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Carabidae

(Family)

Overview

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Ground beetles or carabids are collective terms for the family Carabidae. This is a large family, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, approximately 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe.1]

Description and Ecology

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Although there is some variation in their body shape and coloring, most are shiny black or metallic and have ridged wing covers (elytra). The elytra are fused in some species, particularly large Carabinae, rendering the beetles unable to fly. The genus Mormolyce is known as violin beetles due to their peculiarly shaped elytra. All carabids except the quite primitive flanged bombardier beetles (Paussinae) have a groove on their foreleg tibiae bearing a comb of hairs. This is use d for cleaning their antennae[2].

A Brachinus sp. typical bombardier beetle (Brachininae: Brachinini) from North Carolina

Defensive Secretions

Typical for the ancient beetle suborder Adephaga to which they belong, they have paired pygidial glands in the lower back of the abdomen. These are well developed in ground beetles, and produce noxious or even caustic secretions used to deter would-be predators. In some, commonly known as bombardier beetles, these secretions are mixed with volatile compounds and ejected by a small combustion, producing a loud popping sound and a cloud of hot and acrid gas which can injure small mammals like shrews, and is liable to kill invertebrate predators outright. To humans, getting "bombed" by a bombardier beetle is a decidedly unpleasant experience. The "bombing" ability has evolved independently twice as it seems – in the flanged bombardier beetles (Paussinae) which are among the most ancient ground beetles, as well as in the typical bombardier beetles (Brachininae) which are part of a more "modern" lineage. The Anthiini, meanwhile, can mechanically squirt their defensive secretions for considerable distances and are able to aim with a startling degree of accuracy; in Afrikaans they are known as oogpisters ("eye-pissers"). In one of the very few known cases of a vertebrate mimicking an arthropod, juvenile Heliobolus lugubris lizards are colored similar to the aposematic oogpister beetles, and move in a way that makes them look surprisingly similar to the insects at a casual glance.[3]

It is sometimes suggested that Charles Darwin found himself on the receiving end of a bombardier beetle's defences on a collecting trip in 1828,[4] but this is based on a misreading of his autobiography[5]; a bombardier beetles' "bombing" is already triggered by picking it up, and Darwin had been carrying the beetle in question in his closed hand for some time already before he ran afoul of its secretions. He discussed this incident and another such case in a letter to Leonard Jenyns as follows:

"A Cychrus rostratus once squirted into my eye & gave me extreme pain; & I must tell you what happened to me on the banks of the Cam in my early entomological days; under a piece of bark I found two carabi (I forget which) & caught one in each hand, when lo & behold I saw a sacred Panagćus crux major; I could not bear to give up either of my Carabi, & to lose Panagćus was out of the question, so that in despair I gently seized one of the carabi between my teeth, when to my unspeakable disgust & pain the little inconsiderate beast squirted his acid down my throat & I lost both Carabi & Panagćus!"[6]

Lophyra sp, a tiger beetle from Tanzania

Ecology

Common habitats are under the bark of trees, under logs, or among rocks or sand by the edge of ponds and rivers. Most species are carnivorous and actively hunt for any invertebrate prey they can overpower. Some will run swiftly to catch their prey; tiger beetles (Cicindelinae) can sustain speeds of 8 km/h (5 mph) – in relation to their body length they are among the very fastest land animals on Earth. Unlike most Carabidae which are nocturnal, the tiger beetles are active diurnal hunters and often brightly colored; they have large eyes and hunt by sight. Ground beetles of the species Promecognathus laevissimus are specialised predators of the Cyanide Millipede (Harpaphe haydeniana), countering the hydrogen cyanide which makes these millipedes poisonous to most carnivores.

