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Coleophoridae is a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents but the majority are found in temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. They are most common in the Palearctic, and rare in sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Australia; consequently, they probably originated (like most or all other Gelechioidea families) in northern Eurasia.^1]

Description and ecology

These "micromoths" are generally of slender build, and like in many of their relatives the margins of the wings usually consist of a "fringe" of hairs. The tiny caterpillar larvae initially feed internally on the leaves, flowers or seeds of their host plants. When they emerge to feed externally, they usually construct a protect ive silken case, discarded and built anew as they grow and molt. The common names of the Coleophoridae refer to this habit.

The bagworm moths (Psychidae), which also belong to the primitive Ditrysia (although to superfamily Tineoidea, not Gelechioidea), build similar cases as larvae. But as opposed to these, the case-bearer females leave their cases to pupate and have normally-developed wings as adults, instead of being neotenous as female bagworms usually are.

Taxonomy and systematics

About 95% of the over 1,000 described species have been placed in the "wastebin genus" Coleophora. There have been many proposals to split smaller genera from Coleophora. But few have been accepted, due to the uncertainties about which species are closest to the type species of Coleophora ? C. anatipennella ? and thus would remain in the genus.^[2]

As regards the family's circumscription versus other Gelechioidea, it is by now far less disputed than usual for this superfamily. The Blastobasidae, Momphidae (mompha moths), Pterolonchidae and Symmocidae have formerly been included in the Coleophoridae as subfamilies, but are more often considered separate families today. With the internal relationships of Coleophoridae genera (as far as they are widely accepted) and species essentially unresolved due to the classification problems mentioned above, no subfamilies or tribes are accepted in the family for the time being.^[3]

Genera

Genera of case-bearers at least provisionally accepted by recent authors include:^[4]

• Augasma
• Coleophora
• Corythangela
• Enscepastra
• Goniodoma
• Iriothyrsa
• Ischnophanes
• Ischnopsis
• Metriotes
• Nasamonica
• Porotica

See also

• List of Coleophora species

Footnotes

Description and ecology

These "micromoths" are generally of slender build, and like in many of their relatives the margins of the wings usually consist of a "fringe" of hairs. The tiny caterpillar larvae initially feed internally on the leaves, flowers or seeds of their host plants. When they emerge to fe ed externally, they usually construct a protective silken case, discarded and built anew as they grow and molt. The common names of the Coleophoridae refer to this habit.

The bagworm moths (Psychidae), which also belong to the primitive Ditrysia (although to superfamily Tineoidea, not Gelechioidea), build similar cases as larvae. But as opposed to these, the case-bearer females leave their cases to pupate and have normally-developed wings as adults, instead of being neotenous as female bagworms usually are.

Taxonomy and systematics

About 95% of the over 1,000 described species have been placed in the "wastebin genus" Coleophora. There have been many proposals to split smaller genera from Coleophora. But few have been accepted, due to the uncertainties about which species are closest to the type species of Coleophora ? C. anatipennella ? and thus would remain in the genus.^{[2]< /a>}

As regards the family's circumscription versus other Gelechioidea, it is by now far less disputed than usual for this superfamily. The Blastobasidae, Momphidae (mompha moths), Pterolonchidae and Symmocidae have formerly been included in the Coleophoridae as subfamilies, but are more often considered separate families today. With the internal relationships of Coleophoridae genera (as far as they are widely accepted) and species essentially unresolved due to the classification problems mentioned above, no subfamilies or tribes are accepted in the family for the time being.[3]

Genera

Genera of case-bearers at least provisionally accepted by recent authors include:^[4]

• Augasma
• Coleophora
• Corythangela
• Enscepastra
• Goniodoma
• Iriothyrsa
• Ischnophanes
• Ischnopsis
• Metriotes
• Nasamonica
• Porotica

See also

• List of Coleophora species

Footnotes

References

Data related to Coleophoridae at Wikispecies See also Gelechioidea Talk page for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.

• Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) (2008): Australian Faunal Directory ? Coleophoridae. Version of 2008-OCT-09. Retrieved 2010-APR-30.
• Fauna Europaea (FE) (2009): Coleophoridae. Version 2.1, 2009-DEC-22. Retrieved 2010-APR-30.
• Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004): Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species ? Coleophora. Version of 2004-NOV-05. Retrieved 2010-APR-30.
• Savela, Markku (2010): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms ? Coleophoridae. Version of 2010-FEB-01. Retrieved 2010-APR-30.
• Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) (2009): Coleophoridae. Version of 2008-MAY-01. Retrieved 2010-APR-30.

The Family Coleophoridae is a member of the Superfamily Gelechioidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Coleophoridae:

• Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
  • Kingdom: Animalia C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
    • Subkingdom: Bilateria (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
      • Branch: Protostomia Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
        • Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
          • Superphylum: Panarthropoda Cuvier
            • Phylum: Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
              • Subphylum: Mandibulata Snodgrass, 1938
                • Infraphylum: Atelocerata Heymons, 1901
                  • Superclass: Panhexapoda
                    • Class: Insecta C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
                      • Subclass: Dicondylia
                        • Infraclass: Pterygota - Winged Insects
                          • Cohort: Myoglossata
                            • Superorder: Amphiesmenoptera
                              • Order: Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758 - Butterflies and Moths
                                • Suborder: Glossata
                                  • Infraorder: Heteroneura - a genus of Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)
                                    • Superfamily: Gelechioidea
                                      • Family: Coleophoridae - Casebearer Moths