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Emberizidae

(Family)

Overview

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The Emberizidae are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with a distinctively shaped bill.

In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as (American) sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the (Old World) sparrows, the family Passeridae. The family also includes the North American birds known as juncos and towhees.

The Emberizidae family probably originated in South America and spread first into North America before crossing into eastern Asia and continuing to move west. This explains the comparative paucity of emberizid species in Europe and Africa when compared to the Americas.[]

As with several other passerine families the taxonomic treatment of this family's members is currently in a state of flux. Many genera in South and Central America are in fact more closely related to several different tanager clades,[1][2][3] and at least one tanager genus (Chlorospingus) may belong here in the Emberizidae.[4]

Characteristics

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Emberizids are small birds, typically around 15 cm in length, with finch-like bills and nine primary feathers. The family ranges in size from the Sporophila seedeaters, the smaller species of which are about 10 cm and weigh 9?10 grams, to the Abert's Towhee, at 24 cm (9.5 in), and the shorter-tailed, but chunkier Canyon Towhee, at 54 gram s (1.9 oz). They live in a variety of habitats, including woodland, brush, marsh, and grassland. The Old World species tend to have brown, streaked, plumage, although some New World species can be very brightly colored. Many species have distinctive head patterns. Their diet consists mainly of seeds, but may be supplemented with insects, especially when feeding the young.[5]

The habits of emberizids are similar to those of finches, with which they sometimes used to be grouped. Older sources may place some emberizids in the Fringillidae, and the common names of some emberizids still refer to them as finches. With a few exceptions, emberizids build cup-shaped nests from grasses and other plant fibres, and are monogamous.[5]

Systematics

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The relationships of these birds with other groups within the hug e nine-primaried oscine assemblage are at this point largely unresolved. Indeed relationships within the Emberizidae as defined here are uncertain with the possibility that each of the three main groups may not be all that closely related.

The buntings

The results of a recent biochemical study[6] suggest that Melophus, Latoucheornis, and Miliaria may be related to various members of Emberiza and perhaps should be subsumed within that genus.

The american sparrows and brush-finches, including juncos and towhees

Chlorospingus seems to belong here too.[citation needed]

The following are a group of apparently closely related neotropical sparrows known as the brush-finches

The longspurs and arctic buntings

Genera belonging elsewhere

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The rest of the traditional Emberizidae are listed below. While they do not form a natural group most appear to be closer to various tanager genera, and for the largest part they are often known collectively as tanager-finches.

including woodland, brush, marsh, and grassland. The Old World species tend to have brown, streaked, plumage, although some New World species can be very brightly colored. Many species have distinctive head patterns. Their diet consists mainly of seeds, but may be supplemented with insects, especially when feeding the young.[5]

The habits of emberizids are similar to those of finches, with which they sometimes used to be grouped. Older sources may place some emberizids in the Fringillidae, and the common names of some emberizids still refer to them as finches. With a few exceptions, emberizids build cup-shaped nests from grasses and other plant fibres, and are monogamous.[5]

Systematics

[ Back to top ]

The relationships of these birds with other groups within the huge nine-primaried oscine assemblage are at this point largely unresolved. Indeed relationships within the Emberizidae as defined here are uncertain with the possibility that each of the three main groups may not be all that closely related.

The buntings

The results of a recent biochemical study[6] suggest that Melophus, Latoucheornis, and Miliaria may be related to various members of Emberiza and perhaps should be subsumed within that genus.

The american sparrows and brush-finches, including juncos and towhees

Chlorospingus seems to belong here too.[citation needed]

The following are a group of apparently closely related neotropical sparrows known as the brush-finches

The longspurs and arctic buntings

Genera belonging elsewhere

[ Back to top ]

The rest of the traditional Emberizidae are listed below. While they do not form a natural group most appear to be closer to variou s tanager genera, and for the largest part they are often known collectively as tanager-finches.

References

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  1. ^ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein, 2002. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Darwin's finches and their relatives. Evolution 56 (6). 1240-1252.
  2. ^ Lougheed, S.C., J.R. Freeland, P. Handford & P.T. Boag. 2000. A molecular phylogeny of warbling-finches (Poospiza): paraphyly in a Neotropical emberizid genus. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 17: 367-378.
  3. ^ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology. J. Avian Biology 34: 360-370.
  4. ^ Yuri, T., and D. P. Mindell. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes). Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23:229-243.
  5. ^ a b Baptista, Luis F. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph. ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 210?212. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 
  6. ^ Alstr?m, P., Olsson, U., Lei, F., Wang, H-t., Gao, W. & Sundberg, P. Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, pp. 960-973.
  7. ^ Klicka J, Zink RM, Winker K. 2003. Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (Calcarius). Mol Phylogenet Evol. Feb;26(2):165-75.