Relationship With Humans

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As predators of invertebrates, including many pests, most ground beetles are considered beneficial organisms. The caterpillar hunters (Calosoma) are famous for their habit of devouring insect larvae and pupae in quantity, eagerly feeding on tussock moth (Lymantriidae) caterpillars, processionary caterpillars (Thaumetopoeidae) and woolly worms (Arctiidae), which due to their urticating hairs are avoided by most insectivores. Large numbers of the Forest Caterpillar Hunter (C. sycophanta), native to Europe, were shipped to New England for biological control of the Gypsy Moth (Ly mantria dispar) as early as 1905.

A few species are nuisance pests. Zabrus is one of the few herbivorous ground beetle genera, and on rare occasions Zabrus tenebrioides for example occurs abundantly enough to cause some damage to grain crops. Large species, usually Carabinae, can become a nuisance if present in numbers, particularly during outdoor activities such as camping; they will void their defensive secretions when threatened, and if they hide among provisions this can despoil food. Since ground beetles are generally reluctant or even unable to fly, it is usually easy to block their potential routes of entry mechanically or with a topical insecticide.

A Crucifix Ground Beetle (Panagaeus cruxmajor) got Charles Darwin into trouble in 1828.

Especially in the 19th century and to a lesser extent today, their large size and conspicuous coloration as well as the odd morphology of some (e.g. the Lebiini) made many ground beetles a popular object of collection and study for professional and amateur coleopterologists. High prices were paid for rare and exotic specimens, and in the early to mid-19th century there was a veritable "beetle craze" in England. As mentioned above, Charles Darwin was an ardent collector of beetles when he was about twenty years old, to the extent that he'd rather scour the countryside for rare specimens with William Darwin Fox, John Stevens Henslow and Sir Henry Thompson[verification needed] than to study theology as his father wanted him to do. In his autobiography he fondly recalled his experiences with Licinus and Panagaeus, and wrote:

"No poet ever felt more delight at seeing his first poem published than I did at seeing in Stephen's Illustrations of British Insects the magic words, 'captured by C. Darwin, Esq.'"[7]

Evolution and Systematics

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The Adephaga are documented since the end of the Permian, about 250 million years ago (mya). Ground beetles evolved in the latter Triassic, having separated from their closest relatives by 200 mya. The family diversified throughout the Jurassic, and the more advanced lineages, such as the Harpalinae, underwent a vigorous radiation starting in the Cretaceous. The closest living relatives of the ground beetles are the false ground beetles (Trachypachidae) and the wrinkled bark beetles (Rhysodidae). They are sometimes even included in the Carabidae as subfamilies or as tribes incertae sedis, but more preferably they are united with the ground beetles in the superfamily Caraboidea.

Much research has been done on elucidating the phylogeny of the ground beetles and adjusting systemati cs and taxonomy accordingly. While there is no completely firm consensus, a few points are generally accepted: As it seems, the ground beetles consist of a number of more basal lineages and the extremely diverse Harpalinae which contain over half the described species and into which several formerly independent families had to be subsumed.[8]

Subfamilies and Selected Genera

Carabus violaceus (Carabinae: Carabini)

The taxonomy used here is based on the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera[9] and the Carabidae of the World Database.[10] Other classifications, while generally agreeing with the division into a basal radiation of more primitive lineages and the more advanced group informally called Carabidae Conjunctae,[11] differ in details. For example, the system used by the Tree of Life Web Project makes little use of subfamilies, listing most tribes as incertae sedis as to subfamily.[12] Fauna Europaea on the other hand splits the Harpalinae instead of lumping them, restricting them to what in the system use here is the tribe Harpalini.[13]

All the approaches mentioned above are legitimate as they agree with the phylogeny as far as it has been resolved. The inclusive Harpalinae presented here are used for two reasons, one scientific and one practical – first, the majority of authors presently uses this system, following the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Second, the MediaWiki markup cannot at present adequately represent the relationships of the ground beetle subgroups in detail if the restricted view of the Harpalinae is chosen.

