliopetes
Heliopyrgus
Heronia
Hesperia
Hesperilla
Hesperopsis
Heteropterus
Hewitsoniella
Hidari
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Holguinia
Hovala
Hsora
Hyalothyrus
Hyarotis
Hylephila
Hypocryptothrix
Hypoleucis
Iambrix
Iliana
Ilma
Isma
Isoteinon
Isoteninon
Iton
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]
Jemadia
Jera
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]
Joanna
Joanna is a feminine given name deriving from Greek Ioanna. Variants in English include Joan, Joann, Joanne, and Johanna. Other forms of the name in English are Jan, Jane, Janet, Janice, Jean, and Jeanne. [more]
Justinia
Katreus
Kedestes
Kobrona
Koruthaialos
Lamponia
Lento
Leona
Lepella
Leptalina
Lerema
Lerodea
Leucochitonea
Levina
Libra
Libra is for "scales". It may refer to: [more]
Librita
Linka
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[6] [more]
Lobocla
Lotongus
Lucida
Lucida () is an extended family of related typefaces designed by Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes in 1985. [more]
Ludens
Lycas
Lychnuchoides
Lychnuchus
Malaza
Marela
Mastor
Matapa
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Megaleas
Megathymus
Mellana
Melphina
Mesodina
Metardaris
Methion
Methionopsis
Metisella
Metron
Metron can refer to: [more]
Meza
Microceris
Mictris
Milanion
Miltomiges
Mimene
Mimia
Mimoniades
Miraja
Misius
Mnaseas
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Mnasicles
Mnasilus
Mnasinous
Mnasitheus
Mnestheus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Moeris
Moeros
Molla
Molo
Molo may refer to one of a number of things: [more]
Moltena
Monca
Monza
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Mooreana
Mopala
Morvina
Morys
Motasingha
Mucia
Muschampia
Mylon
Myrinia
Myscelus
Mysoria
Naevolus
Narcosius
Nascus
Nastra
Neohesperilla
Neoxeniades
Nerula
Netrobalane
Netrocoryne
Niconiades
Nisoniades
Noctuana
Nosphistia
Notocrypta
Notocrypta is a of skipper butterflies. It is one of several closely related genera commonly called "demons". [more]
Nyctelius
Nyctus
Nylla
Oarisma
Ocella
Ochlodes
Ochlodes is a in the skipper butterfly family, Hesperiidae. [more]
Ochus
Ochus is an old Persian proper name. It could refer to: [more]
Ocyba
Ocybadistes
Odina
Odontoptilum
Oechydrus
Oeonus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Oerane
Oligoria
Onenses
Onespa
Onophas
Onryza
Oreisplanus
Oriens
Oriens, the Latin word for 'the East', may refer to: [more]
Orneates
Orphe
Orses
Orthos
Orthos can refer to: [more]
Osmodes
Osphantes
Otho
Ouleus
Oxynetra
Oxynthes
Paches
Pachyneuria
Pamba
Panca
Panoquina
The Wandering Skipper (Panoquina errans) is a species of in the Hesperiidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Panoquina. It is found in Mexico and the United States. [more]
Papias
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Paracarystus
Parachoranthus
Paracleros
Paracogia
Paramimus
Paratrytone
Pardaleodes
Parelbella
Parnara
Paronymus
Parosmodes
Parphorus
Pasma
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Passova
Pastria
Peba
Pedesta
Pellicia
Pelopidas
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Pemara
Penicula
Perichares
Phanes
Phanis
Phanus
Phareas
Phemiades
Pheraeus
Phlebodes
Phocides
Pholisora
Pintara
Pirdana
Piruna
Pithauria
Plastingia
Platylesches
Ploetzia
Plumbago
Plumbago is a genus of 10-20 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Common names include plumbago and leadwort (names which are also shared by the genus Ceratostigma). The generic name, derived from the Latin words plumbum ("lead") and agere ("to resemble"), was first used by Pliny the Elder (23-79) for a plant known as ?????da??a (molybdaina) to Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40-90). This may have referred to its lead-blue flower color (OED), the ability of the sap to create lead-colored stains on skin, or Pliny's belief that the plant was a cure for lead poisoning. [more]
Poanes
Poanes is a genus of (family Hesperiidae) distributed throughout North and Central America. The larvae feed on grasses and sedges. [more]
Poanopsis
Polites
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]
Polyctor
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Polygonus
Polythrix
Polytremis
Pompeius
Pompeius (fem. Pompeia), known in as Pompey, is the nomen of the gens Pompeia, an important family during the late republic period of ancient Rome from the Italian region of Picenum, which lies between the Apennines and the Adriatic. The name may refer to any person bearing it, with a list of the most famous below: [more]
Porphyrogenes
Potamanaxas
Potanthus
Potanthus is a genus of . They are commonly known as Darts. [more]
Prada
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Problema
Procampta
Procidosa
Proeidosa
Propapias
Propertius
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]
Prosopalpus
Proteides
Prusiana
Pseudoborbo
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Pseudocoladenia
Pseudocopaeodes
Pseudokerana
Pseudosarbia
Psolos
Psoralis
Pteroteinon
Pudicitia
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Punta
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[9] [more]
Pyrgus
Pyrgus is a in the Skippers butterfly family, Hesperiidae, known as the grizzled skippers. The name 'Grizzled Skipper' best describes this genus, but in some countries the name 'Checkered Skipper' or 'Chequered Skipper' is applied to some species. Strictly speaking, 'chequered skippers' applies to butterflies of the genus Carterocephalus. [more]
Pyroneura
Pyrrhiades
Pyrrhocalles
Pyrrhochalcia
Pyrrhopyge
Pyrrhopygopsis
Pythonides
Pythonides is a genus of skippers. [more]
Qasimellana
Quadrus
Quasimellana
Quedara
Quinta
Rachana
Rachna, also spelt Rachana, is a term meaning "Creation", the structure created by time to time[citation needed] It is also included in Hindi usage. [more]
Rachelia
Racta
Radiatus
Remella
Repens
Rhabdomantis
Rhesus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[10] [more]
Rhinthon
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Ridens
Sabera
Sabina
Sacrator
Salanoemia
Salatis
Saliana
Sancus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Sarangesa
Sarbia
Sarmientoia
Satarupa
Saturnus
Scobura
Sebastonyma
Semalea
Serdis
Seseria
Signeta
Sodalia
Sophista
Sostrata
Sovia
Spathilepia
Spialia
Spioniades
