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Ciconiidae

(Family)

Overview

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Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills. They belong to the family Ciconiidae. They are the only family in the biological order Ciconiiformes, which was once much larger and held a number of families.

Storks occur in many regions of the world and tend to live in drier habitats than the related herons, spoonbills and ibises; they also lack the powder down that those groups use to clean off fish slime. Storks have no syrinx and are mute, giving no call; bill-clattering is an important mode of stork communication at the nest. Many species are migratory. Most storks eat frogs, fish, insects, earthworms, small birds and small mammals. There are 19 living species of storks in six genera.

Various terms are used to refer to groups of storks,1] two frequently used ones being a muster of storks and a phalanx of storks.

Storks tend to use soaring, gliding flight, which conserves energy. Soaring requires thermal air currents. Ottomar Ansch?tz's famous 1884 album of photographs of storks inspired the design of Otto Lilienthal's experimental gliders of the late 19th century. Storks are heavy, with wide wingspans: the Marabou Stork, with a wingspan of 3.2 m (10.5 ft), joins the Andean Condor in having the widest wingspan of all living land birds.

Their nests are often very large and may be used for many years. Some nests have been known to grow to over 2 m (6 ft) in diameter and about 3 m (10 ft) in depth. Storks were once thought to be monogamous, but this is only partially true. They may change mates after migrations, and may migrate without a mate. They tend to be attached to nests as much as partners.[]

Storks' size, serial monogamy, and faithfulness to an established nesting site contribute to their prominence in mythology and culture.

Etymology

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The modern English word can be traced back to Proto-Germanic *sturkaz. Nearly every Germanic language has a descendant of this proto-language word to indicate the (White) stork. Related names also occur in some Eastern European languages, originating as Germanic loanwords.

According to the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, the Germanic root is probably related to the modern English "stark", in reference to the stiff or rigid posture of a European species, the White Stork. A non-Germanic word linked to it may be Greek torgos ("vulture").

In some West Germanic languages cognate words of a different etymology exist. They originate from *uda-faro, uda being related to water meaning something like swamp or moist area and faro being related to fare; so *uda-faro is something like he who walks in the swamp. In later times this name got reanalysed as *odaboro , oda "fortune, wealth" + boro "bearer" meaning he who brings wealth adding to the myth of storks as maintainers of welfare and bringers of children.

In Estonian, "stork" is toonekurg, which is derived from toonela (underworld in Estonian folklore) + kurg (crane). It may seem not to make sense to associate the now-common White Stork with death, but at the times storks were named, the now-rare Black Stork was probably the more common species.

Biogeography

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The centres of stork diversity are in tropical Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with eight and six breeding species respectively. Just three species are present in the New World: Wood Stork, Maguari Stork and Jabiru, which is the largest flying bird of the Americas. Two species, White and Black Stork, reach Europe and western temperate Asia, while one species, Oriental Stork, reaches temperate areas of eastern Asia, and one species, Black-necked Stork, is found in Australasia.[2]

Systematics

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Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala
Black-necked Stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus
Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus with Black-headed Ibis
A White Stork on a flying buttress in ?vila, Spain.
A White Stork in flight

Following the development of research techniques in molecular biology in the late 20th century, in particular methods for studying DNA-DNA hybridization, a great deal of new information has surfaced, much of it suggesting that many birds, although looking very different from one another, are in fact more closely related than was previously thought. Accordingly, the radical and influential Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy greatly enlarged the Ciconiiformes, adding many more families, including most of th ose usually regarded as belonging to the Sphenisciformes (penguins), Gaviiformes (divers), Podicipediformes (grebes), Procellariiformes (tube-nosed seabirds), Charadriiformes, (waders, gulls, terns and auks), Pelecaniformes (pelicans, cormorants, gannets and allies), and the Falconiformes (diurnal birds of prey). The flamingo family, Phoenicopteridae, is related, and is sometimes classed as part of the Ciconiiformes.

However, morphological evidence suggests that the traditional Ciconiiformes should be split between two lineages, rather than expanded, although some non-traditional Ciconiiformes may be included in these two lineages.