Basal Ground Beetles

Cicindela sylvicola (Cicindelinae: Cicindelini)
Elaphrus cupreus (Elaphrinae: Elaphrini)
Loricera pilicornis (Loricerinae: Loricerini)
Notiophilus palustris (Nebriinae: Notiophilini)
Clivina fossor (Scaritinae: Clivinini)

Carabinae Latreille, 1802 - including Agoninae, Callistinae

Cicindelinae – tiger beetles (roughly 2,100 species; sometimes included in Carabidae)

Cicindinae

Elaphrinae Latreille, 1802

Hiletinae

Loricerinae Bonelli, 1810

Migadopinae

Nebriinae (includes Notiophilinae, often included in Carabinae)

Nototylinae

Omophroninae Bonelli, 1810 – round sand beetles

Paussinae Latreille, 1807 – ant nest beetles, flanged bombardier beetles (c.50[verification needed] genera)

Promecognathinae

Scaritinae Bonelli, 1810 – pedunculate ground beetles

Siagoninae Bonelli, 1810

Carabidae Conjunctae

Amblytelus sp. from Australia (Amblytelinae: Amblytelini)
Broscus cephalotes (Broscinae: Broscini)
Egyptian Predator Beetle, Anthia sexguttata (Harpalinae: Anthiini)
Mormolyce phyllodes (Harpalinae: Lebiini)
Bembidion quadrimaculatum (Trechinae: Bembidiini)

Amblytelinae[14] Sloane, 1898

Apotominae

Brachininae Bonelli, 1810

Broscinae Hope, 1838

Harpalinae - including Chlaeniinae, Cyclosominae, Dryptinae, Lebiinae, Licininae, Mormolycinae, Odacanthinae, Oodinae, Panagaeinae, Perigoninae, Platyninae, Pseudomorphinae, Pterostichinae, Zabrinae (over 20,000 species)

Melaeninae

Psydrinae

Trechinae Bonelli, 1810 - including Bembidiinae, Patrobinae

Tribes incertae sedis


Photos

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Taxonomy

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The Family Carabidae is further organized into finer groupings including:

Genera

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Abacetus

[more]

Abacidus

[more]

Abax

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[1] [more]

Abroscelis

[more]

Acanthoscelis

[more]

Acinopus

Acupalpus

[more]

Adelotopus

Adoxus

[more]

Adriaphaenops

Aenigma

Aephnidius

[more]

Aepopsis

Aepus

[more]

Agatus

Agelaea

Lianas or scrambling shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, petiolate, 3-foliolate. Inflorescences axillary, pseudoterminal, or terminal, paniculate, usually some of main branches subequal; bracts and bracteoles persistent; bracts terete, slightly thickened at apex; bracteoles narrowly linear. Flowers bisexual, (4 or) 5-merous. Sepals imbricate in bud, minutely tomentose or rather sericeous abaxially, shortly appressed pubescent adaxially, inner ones longer, overlapping margins paler, glandular ciliate. Petals linear, distinctly longer than sepals, glabrous. Stamens usually (5 or) 10(or 15), alternately longer and shorter, those opposite sepals longer than those opposite petals (which are rarely absent) ; filaments slightly connate at base. Carpels 5, sometimes some sterile; ovary hairy; ovules 2, erect, collateral. Style cylindric, base hairy; stigma globose, 3-lobed, minute. Follicle red when ripe, pyriform, usually strongly recurved, often tuberculate, densely tomentose, dehiscing by a longitudinal slit, with persistent but not enlarged calyx, base contracted, apex rounded; pericarp rather thin. Seed 1, black, glossy, covered by orange or yellow aril; endosperm absent.[2] [more]

Agonocheila

Agonoderus

[more]

Agonotrechus

Agonum

[more]

Agostenus

Agra

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[3] [more]

Ainocolpodes

Albanotrechus

Allegrettia

Allotriopus

[more]

Altagonum

[more]

