Overview
Ennominae is the largest of the geometer moth family (Geometridae) with some 9,700 described species in 1,100 genera. They are usually fairly small moth species, though some (such as the Peppered Moth) grow considerably larger. This subfamily has a global distribution. It includes some species that are notorious defoliating pests.
The status of several tribes is debated. For example, the Boarmiini are sometimes massively expanded to include the Bistonini, Bupalini, Erannini, Gnophini, Melanolophini, Phaseliini and Theriini. The Nacophorini and perhaps the Campaeini might need to be merged with the Lithinini, and all three might warrant merging into the Ennomini. The group sometimes separated as Cassymini is tentatively included in the Abraxini here. The Alsophilinae, usually treated as a small subfamily in their own right, might simply be a specialized lineage of Boarmiini.[1]
Selected Species
Bupalini
- Bordered White, Bupalus piniaria
Caberini
- Common Wave, Cabera exanthemata
- Common White Wave, Cabera pusaria
Campaeini
- Light Emerald, Campaea margaritata
- Pale Beauty, Campaea perlata
Colotoini
- Feathered Thorn, Colotois pennaria
Erannini
- Mottled Umber, Erannis defoliaria
Genera incertae Sedis
Numerous genera have hitherto not been definitely assigned to a tribe[2]. These include:
Photos
Taxonomy
The Subfamily Ennominae is a member of the Family Geometridae. Here is the complete "parentage" of Ennominae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Superorder: Amphiesmenoptera
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies, Moths
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- Superfamily: Geometroidea
- Family: Geometridae
- Cankerworms, Geometers
- Subfamily: Ennominae
- Family: Geometridae
- Cankerworms, Geometers
- Superfamily: Geometroidea
- Infraorder: Heteroneura
- Order: Lepidoptera
Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies, Moths
- Superorder: Amphiesmenoptera
- Cohort: Myoglossata
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Subfamily Ennominae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Tribe (9): Archipini · Coronilleae · Diapensieae · Laspeyresiini · Moreae · Onagreae · Phacelieae · Plantagineae · Tulipeae
- Genus (66): Abraxas · Aethalura · Agriopis · Alcis · Aleucis · Angerona · Apeira · Apocheima · Aspitates · Biston · Boarmia · Bupalus · Cabera · Campaea · Cepphis · Chorodna · Cleora · Cleorodes · Colotois · Crocallis · Deileptenia · Dyscia · Ectropis · Ematurga · Ennomos · Epione · Erannis · Fagivorina · Glandularia · Gnophos · Hemerocallis · Hylaea · Hyposidra · Lambdina · Ligdia · Lomaspilis · Lomographa · Lycia · Menophra · Milionia · Morus · Narcissus · Nasturtium · Odontopera · Oenothera · Opisthograptis · Osmunda · Ourapteryx · Oxydendrum · Pachycnemia · Perconia · Peribatodes · Petrophora · Phacelia · Plagodis · Plantago · Pseudopanthera · Rosalia · Selenia · Selidosema · Semiothisa · Serraca · Siona · Theria · Vitis · Woodwardia
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 209 species and subspecies in the Subfamily Ennominae.
