Cixiidae (Family)

Overview

Cixiidae is a family of fulgoroid insects, one of many families commonly known as planthoppers, distributed worldwide and comprising more than 2,000 species from over 150 genera. The genera are placed into three subfamilies, , Bothriocerinae and Cixiinae with sixteen tribes currently accepted in Cixiinae.1]

Cixiid species are typically comparatively small (body size less than a centimeter) and usually inconspicuous. Nymphs live underground, feeding on roots. Adults feed on herbs, shrubs and/or trees; some are polyphagous, while others are specialised on their host plants (monophagous). A couple of species are cavernicolous, feeding on roots in volcanic caves. Females occasionally bear impressive "wax tails" produced by wax-producing plates at the tip of their abdomen.

Several species are of economic importance (e.g. Hyalesthes obsoletus, Haplaxius crudus). Phytoplasma are common parasites in these insects, causing diseases in coconut palms and foliage, grapevines, sugar beets, and lilies.

The fossil record of Cixiidae is limited, and a number of taxa which have placed into the family may need to be reexamined and moved to different families. The oldest confirmed taxa are from the Early Cretaceous with ?Cixius? petrinus described from Barremian deposits in England, Karebodopoides aptianus from Hauterivian to Aptian Lebanese amber and Cretofennahia cretacea plus an un-named specimen from the Aptian of Brazil.^[2] Due to the abundant nature of Cixiidae as inclusions in Eocene Baltic amber a number of taxa have been described, including Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni and Autrimpus sambiorum. Several taxa have also been described from Miocene Dominican amber including Oligocixia electrina and Oliarius kulickae.^[2]

References

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^ Ceotto, P.; Bourgoin, T. (2008). "Insights into the phylogenetic relationships within Cixiidae (Hemiptera : Fulgoromorpha): cladistic analysis of a morphological dataset". Systematic Entomology 33 (3): 484?500. doi:10.1111/j.1 365-3113.2008.00426.x.
^ ^a ^b Szwedo, J. (2007). "Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni gen. et sp. nov. of Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)". Alavesia 1: 109?116. http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf.

Hoch H. 1994: Homoptera (Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoroidea). In: Juberthie C. & Decu V. (Eds): Encyclopaedia Biospeologica, Tome I, pp. 313-325.

Holzinger W. E., Emeljanov A. F., Kammerlander I. 2002: The family Cixiidae Spinola 1839 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromropha) - a review. Denisia (Linz, Austria) 4: 113-138

Wilson S.W. 2005: Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Florida Entomologist 88(4), 464-481

External links

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Cixiidae species list (parts are in German)
FLOW - Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web
Myndus crudus, American palm cixiid on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

Taxonomy

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The Family Cixiidae is a member of the Superfamily Fulgoroidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Cixiidae:

Domain: Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
  - Subkingdom: Bilateria (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
    - Branch: Protostomia Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
      - Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
        Superphylum: Panarthropoda Cuvier
        Phylum: Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
        Subphylum: Mandibulata Snodgrass, 1938
        Infraphylum: Atelocerata Heymons, 1901
        Superclass: Panhexapoda
        Class: Insecta C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
        Subclass: Dicondylia
        Infraclass: Pterygota - Winged Insects
        Superorder: Condylognatha
        Order: Hemiptera C. Linnaeus, 1758 - True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies
        Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha - Cicadas
        Infraorder: Fulgoromorpha
        Superfamily: Fulgoroidea
        Family: Cixiidae - Cixid Planthoppers

The Family Cixiidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Subfamily (1): Agonoxeninae
Genus (157): Achaebana · Achaemenes · Adolendana · Afroreptalus · Amazobenna · Andes · Anilus · Ankistrus · Anoculiarus · Antillixius · Aselgoides · Asotocixius · Atonurus · Aulocorypha · Bajauana · Barma · Bashguetala · Benna · Bennarella · Bennaria · Betacixius · Bodecia · Borbonomyndus · Borysthenes · Bothriocera · Bothrioceretta · Brixia · Brixidia · Caffrocixius · Cajeta · Calamister · Caneirona · Carolus · Cermada · Chathamaka · Chidea · Chlorodus · Cixiosoma · Cixius · Colvanalia · Confuga · Cubana · Cubanella · Cyclopoliarus · Diastrocixius · Dilacreon · Discophorellus · Dorialus · Duilius · Dysoliarus · Dystheatias · Epoliarus · Eucarpia · Eumecurus · Eumercurus · Eumyndus · Euryphlepsia · Fipsianus · Flachaemus · Gelastocephalus · Gonophallus · Haplaxius · Helenolius · Hemitropis · Huttia · Hyalestes · Hyalesthes · Indolipa · Innobindus · Iolania · Ithma · Kibofascius · Kirbyana · Koroana · Kuvera · Lalobidius · Leades · Leptolamia · Macrocixius · Malpha · Manurevana · Meenocixius · Melandeva · Melianoliarus · Mesocixiella · Mesoliarus · Metaplacha · Metropis · Microledrida · Mnemosyne · Monomalpha · Monorachis · Muirolonia · Mundopa · Myndodus · Myndus · Nanocixius · Narravertus · Neocixius · Nesochlamys · Nesoliarus · Nesomyndus · Noabennarella · Norialsus · Notocharis · Notocixius · Notolathrus · Nymphocixia · Oecleopsis · Oecleus · Oliarellus · Oliaronus · Oliarus · Olipa · Olipara · Oliparisca · Orphninus · Oteana · Pachyntheisa · Paracixius · Parandes · Parasemo · Peartolus · Pentastira · Pentastiridius · Perindus · Phytocentor · Pinacites · Pintalia · Platycixius · Prosops · Pseudoliarus · Pseudomecurus · Reptalus · Rhamphixius · Rhigedanus · Ronaldia · Sardocixius · Semicixius · Semo · Setapius · Sevia · Simplicixius · Solonaima · Stegocixius · Stenophlepsia · Suriola · Tachycixius · Tiriteana · Trigonocranus · Trirhacus · Typhlobrixia · Undarana · Urvillea · Vademela · Volcanalia · Zeoliarus
Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 2,073 species and subspecies in the Family Cixiidae.

Cixiidae

Overview

References

External links

Taxonomy

Genera

Achaebana

Achaemenes

Adolendana

Afroreptalus

Amazobenna

Andes

Anilus

Ankistrus

Anoculiarus

Antillixius

Aselgoides

Asotocixius

Atonurus

Aulocorypha

Bajauana

Barma

Bashguetala

Benna

Bennarella

Bennaria

Betacixius

Bodecia

Borbonomyndus

Borysthenes

Bothriocera

Bothrioceretta

Brixia

Brixidia

Caffrocixius

Cajeta

Calamister

Caneirona

Carolus

Cermada

Chathamaka

Chidea

Chlorodus

Cixiosoma

Cixius

Colvanalia

Confuga

Cubana

Cubanella

Cyclopoliarus

Diastrocixius

Dilacreon

Discophorellus

Dorialus

Duilius

Dysoliarus

Dystheatias

Epoliarus

Eucarpia

Eumecurus

Eumercurus

Eumyndus

Euryphlepsia

Fipsianus

Flachaemus

Gelastocephalus

Gonophallus

Haplaxius

Helenolius

Hemitropis

Huttia

Hyalestes

Hyalesthes

Indolipa

Innobindus

Iolania

Ithma

Kibofascius

Kirbyana

Koroana