Amara

Amara, the sun beetles, are a large of carabid beetles, mostly holarctic, but a few species are neotropical or occurring in eastern Asia. [more]

Amaroschema

[more]

Amblycheila

Amblycheila (sometimes misspelled Amblychila following an unjustified spelling change in 1846) is a genus of flightless, nocturnal . There are at least five species occurring sparsely over much of the central and western United States, and with a few more species found southwards into Mexico. [more]

Amblygnathus

[more]

Amblystomus

[more]

Amblytelus

Ambylgnathus

[more]

Amerinus

[more]

Amerizus

[more]

Ameroduvalius

[more]

Amphasia

[more]

Amphimenes

Anasis

[more]

Anatrichis

Anchista

[more]

Anchomenidius

Anchomenus

[more]

Anchonoderus

[more]

Anchotefflus

[more]

Anchus

Anillaspis

[more]

Anillinus

[more]

Anillodes

[more]

Anillus

[more]

Anisodactylus

[more]

Anomoglossus

[more]

Anomotarus

Anophthalmus

[more]

Anoplogenius

Anthia

Perhaps the quintessential "reef fish," anthias make up a sizeable portion of the population of pink, orange and yellow seen swarming in most coral reef photography and film. The anthias are members of the family Serranidae (basses, basslets, groupers) and make up the subfamily Anthiinae. [more]

Anthracus

[more]

Antisphodrus

[more]

Apatrobus

Apenes

[more]

Aphaenopidius

Aphaenops

[more]

Aphaenotyphlus

Aphanotrechus

[more]

Aphoenops

[more]

Apoduvalius

Apotomopterus

Apristus

[more]

Apteromesus

[more]

Aptinus

[more]

Archicolliuris

Archipatrobus

[more]

Arctaphaenops

[more]

Ardistomis

[more]

Argutor

Armatocillenus

Arthropterus

[more]

Asaphidion

[more]

Aspidoglossa

[more]

Atelothrus

[more]

Atractonotus

[more]

Atranus

[more]

Aulacoryssus

[more]

Axinidium

[more]

Axinopalpus

[more]

Badister

[more]

Baeoglossa

Barysomus

Basistichus

Batenus

[more]

Baudia

[more]

Bembidion

[more]

Binaghites

Blackburnia

[more]

Blemus

[more]

Blethisa

[more]

Boldoriella

Bothriopterus

Bothynotrechus

Brachichila

Brachinus

[more]

Bradycellus

[more]

Brasiella

[more]

Broscodera

[more]

Brosconymus

[more]

Broscosoma

Broscus

[more]

Caelostomus

[more]

Cainogenion

[more]

Calathidius

Calathus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[4] [more]

Calleida

[more]

Callida

[more]

Callisthenes

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[5] [more]

Callistoides

Callistomimus

[more]

Callistus

Callistus, Callixtus (both Latin) and Kallistos (in Greek) may refer to: [more]

Callytron

[more]

Calodromius

[more]

Calomera

Calophaena

Calosama

Calosoma

[more]

Calybe

Campalita

Canarobius

Carabites

Carabomorphus

[more]

Carabus

Carabus is a genus of in family Carabidae. [more]

Cardiaderus

Cardiomera

Carenum

[more]

Cassolaia

[more]

Castelnaudia

Catadromus

[more]

Catascopus

[more]

Cedrorum

Celaenephes

Cephalota

Ceroglossus

Cerotalis

Chaetocarabus

Chaetodera

[more]

Chalcites

[more]

Chalcomenus

[more]

Cheporus

[more]

Chinajujiroa

Chlaeniellus

Chlaeniomimus

Chlaenius

[more]

Chrysocarabus

Chylnus

Cicindela

Cicindela are generally brightly colored and metallic , often with some sort of patterning of ivory or cream-colored markings. They are most abundant and diverse in habitats with sandy soil (though some prefer clay), and very often near bodies of water, even if seasonally transient; along river, sea and lake shores, on sand dunes, around playa lakebeds and on clay banks or woodland paths. [more]