The exact taxonomic placement of New World vultures remains unclear.[3] Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles, the New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world and are not closely related. Just how dif ferent the two families are is currently under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures belong in Ciconiiformes.[4] More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World Vultures[5] or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes.[6] The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World Vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.[3]

Some official bodies have adopted the proposed Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy almost entirely; however, a more common approach worldwide has been to r etain the traditional groupings, and modify rather than replace them in the light of new evidence as it comes to hand. The family listing here follows this more conservative practice. Bird taxonomy has been in a state of flux for some years, and it is reasonable to expect that the large differences between different classification schemes will continue gradually to resolve themselves as more evidence becomes available.

Recently a DNA study found that the families Ardeidae, Balaenicipitidae, Scopidae and the Threskiornithidae belong to the Pelecaniformes. This would make Ciconiidae the only group.

Storks were distinct and possibly widespread by the Oligocene. Like most families of aquatic birds, storks seem to have arisen in the Palaeogene, maybe 40-50 million years ago (mya). For the fossil record of living genera, documented since the Middle Miocene (about 15 mya) at least in some cases, see the genus articles.

Though some storks are highly threatened, no species or subspecies are known to have gone extinct in historic times. A Ciconia bone found in a rock shelter on the island of R?union was probably of a bird taken there as food by early settlers; no known account mentions the presence of storks on the Mascarene Islands.

Living storks

  • Genus Mycteria
    • Milky Stork, Mycteria cinerea
    • Yellow-billed Stork, Mycteria ibis
    • Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala
    • Wood Stork, Mycteria americana
  • Genus Anastomus
    • Asian Openbill, Anastomus oscitans
    • African Openbill, Anastomus lamelligerus
  • Genus Ciconia
    • Abdim's Stork, Ciconia abdimii
    • Woolly-necked Stork, Ciconia episcopus
    • Storm's Stork, Ciconia stormi
    • Maguari Stork, Ciconia maguari
    • Oriental Stork, Ciconia boyciana (formerly in C. ciconia)
    • White Stork, Ciconia ciconia
    • Black Stork, Ciconia n igra
  • Genus Ephippiorhynchus
    • Black-necked Stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
    • Saddle-billed Stork, Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis
  • Genus Jabiru
    • Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria
  • Genus Leptoptilos
    • Lesser Adjutant, Leptoptilos javanicus
    • Greater Adjutant, Leptoptilos dubius
    • Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus

Fossil storks

  • Genus Palaeoephippiorhynchus (fossil: Early Oligocene of Fayyum, Egypt)
  • Genus Grallavis (fossil: Early Miocene of Saint-G?rand-le-Puy, France, and Djebel Zelten, Libya) - may be same as Prociconia
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Ituzaing? Late Miocene of Paran?, Argentina)[7]
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Punta Buenos Aires, Argentina)[8]
  • Genus Prociconia (fossil: Late Pleistocene of Brazil) - may belong to modern genus Jabiru or Ciconia
  • Genus Pelargosteon (fossil: Early Pleistocene of Romania)
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. - formerly Aquilavus/Cygnus bilinicus (fossil: Early Miocene of Bre?tany, Czechia)
  • cf. Leptoptilos gen. et sp. indet. - formerly L. siwalicensis (fossil: Late Miocene? - Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India)[9]
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (fossil: Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)[10]