External links

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Taxonomy

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The Family Emberizidae is a member of the Superfamily Passeroidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Emberizidae:

The Family Emberizidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Acanthidops

The Peg-billed Finch, Acanthidops bairdii, is a passerine bird which is endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and extreme western Panama. Despite its name, it is not a true finch, but now recognized as a member of the tanager family (Thraupidae), after being long placed in the Emberizidae. It is the only member of the genus Acanthidops. The scientific name commemorates the American ornithologist Spencer Fullerton Baird. [more]

Aimophila

Aimophila is a genus of American sparrows. The derivation of the genus name is from aimos/a???? 'thicket' and phila/f??a 'loving'. [more]

Amaurospiza

Amaurospiza is a genus of birds. These "seedeaters" were formerly associated with the American sparrows and placed in the Emberizidae or (in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy) the Fringillidae. The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek amauros ("dusky") + spiza ("finch"). [more]

Ammodramus

The genus Ammodramus is a group of American sparrows in the family Emberizidae. Ammodramus is Latin for "Sand Runner." Typical of these thick grass and ground loving sparrows. [more]

Ammospiza

[more]

Amphispiza

Amphispiza is a genus of birds in the bunting and American sparrow family. It contains three species: [more]

Arremon

Arremon is a genus of neotropical birds in the Emberizidae family. With the exception of the Green-striped Brush Finch, which is endemic to Mexico, all species are found in South America, a few reaching Central America. [more]

Arremonops

Arremonops is a genus of neotropical birds in the Emberizidae family. All species are found in Central America, Mexico, and/or northern South America. The Olive Sparrow reaches southern Texas. [more]

Atlapetes

Atlapetes is a genus of bird in the Emberizidae family. Along with the genus Buarremon they comprise the brush-finches. [more]

Atlapletes

[more]

Buarremon

Buarremon is a genus of perching birds in the family Emberizidae. Recent evidence indicates this genus should be merged into Arremon, but if recognized as a valid genus, it contains the following species: [more]

Cactospiza

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]

Calamospiza

The Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) is a medium-sized sparrow. It is monotypic, the only member of the genus Calamospiza (Bonaparte, 1838). [more]

Calcarius

The Longspurs, Calcarius, are a group of birds in the family Emberizidae. The name refers to the long claw on the hind toe of each foot. [more]

Calliste

[more]

Camarhynchus

Camarhynchus is a genus of in the Thraupidae family; all species of Camarhynchus are endemic to the Galapagos Islands. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family. It contains the following species: [more]

Catamenia

Catamenia can refer to [more]

Catamenis

[more]

Certhidea

The Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea) is a species of bird, one of Darwin's finches in the tanager family Thraupidae. Sometimes classified in the family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family. It is the only member of the genus Certhidea. When Darwin collected it in 1835 during the Beagle survey expedition he mistakenly thought it was a wren, but on return to England he was informed in March 1837 by the ornithologist John Gould that the bird was in the group of finches. [more]

Charitospiza

The Coal-crested Finch (Charitospiza eucosma) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies suggest it is closer to the tanagers. It is the only member of the genus Charitospiza. [more]

Chlorurus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[2] [more]

Chondestes

The Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) is a fairly large American sparrow. It is the only member of the genus Chondestes. [more]

Compsocoma

[more]

Coryphaspiza

The Black-masked Finch (Coryphaspiza melanotis) is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is the only member of the genus Coryphaspiza. [more]

Coryphospingus

A small of finch-like tanagers found in South America, Coryphospingus was formerly classified in the family Emberizidae along with the buntings and American sparrows. [more]

Cureaus

[more]

Diglossopis

Diglossopis is a genus of blue flowerpiercers in the family Thraupidae. They are closely related to the genus Diglossa, and some retain all flowerpiercers in that genus. They were formerly classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies[] have shown it to belong in the Thraupidae. They are restricted to highland forest and woodland from Venezuela and Colombia, through Ecuador and Peru, to Bolivia. [more]

Diuca

Diuca is a small of Andean seed-eating tanagers. [more]

Dolospingus

The White-naped Seedeater (Dolospingus fringilloides) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the Thraupidae. It is the only member of the genus Dolospingus. [more]