Cicindella

[more]

Cillenus

[more]

Clarencia

Clivinia

Colfax

[more]

Colliuris

[more]

Colpocaccus

[more]

Colpodes

[more]

Colpodiscus

[more]

Conopterum

[more]

Coptocarpus

Coptodera

[more]

Coptodere

Coptolabrus

[more]

Corsyra

Cosmodela

[more]

Cosmodiscus

Crasodactylus

Craspedonotus

Craspedophorus

Cratacanthus

[more]

Cratoferonia

Cratogaster

Croatotrechus

Cryptophonus

Ctenosta

[more]

Ctenostoma

Cuneipectus

[more]

Curtonotus

[more]

Cychrus

[more]

Cyclotrachelus

[more]

Cylindera

[more]

Cylindronotum

[more]

Cymbionotum

Cymindis

[more]

Cypholoba

[more]

Dalmataphaenops

Dalyat

Damaster

[more]

Daptus

[more]

Darlingtonea

[more]

Darodilia

Decogmus

Delichoctis

Delinius

Deltomerus

[more]

Demetrias

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Demetrida

[more]

Dercylinus

[more]

Derobroscus

[more]

Deropristus

[more]

Desera

[more]

Dhanya

[more]

Diacheila

[more]

Diachromus

[more]

Dicaelus

[more]

Dicheirotrichus

[more]

Dicheirus

[more]

Dichrochile

Dicranoglossus

Dicranoncus

[more]

Dicranonus

Dicraspeda

[more]

Dicrodontus

Dinodes

Diplochaetus

[more]

Diplocheila

[more]

Diplochelia

Diplous

[more]

Disamara

[more]

Dischissus

Discoderus

[more]

Disenochus

[more]

Distichus

Distipsidera

Ditomus

[more]

Dixus

Doderotrechus

Dolichoctis

[more]

Dolichus

[more]

Dolischus

Drimostoma

Dromius

[more]

Dromochorus

[more]

Drypta

[more]

Duvaliopsis

[more]

Duvalius

[more]

Dyschiriodes

[more]

Dyschirius

[more]

Dyschirus

[more]

Dystrichothorax

Eccoptomenus

[more]

Eccoptoptera

[more]

Ega

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[6] [more]

Egadroma

[more]

Elaphropus

[more]

Elaphrus

[more]

Emphanes

[more]

Enceladus

[more]

Endynomena

[more]

Enkelgezum

Entomoantyx

Eobroscus

Eocarterus

Eochlaenius

Epaphiopsis

Epaphius

[more]

Epilectus

Episcopellus

[more]

Epomis

Eripus

[more]

Eucaerus

[more]

Eucarterus

Eucolliuris

Eudalia

[more]

Eugrapha

[more]

Euphorticus

[more]

Euplynes

Euproctinus

[more]

Europhilus

[more]

Euryaptus

Eurycarabus

Euryderus

[more]

Eurylychnus

[more]

Eurylynchus

Eurynebria

Euryscaphus

Eurysoma

Eurystomis

Euschizomerus

Eusthulmannium

Euthenarus

Eutoma

Eutrechopsis

Eutrechus

Eutrichopus

[more]

Evolenes

[more]

Formosiella

Fortagonum

[more]

Galaicodytes

Galerita

[more]

Galeritula

[more]

Galiciotyphlotes

Gastragonum

[more]

Gastrellarius

[more]

Gatrellarius

Gehringia

[more]

Geobaenus

[more]

Geopinus

[more]

Geoscaptus

[more]

Gigadema

[more]

Glabrotrechus

Gnathaphanus

[more]

Gnatholymnaeum

[more]

Gnathoxys

Goniotropus

[more]

Gonogenia

[more]

Graniger

Graphipterus

Guineica

[more]

Gynandromorphus

Gynandropus

[more]