The fossil genera Eociconia (middle Eocene of China) and Ciconiopsis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) are often tentatively placed with this family. A "ciconiiform" fossil fragment from the Touro Passo Formation f ound at Arroio Touro Passo (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) might be of the living Wood Stork M. americana; it is at most of Late Pleistocene age, a few 10.000s of years.[11]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ About the Wood Stork: Denizens of the Wetlands, Accessed on 13.12.2010
  2. ^ HBW
  3. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee. Retrieved on 15 October 2007
  4. ^ Sibley, Charles G. and Burt L. Monroe. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04969-2. Accessed 11 April 2007.
  5. ^ Sibley, Charles G., and Jon E. Ahlquist. 1991. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04085-7. Accessed 11 April 2007.
  6. ^ Ericson, Per G. P.; Anderson, Cajsa L.; Britton, Tom; Elzanowski, Andrzej; Johansson, Ulf S.; Kallersj?, Mari; Ohlson, Jan I.; Parsons, Thomas J.; Zuccon, Dario & Mayr, Gerald (2006): Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters online: 1-5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 PDF preprint Electronic Supplementary Material (PDF)
  7. ^ Tarsometatarsus fragments somewhat similar to Mycteria: Cione et al. (2000), Noriega & Cladera (2005)
  8. ^ Specimen MEF 1363: Incomplete skeleton of a large stork somewhat similar to Jabiru but apparently more plesiomorphic: Noriega & Cladera (2005)
  9. ^ Specimens BMNH 39741 (holotype, left prox imal tarsometatarsus) and BMNH 39734 (right distal tibiotarsus). Similar to Ephippiorhynchus and Leptotilos, may be from a small female of Leptotilos falconeri, from L. dubius, or from another species: Louchart et al. (2005)
  10. ^ Distal radius of a mid-sized Ciconia or smallish Mycteria: Steadman et al. (1994)
  11. ^ Schmaltz Hsou (2007)
erence to the stiff or rigid posture of a European species, the White Stork. A non-Germanic word linked to it may be Greek torgos ("vulture").

In some West Germanic languages cognate words of a different etymology exist. They originate from *uda-faro, uda being related to water meaning something like swamp or moist area and faro being related to fare; so *uda-faro is something like he who walks in the swamp. In later times this name got reanalysed as *odaboro, oda "fortune, wealth" + boro "bearer" meaning he who brings wealth adding to the myth of storks as maintainers of welfare and bringers of children.

In Estonian, "stork" is toonekurg, which is derived from toonela (underworld in Estonian folklore) + kurg (crane). It may seem not to make sense to associate the now-common White Stork with death, but at the times storks were named, the now-rare Black Stork was probably the more common species.

Biogeography

[ Back to top ]

The centres of stork diversity are in tropical Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with eight and six breeding species respectively. Just three species are present in the New World: Wood Stork, Maguari Stork and Jabiru, which is the largest flying bird of the Americas. Two species, White and Black Stork, reach Europe and western temperate Asia, while one species, Oriental Stork, reaches temperate a reas of eastern Asia, and one species, Black-necked Stork, is found in Australasia.[2]

Systematics

[ Back to top ]
Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala
Black-necked Stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus
Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus with Black-headed Ibis
A White Stork on a flying buttress in ?vila, Spain.
A White Stork in flight

Following the development of research techniques in molecular biology in the late 20th century, in particular methods for studying DNA-DNA hybridization, a great deal of new information has surfaced, much of it suggesting that many birds, although looking very different from one another, are in fact more closely related than was previously thought. Accordingly, the radical and influential Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy greatly enlarged the Ciconiiformes, adding m any more families, including most of those usually regarded as belonging to the Sphenisciformes (penguins), Gaviiformes (divers), Podicipediformes (grebes), Procellariiformes (tube-nosed seabirds), Charadriiformes, (waders, gulls, terns and auks), Pelecaniformes (pelicans, cormorants, gannets and allies), and the Falconiformes (diurnal birds of prey). The flamingo family, Phoenicopteridae, is related, and is sometimes classed as part of the Ciconiiformes.

However, morphological evidence suggests that the traditional Ciconiiformes should be split between two lineages, rather than expanded, although some non-traditional Ciconiiformes may be included in these two lineages.

The exact taxonomic placement of New World vultures remains unclear.[3] Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles, the New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world an d are not closely related. Just how different the two families are is currently under debate, with some earlier authorities suggesting that the New World vultures belong in Ciconiiformes.[4] More recent authorities maintain their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World Vultures[5] or place them in their own order, Cathartiformes.[6] The South American Classification Committee has removed the New World Vultures from Ciconiiformes and instead placed them in Incertae sedis, but notes that a move to Falconiformes or Cathartiformes is possible.[3]

Some official bodies have adopted the proposed Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy almost entirely; however, a more common approach worldwide has been to retain the traditional groupings, and modify rather than replace them in the light of new evidence as it comes to hand. The family listing here follows this more conservative practice. Bird taxonomy has been in a state of flux for some years, and it is reasonable to expect that the large differences between different classification schemes will continue gradually to resolve themselves as more evidence becomes available.

