Overview
Fissurellidae, common name the keyhole limpets and slit limpets, is a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda.1]
Fissurellidae is the only family in the superfamily Fissurelloidea.
Distribution
The distribution of fissurellids is world-wide, from cold waters to tropical waters.[2]
Habitat
Fissurellids live in habitats on and under rocks in the lower intertidal zones to deeper waters.[2]
Shell description
Keyhole limpets somewhat resemble true limpets because of the simple conical shape of their shells, but in reality they are not closely related to true limpets, which are in the clade Patellogastropoda. This conical shape of the shell allows keyhole limpets to withstand wave attack on exposed rocks. The shell has a reticulate (= net-like) sculpture with strong radial ribs and lacks an operculum. The shell ranges from 3 mm to 13.2 cm. The Great keyhole limpet (Megathura crenulata) measures up to 13.2 cm.
For respiration, the shells of fissurellids have a single apical or subapical perforation ("keyhole"). This opening at the top allows a direct exit of exhalant water curren ts together with waste products from the mantle cavity. The water enters under the edge of the shell near the head and passes over paired gills. Most young species in this family have a marginal slit in the middle of the anterior end of the spiral shell. Some species possess just a short internal groove at the anterior end.
The soft body consists of a broad and flat foot and a well-developed mantle. This foot exerts a strong suction, adhering the keyhole limpet to its hard substratum. The mantle extends in some species partly or completely (as in Megathura crenulata) over the shell. The tentacles at the epipodium (the lateral grooves between foot and mantle) are well developed.
In addition to the possession of this hole, slit or groove, keyhole limpets differ in several other ways both internally and externally from true limpets.
Feeding habits
Keyhole limpets are in essence herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae, but are also detritus feeders. A few species in the genera Diodora and Emarginella are carnivorous, feeding on sponges. Puncturella has been reported to digest diatoms and detritus. Puncturella aethiopica feeds mainly on Foraminifera.[3]
Taxonomy
Family Fissurellidae Fleming, 1822
- Subfamily Fissurellinae Fleming, 1822
- Subfamily Emarginulinae Children, 1834
- Tribe Emarginulini Children, 1834 - synonyms: Rimulidae, Anton, 1838; Zeidoridae Naef, 1913; Clypidinidae Golikov & Starobogatov, 1989
- Tribe Diodorini Odhner, 1932
- Tribe Fissurellideini Pilsbry, 1890
- Tribe Scutini Christiaens, 1973
- Subfamily Hemitominae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
T his classification was based by Bouchet & Rocroi on the studies by Keen (in Moore) (1960), Christiaens (1973) [4] and McMean (1984).[5]
Aktipis S.W., Boehm E. & Giribet G. (2011) then raised the tribe Diodorini to the status of subfamily Diodorinae. [6]
Genera
Genera within the family Fissurellidae include[7][8]:
- Altrix Palmer, 1942
- Amblychilepas Pilsbry, 1890
- Buchanania Lesson, 1830
- Clathrosepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Clypidina Gray, 1847
- Cornisepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Cosmetalepas Iredale, 1924
- Clypidina Gray, 1847
- Cranopsis A. Adams, 1860
- Dendrofissurella Mclean and Kilburn, 1986
- Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
- Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
- Fissurellidea d'Orbigny, 1841
- Fissurisepta Seguenza, 1863
- Fissurisepta festiva Crozier, 1966
- Fissurisepta manawatawhia Powell, 1937
- Fissurella Brugui?re, 1789
- Hemimarginula McLean, 2011
- Hemitoma Swainson, 1840
- Incisura
Hedley, 1904
- Incisura lytteltonensis E. A. Smith, 1894
- Laeviemarginula Habe In Kuroda, 1953
- Laevinesta Pilsbry and McGinty, 1952
- Leurolepas J. H. McLean, 1970
- Lucapina G. B. Sowerby II, 1835
- Lucapinella Pilsbry, 1890
- Macrochisma Sowerby, 1839
- Manganesepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Medusafissurella Mclean and Kilburn, 1986
- Megatebennus Pilsbry, 1890
- Megathura Pilsbry, 1890
- Monodilepas Finlay, 1927
- Montfortia R?cluz, 1843
- Montfortista Iredale, 1929
- Montfortula Iredale, 1915
- Montfortula rugosa (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)
- Mont fortulana Habe, 1961
- Nesta H. Adams, 1870
- Notomella Cotton, 1957
- Octomarginula McLean, 2011
- Parmaphorella Strebel, 1907
- Parmophoridea Wenz, 1938
- Profundisepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Puncturella R. T. Lowe, 1827
- Pupilaea Gray In Sowerby, 1835
- Rimula DeFrance, 1827
- Scelidotoma Choe, Yoon and Habe, 1992
- Scutus Montfort, 1810
- Stromboli Berry, 1954
- Genus Tugali Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843
- Genus Vacerrena Iredale, 1958
- Variemarginula McLean, 2011
- Zeidora A. Adams, 1860
- Zeidora maoria Powell, 1937
- Capiluna Gray, 1857 : synonym of Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
- Emarginella Pilsbry, 1890: synonym of Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
- Glyphis Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
- Plagiorhytis P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Montfortula Iredale, 1915
- Siphonella Issel, 1869: synonym of Montfortista Iredale, 1929
- Subemarginula Gray, 1847: synonym of Hemitoma Swainson, 1840
See also
- Keyhole limpet hemocyanin
In addition to the possession of thi s hole, slit or groove, keyhole limpets differ in several other ways both internally and externally from true limpets.