Donacospiza

The Long-tailed Reed-finch (Donacospiza albifrons) is a species of bird traditionally placed in the Emberizidae family. It has been suggested though that its nearest relations may be the finch-like tanagers of the genus Poospiza in the family Thraupidae. It is the only member of its genus, Donacospiza. [more]

Emberiza

Emberiza is a of passerine birds of the bunting family Emberizidae. [more]

Emberizoides

Emberizoides is a small of finch-like tanagers found in grassy areas in Central and South America. [more]

Embernagra

Embernagra is a of finch-like tanagers. [more]

Euneornis

The Orangequit (Euneornis campestris) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is the only member of the genus Euneornis. It is endemic to Jamaica. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest. [more]

Fringillaria

[more]

Geospiza

Geospiza is a genus of in the Thraupidae family; all species of Geospiza are endemic to the Galapagos Islands. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family. It contains the following species: [more]

Gubernatrix

The Yellow Cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong with the tanagers. It is the only member of its genus, Gubernatrix. [more]

Guiraca

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[3] [more]

Gymnostinops

The oropendolas comprise two or three genera of South and Central American passerine birds in the New World blackbird family. [more]

Haemophila

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Haemophilia

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Haplospiza

Haplospiza is a small genus of birds in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the Thraupidae. Its two members breed in subtropical or tropical moist forest in Central and South America. They are often associated with bamboo. They are [more]

Idiopsar

The Short-tailed Finch (Idiopsar brachyurus) is a species of bird traditionally placed in the Emberizidae family, but it appears to be related to the sierra-finches Phrygilus of the tanager family Thraupidae and it may eventually join them there. It is the only member of its genus, Idiopsar. [more]

Incaspiza

The Inca-finches (Incaspiza) are a genus of finch-like tanagers. They were formerly placed in the Emberizidae. Both their scientific and common name refer to the Incan civilization. They are endemic to arid scrub in central and northern Peru. Buff-bridled, Gray-winged and Little Inca-finch are restricted to the Mara??n Valley. Rufous-backed Inca-finch occurs either on the West slope of the Andes and both slopes of the Mara??n Valley and is restricted to higher elevations, compared to Great Inca-finch which only occurs on the West slope of the Andes, but generally lower than Rufous-backed Inca-finch. They are rather terrestrial, and typically forage within dense plant growth on the ground, but commonly perch higher, for example on the top of a tall cactus or in a small tree, when singing. They are typically seen singly or in pairs, but sometimes in small groups outside the breeding season. They normally do not take part in mixed-species flocks. [more]

Junco

A Junco , Junco, is a small American bird. Junco systematics are still confusing after decades of research, with various authors accepting between three and twelve species. Despite their name appearing to derive from the Spanish term for the plant genus Juncus (rushes), these birds are seldom found among rush plants as these prefer wet ground while junco like dry soil. [more]

Latoucheornis

The Slaty Bunting (Latoucheornis siemsseni) is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Latoucheornis.[] [more]

Leistes

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]

Limnospiza

[more]

Lophospingus

Lophospingus is a genus of in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family. It contains the following species: [more]

Loxigilla

Loxigilla is the genus of Antillean bullfinches, in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family. [more]

Loxipasser

The Yellow-shouldered Grassquit (Loxipasser anoxanthus) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family. It is monotypic within the genus Loxipasser.[] It is endemic to Jamaica. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest. [more]

Melanodera

Melanodera is a of Patagonian seed-eating tanagers. [more]

Melanospiza

The St Lucia Black Finch (Melanospiza richardsoni) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family. It is monotypic within the genus Melanospiza.[] It is endemic to Saint Lucia. [more]

Melophus

The Crested Bunting (Melophus lathami) is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family, from South and Southeast Asia. It is monotypic (the sole species) in its genus, Melophus.[] [more]

Melopyrrha

The Cuban Bullfinch (Melopyrrha nigra) is a songbird species of the monotypic genus Melopyrrha.[] Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family (Emberizidae), more recent studies have shown it to be part of the tanager family (Thraupidae). Therein, it belongs to the lineage of tholospizan "finches", which also includes the famous Darwin's finches. [more]

Melospiza

Melospiza is a genus of passerine birds in family Emberizidae. The genus, commonly referred to as "song sparrows," contains currently three species, all of which are native to North America. [more]

Melozone

Melozone is a genus of in the Emberizidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Miliaria

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]

Myospiza

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[6] [more]