Genera
Abraxas
The word Abraxas (or Abrasax or Abracax) was engraved on certain stones, called on that account Abraxas stones, which were used as amulets or charms. The name is found in the Greek Magical Papyri, and the word may be related to the word abracadabra, although other explanations exist. The name is also found in Gnostic texts such as the Gospel of the Egyptians. Abraxas has also been variously claimed throughout the centuries to be an Egyptian god, a demon, and to represent God and Satan in one entity and the dual nature of its essence. [more]
Aethalura
Agriopis
Alcis
Aleucis
Angerona
In , Angerona or Angeronia was an old Roman goddess, whose name and functions are variously explained. According to ancient authorities, she was a goddess who relieved men from pain and sorrow, or delivered the Romans and their flocks from angina (quinsy). Also she was a protecting goddess of Rome and the keeper of the sacred name of the city, which might not be pronounced lest it should be revealed to her enemies. It was even thought that Angerona itself was this name; a late antique source suggests it was Amor, i.e. Roma inverted. Modern scholars regard her as a goddess akin to Ops, Acca Larentia, and Dea Dia; or as the goddess of the new year and the returning sun (according to Mommsen, ab angerendo = ?p? t?? ??af??es?a?. t?? ?????). Her festival, called Divalia or Angeronalia, was celebrated on the 21st of December. The priests offered sacrifice in the temple of Volupia, the goddess of pleasure, in which stood a statue of Angerona, with a finger on her mouth, which was bound and closed (Macrobius i. 10; Pliny, Nat. Hist. iii. 9; Varro, L. L. vi. 23). She was worshipped as Ancharia at Faesulae, where an altar belonging to her has been discovered. In art, she was depicted with a bandaged mouth and a finger pressed to her lips, demanding silence. [more]
Apeira
Apocheima
Aspitates
Biston
Biston was the son of and Pyrene in Greek mythology, a brother of the warlike Cycnus. Biston built the city of Bistonia on the shores of Lake Bistonis in Thrace. He also introduced the Thracian practice of tattooing both men and women with eye-like patterns as a magical fetish, in response to an oracle which guaranteed victory against the neighbouring Edonians tribe if so adorned (cf. Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Bistonia). The Thracian Bistonians were famous for their warlike nature and cult of Ares whom they worshipped in the form of an upright standing sword. [more]
Boarmia
Bupalus
Bupalus and Athenis, were sons of , and members of the celebrated school of sculpture in marble which flourished in Chios in the 6th century BC. They were contemporaries of the poet Hipponax, whom they were said to have caricatured. Their works consisted almost entirely of draped female figures, Artemis, Fortune, The Graces, when the Chian school has been well called a school of Madonnas. Augustus brought many of the works of Bupalus and Athenis to Rome, and placed them on the gable of the temple of Apollo Palatinus. They supposedly committed suicide out of shame when Hipponax wrote caustic satirical poetry about them for revenge. [more]
Cabera
Campaea
Cepphis
Chorodna
Cleora
Cleorodes
Colotois
Crocallis
Deileptenia
Dyscia
Ectropis
Ematurga
Ennomos
Epione
In , Epione was the wife of Asclepius and mother of Panacea, the goddess of medicines, Hygieia, the goddess of health. She was probably also the mother of the famous physicians Machaon and Podalirius, who are mentioned in the Iliad of Homer. [more]
Erannis
Fagivorina
Glandularia
Glandularia, called mock vervains or mock verbenas, is a of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the vervain family, Verbenaceae. They are native to the Americas. [more]
Gnophos
Hemerocallis
Herbs, perennial, scapose, clump-forming, rhizomatous, from fibrous or fleshy contractile roots often enlarged at ends; rhizomes spreading. Leaves many, basal, sessile, 2-ranked, bases sheathing; blade long-linear, keeled, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 2, in terminal helicoid cyme, or solitary. Flowers mostly diurnal and ephemeral, slightly irregular, showy; tepals 6, connate basally into short, funnelform to campanulate tube, distinct parts imbricate, spreading, inner broader than outer; stamens 6, adnate to throat of perianth tube; filaments curved upward, distinct, unequal; anthers dorsifixed, 2-locular, linear-oblong, dehiscence introrse; ovary superior, green, 3-locular, conic, septal nectaries present; style curved upwards; stigma indistinctly 3-lobed or capitate. Fruits capsular, leathery, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds rarely produced (sterile) or many. x = 11.[10] [more]