Feeding habits
Keyhole limpets are in essence herbivorous, feeding primarily on algae, but are also detritus feeders. A few species in the genera Diodora and Emarginella are carnivorous, feeding on sponges. Puncturella has been reported to digest diatoms and detritus. Puncturella aethiopica feeds mainly on Foraminifera.[3]
Taxonomy
Family Fissurellidae Fleming, 1822
- Subfamily Fissurellinae Fleming, 1822
- Subfamily Emarginulinae Children, 1834
- Tribe Emarginulini Children, 1834 - synonyms: Rimulidae, Anton, 1838; Zeidoridae Naef, 1913; Clypidinidae Golikov & Starobogatov, 1989
- Tribe Diodorini Odhner, 1932
- Tribe Fissurellideini Pilsbry, 1890
- Tribe Scutini Christiaens, 1973
- Subfamily Hemitominae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
This classification was based by Bouchet & Rocroi on the studies by Keen (in Moore) (1960), Christiaens (1973) [4] and McMean (1984).[5]
Aktipis S.W., Boehm E. & Giribet G. (2011) then raised the tribe Diodorini to the status of subfamily Diodorinae. [6]
Genera
Genera within the family Fissurellidae include[7][8]:
- Altrix Palmer, 1942
- Amblychilepas Pilsbry, 1890
- Buchanania Lesson, 1830
- Clathrosepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Clypidina Gray, 1847
- Cornisepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Cosmetalepas Iredale, 1924
- Clypidina Gray, 1847
- Cranopsis A. Adams, 1860
- Dendrofissurella Mclean and Kilburn, 1986
- Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
- Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
- Fissurellidea d'Orbigny, 1841
- Fissurisepta Seguenza, 1863
- Fissurisepta festiva
Crozier, 1966 - Fissurisepta manawatawhia Powell, 1937
- Fissurisepta festiva
- Fissurella Brugui?re, 1789
- Hemimarginula McLean, 2011
- Hemitoma Swainson, 1840
- Incisura Hedley, 1904
- Incisura lytteltonensis E. A. Smith, 1894
- Laeviemarginula Habe In Kuroda, 1953
- Laevinesta Pilsbry and McGinty, 1952
- Leurolepas J. H. McLean, 1970
- Lucapina G. B. Sowerby II, 1835
- Lucapinella Pilsbry, 1890
- Macrochisma Sowerby, 1839
- Manganesepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Medusafissurella Mclean and Kilburn, 1986
- Megatebennus Pilsbry, 1890
- Megathura Pilsbry, 1890
- Mono dilepas Finlay, 1927
- Montfortia R?cluz, 1843
- Montfortista Iredale, 1929
- Montfortula Iredale, 1915
- Montfortula rugosa (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834)
- Montfortulana Habe, 1961
- Nesta H. Adams, 1870
- Notomella Cotton, 1957
- Octomarginula McLean, 2011
- Parmaphorella Strebel, 1907
- Parmophoridea Wenz, 1938
- Profundisepta McLean & Geiger, 1998
- Puncturella R. T. Lowe, 1827
- Pupilaea Gray In Sowerby, 1835
- Rimula DeFrance, 1827
- Scelidotoma Choe, Yoon and Habe, 1992
- Scutus Montfort, 1810
- Stromboli Berry, 1954
- Genus Tugali Gray in Dieffenbach, 1843
- Genus Vacerrena Iredale, 1958
- Variemarginula McLean, 2011
- Zeidora A. Adams, 1860
- Zeidora maoria Powell, 1937
- Capiluna Gray, 1857: synonym of Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
- Emarginella Pilsbry, 1890: synonym of Emarginula Lamarck, 1801
- Glyphis Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Diodora J. E. Gray, 1821
- Plagiorhytis P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Montfortula Iredale, 1915
- Siphonella Issel, 1869: synonym of Montfortista Iredale, 1929
- Subemarginula Gray, 1847: synonym of Hemitoma Swainson, 1840
See also
- Keyhole limpet hemocyanin
References
- ^ Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia 47 (1-2).