Nesospiza

Nesospiza is a of seed-eating tanagers found on the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean. [more]

Oreothraupis

The Tanager-finch (Oreothraupis arremonops) is a species of in the Emberizidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Oreothraupis. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes. It is threatened by habitat loss. [more]

Oriturus

The Striped Sparrow (Oriturus superciliosus) is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Oriturus. It is endemic to Mexico. [more]

Oryzoborus

Oryzoborus is a genus of in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the Thraupidae. It contains the following species: [more]

Paroaria

Paroaria, the red-headed cardinals or cardinal-tanagers (as they are not close to the ), are a genus of tanagers. They were until recently placed in the family Emberizidae. [more]

Passerculus

The Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) is a small American sparrow. It is the only widely accepted member of the genus Passerculus. Recent comparison of mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and 3 sequences indicates that the Ipswich Sparrow, formerly usually considered a good species (as Passerculus princeps), is a well-marked subspecies of the Savannah Sparrow, whereas the southwestern subspecies should be recognized as distinct species Large-billed Sparrow (Passerculus rostratus) . [more]

Passerella

The Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca) is a large American sparrow. It is the only member of the genus Passerella, although some authors split the genus into four species (see below). [more]

Peucaea

Pezopetes

The Large-footed Finch, Pezopetes capitalis, is a passerine bird which is endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama. Despite its name, it is not a true finch, but rather a member of the large Emberizidae family, which also includes buntings, American sparrows, juncos and towhees. It is the only member of the genus Pezopetes. [more]

Pheuticus

Phrygilus

Phrygilus is a genus of mainly Andean seed-eating tanagers commonly known as sierra-finches. Phrygilos means finch in Ancient Greek. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown them to belong in the Thraupidae. The genus appears to be polyphyletic consisting of at least three distinct lineages which in future may need to be split into separate genera. [more]

Piezorhina

Piezorhina is a of finch-like tanager. The term cinereous describes its coloration. It contains a single species found in arid coastal northern Peru, the Cinereous Finch (Piezorhina cinerea). [more]

Pinaroloxias

The Cocos Island Finch or Cocos Finch, Pinaroloxias inornata, is the only one of Darwin's finches not native to the Gal?pagos Islands, and the only member of the genus Pinaroloxias. Sometimes classified in the family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is endemic to Cocos Island, which is approximately 360 miles south of Costa Rica. [more]

Pinaroloxis

[more]

Pipilo

A towhee is any one of a number of species of birds in the genus Pipilo or Melozone within the family Emberizidae (which also includes the buntings, American sparrows, and juncos). [more]

Pitylus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]

Platyspiza

The Vegetarian Finch (Platyspiza crassirostris) is a species of bird in the Darwin's finch group of the bunting family Emberizidae. It is monotypic within the genus Platyspiza, which is, however, often subsumed into Camarhynchus.[] It is endemic to the Galapagos Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. [more]

Plectrophenax

Plectrophenax is a small genus of passerine birds of the longspur family Calcariidae. [more]

Poecetes

Poocetes

Pooecetes

The Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) is a medium-sized American sparrow. It is the only member of the genus Pooecetes. [more]

Poospiza

Poospiza is a genus of finch-like tanagers found in both the South American lowlands and the Andes mountains. Generally they are arboreal feeders in light woodland and scrub. All have extensive grey to their plumage, and have?often bold?white or rufous markings. [more]

Pselliophorus

Pselliophorus is a genus of in the Emberizidae family. It contains the following species: [more]

Pseudodacnis

The Turquoise Dacnis (Dacnis hartlaubi) is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is endemic to Colombia. It is a rather distinct species of dacnis, formerly separated in the monotypic genus Pseudodacnis. [more]

Pyrrhuloxia

The Pyrrhuloxia or Desert Cardinal (Cardinalis sinuatus) is a medium-sized North American song bird found in the American southwest and northern Mexico. This distinctive species with a short, stout bill, red crest and wings, closely resembles the Northern Cardinal and the Vermilion Cardinal, all of which are in the same genus. [more]

Rhodospingus

The Crimson-breasted Finch (Rhodospingus cruentus), also known as the Crimson Finch-tanager, is a species of small finch-like bird native to woodland and scrub of western Ecuador and adjacent north-western Peru. It is the monotypic within the genus Rhodospingus. It has traditionally been placed in the family Emberizidae, but is now associated with Thraupidae. It is strongly sexually dichromatic, with males being blackish above and rich orange-red below and on the crown, while females are overall dull greyish-buff. [more]