Habrodera

[more]

Hadrocarabus

[more]

Halocoryza

[more]

Haolochlaenius

Haplaner

Haplochiaenius

Haplochlaenius

Harpalellus

[more]

Harpalobrachys

[more]

Harpalus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[7] [more]

Harplaner

Hartonymus

[more]

Helluapterus

Helluarchus

Helluodema

Helluomorphoides

[more]

Helluonidius

Helluosoma

Hemicarabus

Henrotius

Hiletus

Hispalis

Holcoderus

[more]

Hololeius

Homethes

Homodela

[more]

Hormacrus

Horologion

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Hydraphaenops

[more]

Hydrotrechus

Hygrocarabus

Hyparpalus

[more]

Hyperion

Hypharpax

[more]

Hypotyphlus

Iberanillus

Iberodytes

Iberotrechus

Idacarabus

Iga

Ildobates

Illaphanus

Infernophilus

[more]

Inna

[more]

Ishidatrechus

Italaphaenops

Italodytes

Janus

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[8] [more]

Jdiochroma

Jujiroa

[more]

Laccocenus

Laccopterum

Laccoscaphus

Lachnocrepis

[more]

Lachnoderma

Lachnolebia

Lachnophorus

[more]

Lacordairia

Laemostenus

[more]

Lamprias

Lasiotrechus

[more]

Lauosterus

Lebia

[more]

Lebidia

Lecalida

[more]

Lecanomerus

[more]

Leiradira

Leistus

[more]

Leptocarabus

Leptotrachelus

[more]

Lessinodytes

Lesticus

[more]

Lestignathus

Licinopsis

[more]

Licinus

[more]

Limnastis

[more]

Limodromus

Lindrothius

[more]

Lionychus

[more]

Lioptera

Lipaster

Lissopogonus

Lithochlaenius

Lonchosternus

Lophoglossus

[more]

Lophyra

[more]

Lophyridia

[more]

Loricera

[more]

Lorocera

Lorostema

Lovricia

Loxandrus

[more]

Loxodactylus

Loxogenius

Loxoncus

Luperca

[more]

Lymnaeum

Lymnastis

Lymnastus

[more]

Lymneops

[more]

Mantichora

[more]

Masoreus

[more]

Mecodema

Mecodema is a genus of ground in the family Carabidae. [more]

Mecomenus

[more]

Mecyclothorax

[more]

Mecynognathus

Megacephala

[more]

Megalopaussus

Melisodera

Meonis

[more]

Mesolestes

Mesothriscus

[more]

Metabletus

[more]

Metacolpodes

Metadromius

Metallina

[more]

Metrius

[more]

Metromenus

[more]

Micralymma

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Micratopus

[more]

Micrixys

[more]

Microcosmodes

Microderes

Microferonia

Microleser

Microlestes

[more]

Microlestodes

Microtyphlus

Migadops

[more]

Mimotrechus

Minypatrobus

Mioptachys

[more]

Miscelus

[more]

Miscodera

[more]

Molopidius

Molops

[more]

Monocentrum

Morimotoidius

Moriodema

Morion

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia.[9] [more]

Moriosomus

Mouhotia

Muscelus

Myas

[more]

Myriochila

Myriochile

[more]

Myrmecodemus

Mysticomenus

[more]

Mystropomus

Nabria

Neaphaenops

[more]

Nebria

[more]

Nelsonites

[more]

Nemotarsus

[more]

Neocarenum

Neoeudalia

Neohelluo

Neolaphyra

[more]

Neonomius

Neoscaphus

Neotrechus

Nesacinopus

Nesorthomus

Netrodera

[more]

Nickerlea

Nippononebria

Nomius

In and Roman mythology, Apollo (in Greek, ?p?????—Apóllon or ?p?????—Apellon), is one of the most important and many-sided of the Olympian deities. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun; truth and prophecy; archery; medicine and healing; music, poetry, and the arts; and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu. Apollo was worshipped in both ancient Greek and Roman religion, as well as in the modern Hellenic neopaganism. [more]