Hylaea
Russian is the term used to denote a group of Russian poets and artists who adopted the principles of Marinetti's manifesto. Russian futurism may be said to have been born in December 1912, when the St. Petersburg-based group Hylaea (Velimir Khlebnikov, Aleksey Kruchenykh, Vladimir Mayakovsky, David Burlyuk) issued a manifesto entitled A Slap in the Face of Public Taste. Although the Hylaea is generally held to be the most influential group of Russian Futurism, other centres were formed in St. Petersburg (Igor Severyanin's Ego-Futurists), Moscow (Tsentrifuga with Boris Pasternak among its members), Kiev, Kharkov, and Odessa. [more]
Hyposidra
Lambdina
Ligdia
Lomaspilis
Lomographa
Lycia
A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Menophra
Milionia
Morus
Trees or shrubs, deciduous, with latex; monoecious or dioecious. Winter buds with 3-6 bud scales; scales imbricate. Stipules free, sublateral, caducous. Leaves alternate; leaf blade simple to deeply palmately lobed, margin toothed; primary veins 3-5 from base, secondary veins pinnate. Male inflorescences axillary, spicate, many-flowered, shortly pedunculate. Female inflorescences shortly spicate to capitate. Male flowers: calyx lobes 4, imbricate; stamens inflexed in bud; pistillode top-shaped. Female flowers: sessile; calyx lobes 4, imbricate, fleshy in fruit; ovary 1-loculed; style present or not; stigma 2-branched, abaxially pubescent or papillose. Fruit with enlarged, succulent calyx usually aggregated into juicy syncarp. Syncarp with achenes enclosed by enlarged and succulent calyx; endocarp shell-like; exocarp fleshy. Seed globose; endosperm fleshy; embryo incurved; cotyledon elliptic.[11] [more]
Narcissus
Herbs perennial, scapose, from ovoid, tunicate bulbs. Leaves (1-) several; blade linear to ligulate, flat to semiterete, fleshy. Inflorescences umbellate in clusters of 2-20, or solitary, spathaceous; spathe 1-valved, enclosing buds, membranous or papery. Flowers pedicellate or sessile, erect or declinate, often fragrant; tepals 6, connate proximally, distinct and reflexed to ascending distally, yellow and/or white; perianth tube surmounted by a cupular to trumpetlike corona with margins often frilled; stamens 6, epitepalous, often of 2 lengths; filaments separate from corona; anthers basifixed; ovary inferior, 3-locular; style often exserted; stigma minutely 3-lobed. Fruits capsular, 3-locular, papery to leathery, dehiscence loculidical. Seeds numerous, subglobose, often with elaiosomes; testa black. x = 7, 11.[12] [more]
Nasturtium
Herbs perennial, aquatic, rhizomatous. Trichomes absent or simple. Stems prostrate or decumbent, erect in emergent plants, rooting at proximal nodes. Leaves all cauline, pinnately compound, often simple in deeply submersed plants; petiole sometimes auriculate at base; lateral leaflets 1-6(-12) pairs, petiolulate or sessile, entire, repand, or rarely dentate. Racemes many flowered, ebracteate. Fruiting pedicels usually divaricate. Sepals ovate or oblong, erect or ascending, glabrous, base of lateral pair subsaccate or not saccate. Petals white or rarely pink, longer than sepals; blade obovate or narrowly spatulate, apex obtuse; claw absent. Stamens 6, erect, tetradynamous; filaments base not dilated; anthers oblong, obtuse at apex. Median glands absent; lateral glands 2, annular or semiannular. Ovules 25-50 per ovary. Fruit dehiscent siliques, linear or rarely narrowly oblong, terete, sessile; valves obscurely veined, glabrous, smooth or slightly torulose; replum rounded; septum complete; style obsolete or to 2 mm; stigma capitate, entire. Seeds uniseriate or biseriate, wingless, oblong or ovoid, plump; seed coat minutely to coarsely reticulate, not mucilaginous when wetted; cotyledons accumbent.[13] [more]
Odontopera
Oenothera
Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, caulescent or acaulescent, with a taproot or fibrous roots, occasionally with rhizomes or shoots arising from spreading lateral roots. Leaves alternate or in a basal rosette that often is absent in mature plants, entire, toothed to pinnatifid; stipules absent. Flowers perfect, actinomorphic, in axils of upper leaves, when numerous forming terminal leafy spikes, racemes, or corymbs, opening near sunset or near sunrise. Floral tube usually well developed, cylindric and somewhat flared near mouth, deciduous soon after anthesis. Sepals 4, green or yellowish, often tinged or striped red or purple. Petals 4, yellow, purple, pink, or white. Stamens 8; anthers versatile; pollen shed singly. Ovary with 4 locules; ovules numerous; stigma divided into 4 linear lobes, receptive all around, and subtended by a ± conspicuous ringlike indusium in early development, but often obscured when receptive. Fruit a dehiscent capsule [rarely indehiscent outside of China], straight or curved, terete to 4-angled or winged, sessile, occasionally pedicellate, or basal portion sterile and stipelike. Seeds numerous, in 1 or 2(or 3) rows or in clusters in each of 4 locules. 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56.[14] [more]
Opisthograptis
Osmunda
Plants terrestrial. Stems creeping; tips often somewhat erect. Leaves dimorphic; fertile leaves erect, often notably smaller than sterile leaves in length and width. Blades 1--2-pinnate; pinnae monomorphic to dimorphic, pinnatifid or pinnate.[15] [more]
Ourapteryx
Oxydendrum
Sourwood or Sorrel Tree (Oxydendrum arboreum) is the sole in the genus Oxydendrum DC, in the family Ericaceae. It is native to eastern North America, from southern Pennsylvania south to northwest Florida and west to southern Illinois; it is most common in the lower chain of the Appalachian Mountains. [more]
Pachycnemia
Perconia
Peribatodes
Petrophora
Phacelia
Phacelia, the phacelias or scorpionweeds, is a large genus. It contains about 200 species of herbs, native of Western North America (the most), Eastern USA and South America. [more]
Plagodis
Plantago
Annual or perennial, or mostly acaulescent herbs, sometimes an undershrub. Leaves usually all radical, sometimes cauline. Flowers hermaphrodite, dimorphic, polygamous, usually in many-flowered cylindrical spikes, rarely capitate. Calyx lobes subequal or 2 large and 2 small. Corolla tube cylindrical, sometimes contracted at the throat, usually equalling the calyx, sometimes exserted, lobes 4, equal, patent. Stamens 4, inserted at or above the middle of the corolla tube, often exserted. Ovary 2-locular or 3-4-locular with false free septa; locules with 1 to many ovules. Capsule membranous, circumscissile. Seeds usually peltate, testa thin, mucilaginous, albumen fleshy.[16] [more]
Pseudopanthera
Rosalia
people called Rosalia: [more]
Selenia
A Genus in the Kingdom Plantae. [more]
Selidosema
Semiothisa
Serraca
Siona
Theria
Theria is a of mammals that give birth to live young without using a shelled egg, including both eutherians (placental mammals) and metatherians (marsupials and their ancestors). [more]
Vitis
Lianas, woody, usually polygamo-dioecious, rarely hermaphroditic. Bark usually shedding; tendrils leaf-opposed, usually bifurcate. Leaves simple, often lobed, sometimes palmately compound; stipules usually caducous. Inflorescence a thyrse. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx saucer-shaped; sepals minute. Petals united at apex and shed as a cap (calyptra) at anthesis. Stamens opposite to petals, undeveloped and abortive in female flowers. Disk conspicuous, 5-lobed or ring-shaped. Pistil 1; style slender; stigma slightly expanded. Berry globose, 2-4-seeded. Seeds obovoid or obovoid-elliptic, base rostrate, abaxially 1-furrowed with a rounded or suborbicular or elliptic chalazal knot, adaxially 2-furrowed; endosperm M-shaped in cross-section.[17] [more]
Woodwardia
Plants terrestrial or rarely on rock. Stems long-creeping to erect, slender to stout, not climbing; scales brown. Leaves monomorphic (dimorphic in 1 species), clustered or well separated. Blades pinnate or pinnatifid. Rachises and costae scaly. Veins anastomosing in both sterile and fertile leaves, forming a regular series of areoles along costae and costules, further anastomosing in 1 species. Sori discrete, in chainlike rows along costae or costules, extending only the length of individual areolar veins. Spores with perine irregularly folded. x = 34, 35.[18] [more]
At least 63 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Woodwardia.