- ^ a b Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
- ^ Herbert, David G. (1991). "Foraminiferivory in a Puncturella (Gastropoda, Fissurellidae)". J. Moll. Stud. 57 (1): 127?140. doi:10.1093/mollus/57.1.127. http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extra ct/57/1/127. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ J. Christiaens (1973). "Les fissurelles europ?ennes". Informations de la Soci?t? belge de malacologie 2 (1): 3?16.
- ^ J.H. McLean (1984). "Shell reduction and loss in fissurellids : a review of genera and species in the Fissurellidea group". American Malacological Bulletin 2: 21?34.
- ^ Aktipis S.W., Boehm E. & Giribet G. (2011) Another step towards understanding the slit-limpets (Fissurellidae, Fissurelloidea, Vetigastropoda, Gastropoda): a combined five-gene molecular phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta 40: 238-259
- ^ Fissurellidae (Keyhole Limpets)
- ^ ITIS
- P.J. Hayward, and J.S. Ryland (1996). Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 500. ISBN 0198540558.
- Geiger, Daniel L.; Christine E. Thacker. "Molecular phylogeny of Vetigastropoda reveals non-monophyletic Scissurellidae, Trochoidea, and Fissurelloidea". Molluscan Research 25 (1): 47?55. http://www.mapress.com/mr/content/v25/2005f/n1p055.pdf.
External links
Taxonomy
The Superfamily Fissurelloidea is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Family (1): Fissurellidae
Families
Fissurellidae
Fissurellidae, common name the keyhole limpets and slit limpets, is a taxonomic family of limpet-like sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Vetigastropoda. [more]
At least 611 species and subspecies belong to the Family Fissurellidae.
More info about the Family Fissurellidae may be found here.
References
- ^ Bouchet, P. & Rocroi, J.-P. (2005). "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families". Malacologia 47 (1-2).
- ^ a b Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
- ^ Herbert, David G. (1991). "Foraminiferivory in a Puncturella (Gastropoda, Fissurellidae)". J. Moll. Stud. 57 (1): 127?140. doi:10.1093/mollus/57.1.127. http://mollus .oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/57/1/127. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ J. Christiaens (1973). "Les fissurelles europ?ennes". Informations de la Soci?t? belge de malacologie 2 (1): 3?16.
- ^ J.H. McLean (1984). "Shell reduction and loss in fissurellids : a review of genera and species in the Fissurellidea group". American Malacological Bulletin 2: 21?34.
- ^ Aktipis S.W., Boehm E. & Giribet G. (2011) Another step towards understanding the slit-limpets (Fissurellidae, Fissurelloidea, Vetigastropoda, Gastropoda): a combined five-gene molecular phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta 40: 238-259
- ^ Fissurellidae (Keyhole Limpets)
- ^ ITIS
Further Reading
- Sowerby, G.B. Jr. (1862). Monograph of the family Fissurellidae. Reprinted edition (1982). Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. Luis Pisani Burnay: Lisboa, Portugal. 183-206, 9 col. Plates pp.
- Murdock, Gordon R.; Steven Vogel (1978). "Hydrodynamic induction of water flow through a keyhole limpet (gastropoda, fissurellidae)". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 61 (2): 227?231. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(78)90102-0. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T2P-4867W8G-RD&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1978&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1378174803&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=24b3fbfc9b3a9c768c4f5622e4176cc8. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- McLean, James H.; R.N. Kilburn (September 1986). "Propodial elaboration in Southern African and Indian Ocean Fissurellidae (Mollusca, Prosobranchia) with description of two new genera and one new species". Contributions in Science 379. http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS379.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
- Aktipis S.W., Boehm E. & Giribet G. (2011) Another step towards understanding the slit-limpets (Fissurellidae, Fissurelloidea, Vetigastropoda, Gastropoda): a combined five-gene molecular phylogeny. Zoologica Scripta 40: 238-259.
Sources
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