Recently a DNA study found that the families Ardeidae, Balaenicipitidae, Scopidae and the Threskiornithidae belong to the Pelecaniformes. This would make Ciconiidae the only group.

Storks were distinct and possibly widespread by the Oligocene. Like most families of aquatic birds, storks seem to have arisen in the Palaeogene, maybe 40-50 million years ago (mya). For the fossil record of living genera, documented since the Middle Miocene (about 15 mya) at least in some cases, see the genus articles.

Though some storks are highly threatened, no species or subspecies are known to have gone extinct in historic times. A Ciconia bone found in a rock shelter on the island of R?union was probably of a bird taken there as food by early settlers; no known account mentions the presence of storks on the Mascarene Islands.

Living storks

  • Genus Mycteria
    • Milky Stork, Mycteria cinerea
    • Yellow-billed Stork, Mycteria ibis
    • Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala
    • Wood Stork, Mycteria americana
  • Genus Anastomus
    • Asian Openbill, Anastomus oscitans
    • African Openbill, Anastomus lamelligerus
  • Genus Ciconia
    • Abdim's Stork, Ciconia abdimii
    • Woolly-necked Stork, Ciconia episcopus
    • Storm's Stork, Ciconia stormi
    • Maguari Stork, Ciconia maguari
    • Oriental Stork, Ciconia boyciana (formerly in C. ciconia)
    • White Stork, Ciconia ciconia
    • Black Stork, Ciconia nigra
  • Genus Ephippiorhynchus
    • Black-necked Stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
    • Saddle-billed Stork, Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis
  • Genus Jabiru
    • Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria
  • Genus Leptoptilos
    • Lesser Adjutant, Leptoptilos javanicus
    • Greater Adjutant, Leptoptilos dubius
    • Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus

Fossil storks

  • Genus Palaeoephippiorhynchus (fossil: Early Oligocene of Fayyum, Egypt)
  • Genus Grallavis (fossil: Early Miocene of Saint-G?rand-le-Puy, France, and Djebel Zelten, Libya) - may be same as Prociconia
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Ituzaing? Late Miocene of Paran?, Argentina)[7]
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Punta Buenos Aires, Argentina)[8]
  • Genus Prociconia (fossil: Late Pleistocene of Brazil) - may belong to modern genus Jabiru or Ciconia
  • Genus Pelargosteon (fossil: Early Pleistocene of Romania)
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. - formerly Aquilavus/Cygnus bilinicus (fossil: Early Miocene of Bre?tany, Czechia)
  • cf. Leptoptilos gen. et sp. indet. - formerly L. siwalicensis (fossil: Late Miocene? - Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India)[9]
  • Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (fossil: Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)[10]

The fossil genera Eociconia (middle Eocene of China) and Ciconiopsis (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) are often tentatively placed with this family. A "ciconiiform" fossil fra gment from the Touro Passo Formation found at Arroio Touro Passo (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) might be of the living Wood Stork M. americana; it is at most of Late Pleistocene age, a few 10.000s of years.[11]

Footnotes

[ Back to top ]
  1. ^ About the Wood Stork: Denizens of the Wetlands, Accessed on 13.12.2010
  2. ^ HBW
  3. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee. Retrieved on 15 October 2007
  4. ^ Sibley, Charles G. and Burt L. Monroe. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04969-2. Accessed 11 April 2007.
  5. ^ Sibley, Charles G., and Jon E. Ahlquist. 1991. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04085-7. Accessed 11 April 2007.
  6. ^ Ericson, Per G. P.; Anderson, Cajsa L.; Britton, Tom; Elzanowski, Andrzej; Johansson , Ulf S.; Kallersj?, Mari; Ohlson, Jan I.; Parsons, Thomas J.; Zuccon, Dario & Mayr, Gerald (2006): Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters online: 1-5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 PDF preprint Electronic Supplementary Material (PDF)
  7. ^ Tarsometatarsus fragments somewhat similar to Mycteria: Cione et al. (2000), Noriega & Cladera (2005)
  8. ^ Specimen MEF 1363: Incomplete skeleton of a large stork somewhat similar to Jabiru but apparently more plesiomorphic: Noriega & Cladera (2005)
  9. ^ Sp ecimens BMNH 39741 (holotype, left proximal tarsometatarsus) and BMNH 39734 (right distal tibiotarsus). Similar to Ephippiorhynchus and Leptotilos, may be from a small female of Leptotilos falconeri, from L. dubius, or from another species: Louchart et al. (2005)
  10. ^ Distal radius of a mid-sized Ciconia or smallish Mycteria: Steadman et al. (1994)
  11. ^ Schmaltz Hsou (2007)