More info about the Genus Woodwardia may be found here.
References
- Holloway, J.D. (1994): The Moths of Borneo: Family Geometridae, Subfamily Ennominae. London.
- Savela, Markku (2008): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Ennominae. Version of 2008-MAR-08. Retrieved 2008-JUL-21.
- Young, Catherine J. (2008): Characterisation of the Australian Nacophorini using adult morphology, and phylogeny of the Geometridae based on morphological characters. Zootaxa 1736: 1-141. PDF abstract and excerpt
Bibliography
- Blanchard, J. W. 1990. NarcissusA Guide to Wild Daffodils. Woking.
- Bobrov, A.E. 1967. The family Osmundaceae (R.Br.) Kaulf. Its taxonomy and geography. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 52: 1600--1610.
- Chang Siushih, Wu Chengyih & Cao Ziyu. 1998. Moroideae. In: Chang Siushih & Wu Chengyih, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 23(1): 1219.
- Chen Chiajui, Lu Shangzhi & Li Yibin. 2000. Onagraceae. In: Chen Chiajui, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 53(2): 27-133.
- Erhardt, W. 1992. Hemerocallis: Daylilies. Portland.
- Hewitson,W. 1962. Comparative morphology of the Osmundaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 49: 57--93.
- Hu S. Y. 1968. The species of Hemerocallis. Amer. Hort. Mag. 47: 86-111.
- Jefferson-Brown, M. J. 1991. Narcissus. Portland. Meyer, F. G. 1966. Narcissus species and wild hybrids. Amer. Hort. Mag. 45: 4776.
- Li Chaoluan. 1998. Vitaceae (excluding Leea). In: Li Chaoluan, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 48(2): ii-vii, 1-3, 12-208.
- Stout, A. B. 1934. Daylilies. New York. [Reprinted 1986, London.]
Footnotes
- Gerald B. Straley & Frederick H. Utech "Hemerocallis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 51, 53, 57, 219. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Morus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Gerald B. Straley & Frederick H. Utech "Narcissus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 54, 294. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev "Nasturtium". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 136. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Jiarui Chen, Peter C. Hoch & Warren L. Wagner "Oenothera". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 400, 423, 427. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- R. David Whetstone, T. A. Atkinson "Osmunda". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Plantago". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Hui Ren & Jun Wen "Vitis". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 173, 210. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Raymond B. Cranfill "Woodwardia". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Gerald B. Straley & Frederick H. Utech "Hemerocallis". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 51, 53, 57, 219. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Zhengyi Wu, Zhe-Kun Zhou & Michael G. Gilbert "Morus". in Flora of China Vol. 5 Page 22. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Gerald B. Straley & Frederick H. Utech "Narcissus". in Flora of North America Vol. 26 Page 53, 54, 294. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev "Nasturtium". in Flora of China Vol. 8 Page 136. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Jiarui Chen, Peter C. Hoch & Warren L. Wagner "Oenothera". in Flora of China Vol. 13 Page 400, 423, 427. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- R. David Whetstone, T. A. Atkinson "Osmunda". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- "Plantago". in Flora of Pakistan . Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Hui Ren & Jun Wen "Vitis". in Flora of China Vol. 12 Page 173, 210. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
- Raymond B. Cranfill "Woodwardia". in Flora of North America Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. Online at EFloras.org.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Friday, September 19, 2008.
- The GMapImageCutter is used under license from the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis.
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