Stallingsia
Staphilus
Staphylus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[11] [more]
Stimula
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[12] [more]
Stinga
Styriodes
Suada
Suastus
Sucova
Suniana
Synale
Synapte
Syrichtus
Systasea
Tagiades
Tagiades is a genus of butterflies. [more]
Talides
Tapena
Taractrocera
Tarsoctenus
Telemiades
Telicota
Telles
Tellona
Teniorhinus
Thargella
Theagenes
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Thespieus
Thessia
Thoon
Thoressa
Thoressa is a genus of skipper butterflies. They are (like some other skippers) commonly known as "aces" or "ace butterflies". [more]
Thorybes
Thracides
Thymelicus
Thymelicus is a in the skipper butterfly family, Hesperiidae. It is presently the only member of the tribe Thymelini, but many skipper butterflies are yet to be assigned to tribes, so this might change eventually. [more]
Tigasis
Timochares
Timochreon
Tirynthia
Tirynthoides
Tisias
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Tosta
Toxeus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[13] [more]
Toxidia
Tramba
Trapezites
Trina
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[14] [more]
Tromba
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[15] [more]
Tsitana
Turesis
Turmada
Turnerina
Typhedanus
Udaspes
Udranomia
Unkana
Urbanus
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[16] [more]
Vacerra
Vehilius
Venada
Venas
Vertica
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[17] [more]
Vettius
Vidius
Vinius
Viola
Herbs perennial or biennial, rarely subshrubs, rhizomatous. Stem developed or absent, sometimes with creeping branches. Leaves simple, alternate or basal, margin entire, dentate, or dissected; stipules small or large, leaflike, free or ± adnate to petioles. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, solitary, often dimorphic (cleistogamous flowers later than chasmogamous ones) ; pedicels axillary, 2-bracteolate. Sepals slightly equal, usually basally auriculate. Petals unequal, anterior petal largest and basally spurred. Filaments free, very short; anthers free or mostly connivent into a sheath around ovary, 2 anterior ones with spurlike or wartlike and nectariferous appendages at base, these extending into anterior spur, connectives produced apically into conspicuous, membranous appendages. Ovary 3-carpelled, with many ovuled parietal placentae; styles nearly erect or usually ± curved downward, ± thickened or sometimes gradually tapering toward apex, entire or variously appendaged; style apex and stigma variously shaped. Capsule loculicidally and elastically 3-valved, valves carinate and abaxially thickened. Seeds globose-ovoid, arillate or not, usually smooth; endosperm abundant; embryo straight; cotyledons rather thick, plano-convex.[18] [more]
Virga
A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]
Vlasta
Wallengrenia
Windia
Xanthodisca
Xanthoneura
Xeniades
Xenophanes
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Xispia
Yania
Yvretta
Zalomes
Zariaspes
Zela
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[19] [more]
Zenis
Zenonia
Zera
Zestusa
Zobera
Zographetus
Zonia
Zophopetes
Zopyrion
At least 12 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zopyrion.
More info about the Genus Zopyrion may be found here.
References
- Ackery, P.R.; de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999): The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. In: Kristensen, N.P. (ed.): Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Vol.1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography: 263-300. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
- Brower, Andrew V.Z. & Warren, Andrew (2008): Tree of Life Web Project ? Hesperiidae. Version of 2008-APR-07. Retrieved 2009-DEC-24.
External links
- Family Hesperiidae at Lepidoptera.pro
- Nearctica North America (Index page)
- Skippers of North Americ a: Large format diagnostic photographs Cirrus Digital Imaging
- Internet Archive Free download of Watson, E.Y. 1891 Hesperiidae Indicae: Being a reprint of descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma, and Ceylon
Bibliography
- Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 21: 15
Footnotes
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Chiomara&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Damas&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Gallio&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Iton&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Jera&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Linka&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Polites&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Propertius&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Punta&search=Search
- http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=113415
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Staphylus&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Stimula&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Toxeus&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Trina&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Tromba&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Urbanus&search=Search
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Vertica&search=Search
- "Viola". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 72, 74. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Zela&search=Search
- ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Aegialini". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=694156. Retrieved on 2009-04-29.
- ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Megathymini". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=694271. Retrieved on 2009-04-29.
- ^ Warren A, Ogawa J, Brower A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics 24(5):642-676
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Wednesday, April 25, 2012.
- The distribution map on the Distribution tab comes from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and is used with permission.
- Photographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers, and individual copyrights apply.
- The technology underlying this page, including the controls behind Keep Exploring, is owned by the BayScience Foundation. All rights are reserved.