References

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  • Cione, Alberto Luis; de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, Mar?a; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Casciotta, Jorge R.; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; de la Fuente, Marcelo; Gasparini, Zulma; Goin, Francisco J.; Noriega, Jorge; Scillatoyan?, Gustavo J.; Soibelzon, Leopoldo; Tonni, Eduardo Pedro; Verzi, Diego & Guiomar Vucetich, Mar?a (2000): Mioce ne vertebrates from Entre R?os province, eastern Argentina. [English with Spanish abstract] In: Ace?olaza, F.G. & Herbst, R. (eds.): El Ne?geno de Argentina. INSUGEO Serie Correlaci?n Geol?gica 14: 191-237. PDF fulltext
  • Friedwald, Will & Beck, Jerry (1981): The Warner Brothers Cartoons. Scarecrow Press Inc., Metuchen, N.J.. ISBN 0-8108-1396-3
  • Louchart, Antoine; Vignaud, Patrick; Likius, Andossa; Brunet, Michel & and White, Tim D. (2005): A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50(3): 549?563. PDF fulltext
  • Noriega, Jorge Ignacio & Cladera, Gerardo (2005): First Record of Leptoptilini (Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) in the Neogene of South America. Abstract s of Sixth International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution: 47. PDF fulltext
  • Schmaltz Hsou, Annie (2007): O estado atual do registro f?ssil de r?pteis e aves no Pleistoceno do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil ["The current state of the fossil record of Pleistocene reptiles and birds of Rio Grande do Sul"]. Talk held on 2007-JUN-20 at Quatern?rio do RS: integrando conhecimento, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PDF abstract
  • Steadman, David W.; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Johnson, Eileen & Guzman, A. Fabiola (1994): New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico. Condor 96(3): 577-589. DjVu fulltext PDF fulltext

External links

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Sister project links

Media related to Ciconiidae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Ciconiid ae at Wikispecies The Wiktionary entry for Ciconiidae

  •  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "stork". Encyclop?dia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

Taxonomy

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The Family Ciconiidae is a member of the Superfamily Ciconioidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Ciconiidae:

The Family Ciconiidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Anastomus

The openbill storks or openbills are two species of stork (family Ciconiidae) in the genus Anastomus. They are large wading birds characterized by large bills, the mandibles of which do not meet except at the tip. This feature develops only in the adults. The two species of openbill storks are: [more]

Ciconia

Ciconia is a genus of birds in the stork family. Six of the seven living species occur in the Old World, but the Maguari Stork has a South American range. In addition, fossils suggest that Ciconia storks were somewhat more common in the tropical Americas in prehistoric times. [more]

Dissoura

[more]

Ephippiorhynchus

Ephippiorhynchus is a small genus of storks. It contains two living species only, very large birds more than 140 cm tall with a 230?270 cm wingspan. Both are mainly black and white, with huge colorful, mainly red and black bills. The sexes of these species are similarly plumaged, but differ in eye color. The members of this genus are sometimes called "jabirus", but this properly refers to a close relative from Latin America. [more]

Ibis

The ibises (collective plural ibis; classical plurals ibides and ibes) are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae. [more]

Jabiru

The Jabiru ( or /'d??b?ru?/; Latin: Jabiru mycteria) is a large stork found in the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, except west of the Andes. It is most common in the Pantanal region of Brazil and the Eastern Chaco region of Paraguay. It is the only member of the genus Jabiru. The name comes from a Tupi?Guaran? language and means "swollen neck". [more]

Leptopilos

Leptoptilos

Leptoptilos is a genus of very large tropical storks. Two species are resident breeders in southern Asia, and the Marabou Stork is found in sub-Saharan Africa. [more]

Leptoptilus

Melanopelargus

[more]

Mycteria

Mycteria is a genus of large tropical storks with representatives in the Americas, east Africa and southern and southeastern Asia. Two species have "ibis" in their scientific or old common names, but they are not related to these birds and simply look more similar to an ibis than do other storks. [more]

Sphenorynchus

Tantalus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Xenorhynchus

[more]

At least 3 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Xenorhynchus.