Rhynchophanes

The McCown's Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii) is a small ground-feeding bird from the family Calcariidae, which also contains the longspurs and snow buntings. [more]

Rhynchospiza

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]

Richmondena

[more]

Rowettia

The Gough Bunting or Gough Finch (Rowettia goughensis) is a songbird species. Traditionally considered a bunting and placed in the family Emberizidae, it is actually neither a bunting nor a true finch, but belongs to a group of finch-like birds or in the family Thraupidae. In particular it shares some plumage characteristics with the South American genus Melanodera which may be its nearest mainland relative. [more]

Saltatricula

The Many-colored Chaco-finch (Saltatricula multicolor) is a songbird found in or near dry woodland in south-central South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay and Paraguay. It was formerly considered a member of Emberizidae, but genetic evidence suggests it is a finch-like tanager. It is monotypic within the genus Saltatricula. [more]

Scaphidura

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[9] [more]

Schistoclamys

Sicalis

Sicalis is a genus of in the Thraupidae family. Sometimes classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belong in the Thraupidae. It contains the following species: [more]

Spermophila

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[10] [more]

Spizella

The genus Spizella (, 1832) is a group of American sparrows in the family Emberizidae. [more]

Sporophila

Sporophila is a genus of Neotropical birds in the Thraupidae family. The seed finches are sometimes also included in this genus. [more]

Sycalis

[more]

Tiaris

Tiaris is a genus of songbirds in the tanager family (Thraupidae), containing the bulk of the grassquits. In late 20th century sources in particular, it was very often allied to the American sparrows and placed in the Emberizidae family. [more]

Torreornis

The Zapata Sparrow, Torreornis inexpectata, is a medium sized grey and yellow bird that lives in the grasslands of the Zapata Swamp and elsewhere on the island of Cuba. Measuring about 16.5 centimetres (6.5 in) in length, it is grey and yellow overall with a dark reddish-brown crown and olive-grey upperparts. [more]

Urothraupis

The Black-backed Bush-tanager (Urothraupis stolzmanni) is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Urothraupis.[] It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. [more]

Volatina

Volatinia

The Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina) is a small bird in the tanager family, Thraupidae. It was previously classified in the bunting and American sparrow family, Emberizidae. It breeds from southern Mexico through Central America, and South America as far as northern Chile, Argentina and Paraguay, and on Trinidad and Tobago. It is the only member of the genus Volatinia. [more]

Xenospingus

Xenospingus is a of finch-like tanager. It contains a single species, the Slender-billed Finch (Xenospingus concolor). The slender billed finch is restricted to southwest Peru and northern Chile, and inhabits mainly riverine vegetation along coastal valleys It has been considered endangered due to loss of habitat. Riparian thickets that were common are under pressure from logging by farm owners. Some information[citation needed] has indicated that it has adaptated to threats using olive trees areas and other artificial habitats successfully. [more]

Xenospiza

The Sierra Madre Sparrow (Xenospiza baileyi), also known as Bailey's Sparrow, is an endangered, range-restricted, enigmatic American sparrow. It is endemic to Mexico and is threatened with extinction through habitat loss. [more]

Zonotrichia

Zonotrichia is a genus of five American sparrows of the family Emberizidae. Four of the species are North American, but the Rufous-collared Sparrow breeds in highlands from the extreme southeast of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, and on Hispaniola. [more]

At least 57 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zonotrichia.

More info about the Genus Zonotrichia may be found here.

References

[ Back to top ]
  1. ^ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein, 2002. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Darwin's finches and their relatives. Evolution 56 (6). 1240-1252.
  2. ^ Lougheed, S.C., J.R. Freeland, P. Handford & P.T. Boag. 2000. A molecular phylogeny of warbling-finches (Poospiza): paraphyly in a Neotropical emberizid genus. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 17: 367-378.
  3. ^ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology. J. Avian Biology 34: 360-370.
  4. ^ Yuri, T., and D. P. Mindell. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes). Mol. Ph ylogen. Evol. 23:229-243.
  5. ^ a b Baptista, Luis F. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph. ed. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 210?212. ISBN 1-85391-186-0. 
  6. ^ Alstr?m, P., Olsson, U., Lei, F., Wang, H-t., Gao, W. & Sundberg, P. Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, pp. 960-973.
  7. ^ Klicka J, Zink RM, Winker K. 2003. Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (Calcarius). Mol Phylogenet Evol. Feb;26(2):165-75.

Footnotes

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Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:31:04