More info about the Genus Xenorhynchus may be found here.

References

[ Back to top ]
  • Cione, Alberto Luis; de las Mercedes Azpelicueta, Mar?a; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Casciotta, Jorge R.; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; de la Fuente, Marcelo; Gasparini, Zulma; Goin, Francisco J.; Noriega, Jorge; Scillatoyan?, Gustavo J.; Soibelzon, Leopoldo; Tonni, Eduardo Pedro; Verzi, Diego & Guiomar Vucetich, Mar?a (2000): Miocene vertebrates from Entre R?os province, eastern Argentina. [English with Spanish abstract] In: Ace?olaza, F.G. & Herbst, R. (eds.): El Ne?geno de Argentina. INSUGEO Serie Correlaci?n Geol?gica 14: 191-237. PDF fulltext
  • Friedwald, Will & Beck, Jerry (1981): The Warner Brothers Cartoons. Scarecrow Press Inc., Metuchen, N.J.. ISBN 0-8108-1396-3
  • Louchart, Antoine; Vignaud, Patrick; Likius, Andossa; Brunet, Michel & and White, Tim D. (2005): A large extinct marabou stork in Africa n Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of Leptoptilos. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50(3): 549?563. PDF fulltext
  • Noriega, Jorge Ignacio & Cladera, Gerardo (2005): First Record of Leptoptilini (Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) in the Neogene of South America. Abstracts of Sixth International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution: 47. PDF fulltext
  • Schmaltz Hsou, Annie (2007): O estado atual do registro f?ssil de r?pteis e aves no Pleistoceno do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil ["The current state of the fossil record of Pleistocene reptiles and birds of Rio Grande do Sul"]. Talk held on 2007-JUN-20 at Quatern?rio do RS: integrando conhecimento, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PDF abstract
  • Steadman, David W. ; Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin; Johnson, Eileen & Guzman, A. Fabiola (1994): New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Le?n, Mexico. Condor 96(3): 577-589. DjVu fulltext PDF fulltext

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr.; C. D. Cadena; A. Jaramillo; M. Nores; J. F. Pacheco; M. B. Robbins; T. S. Schulenberg; F. G. Stiles; D. F. Stotz & K. J. Zimmer. 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee. Retrieved on 2007-10-15
  2. ^ Sibley, Charles G. and Burt L. Monroe. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of the Birds of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04969-2. Accessed 2007-04-11.
  3. ^ Sibley, Charles G., and Jon E. Ahlquist. 1991. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04085-7. Accessed 2007-04-11.
  4. ^ Ericson, Per G. P.; Anderson, Cajsa L.; Britton, Tom; Elzanowski, Andrzej; Johansson, Ulf S.; Kallersjö, Mari; Ohlson, Jan I.; Parsons, Thomas J.; Zuccon, Dario & Mayr, Gerald (2006): Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters online: 1-5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 PDF preprint Electronic Supplementary Material (PDF)
  5. ^ Tarsometatarsus fragments somewhat similar to Mycteria: Cione et al. (2000), Noriega & Cladera (2005)
  6. ^ Specimen MEF 1363: Incomplete skeleton of a large stork somewhat similar to Jabiru but apparently more plesiomorphic: Noriega & Cladera (2005)
  7. ^< /b> Specimens BMNH 39741 (holotype, left proximal tarsometatarsus) and BMNH 39734 (right distal tibiotarsus). Similar to Ephippiorhynchus and Leptotilos, may be from a small female of Leptotilos falconeri, from L. dubius, or from another species: Louchart et al. (2005)
  8. ^ Distal radius of a mid-sized Ciconia or smallish Mycteria: Steadman et al. (1994 )
  9. ^ Schmaltz Hsou (2007)
  10. ^ Friedwald & Beck (1981)
  11. ^ Strabo refers to this in Geography Book V, Section II, Part 4.
  12. ^ Line 1355 and following.

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:28:28