Notagonum

[more]

Notaphus

[more]

Nothiophilus

Notiobia

[more]

Notiophilus

[more]

Notonomus

[more]

Notoplatynus

Notospeophonus

Nototarsus

Nototrechus

Nurus

Ocyropus

Ocys

[more]

Odacantha

[more]

Odacanthella

Odacentha

Odontium

[more]

Odontocarus

[more]

Odontocheila

[more]

Oedesis

Ohomopterus

[more]

Oliskhopus

Olisthopus

[more]

Omophron

[more]

Omphra

[more]

Omphreus

Omus

Omus is a genus of , subfamily Cicindelinae. Its members are dark colored, nocturnal, and flightless. All members occur along the west coast of North America. [more]

Onota

Onycholabis

Onypterygia

Oodes

[more]

Ophionea

Ophonus

[more]

Opisthius

[more]

Oreonebria

Orinicarabus

Orinocarabus

Orionella

Orotrechus

[more]

Orthogonius

Orthomus

[more]

Orzolina

Oscadytes

Ovipennis

[more]

Oxycentrus

Oxycheila

Oxycrepis

[more]

Oxydrepanus

Oxyglychus

Oxygonia

Oxypselaphus

[more]

Pachydinodes

[more]

Pachyteles

[more]

Pamborus

Panagaeus

[more]

Pangus

Parabroscus

Paradromius

[more]

Paraeutrichopus

Parallelomorphus

Paranchus

[more]

Paraphaenops

Paratachys

[more]

Parazuphium

[more]

Parena

[more]

Parophonus

[more]

Parroa

Passalidius

[more]

Patrobus

[more]

Paussus

Pediomorphus

Pedius

Pelmatellus

[more]

Pelophila

[more]

Penetretus

Pentacomia

Pentagonica

[more]

Percosia

[more]

Percosoma

Percus

Peregrinator

Pericalus

[more]

Pericompsus

[more]

Pericompus

[more]

Perigona

[more]

Perileptus

[more]

Peripristus

[more]

Peronomerus

Pheggomisetes

Pheropsophus

[more]

Philochthus

[more]

Philorhizus

[more]

Philoscaphus

Phloeoxena

[more]

Phloeozeteus

Phorticosomus

Phrypeus

[more]

Physea

Piesmus

[more]

Pinacodera

[more]

Piosoma

[more]

Plagiotelum

[more]

Plataphus

Platidiolus

[more]

Platus

[more]

Platycarabus

Platycerozaena

[more]

Platylytron

Platymetopus

Platynus

[more]

Platypatrobus

[more]

Platysma

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Platytarus

Plochinus

Plochionus

[more]

Poecilus

[more]

Pogonistes

[more]

Pogonodaptus

[more]

Pogonoglossus

Pogonus

[more]

Poliocypas

Polistichus

Polpochila

[more]

Polyderis

[more]

Polystichus

[more]

Porotachys

[more]

Prena

Princidium

Pristonychus

[more]

Pristosia

Procarabus

Procrustes

A Genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]

Procustes

Prodisenochus

[more]

Promecoderus

Promecognathus

[more]

Prosopogmus

[more]

Pseudabarys

[more]

Pseudanophthalmus

[more]

Pseudaptinus

[more]

Pseudobroscus

[more]

Pseudomasoreus

Pseudomorpha

[more]

Pseudomyas

Pseudoophonus

Pseudoopterus

[more]

Pseudotaphoxenus

Pseudotrechus

Pseudoxycheila

Psydrus

[more]

Pterostichus

[more]

Quammenis

Rambousekiella

Reicheia

Reicheiodes

Rhabdotus

Rhadine

[more]

Rhegmatobius

Rhopalostyla

Rhytisternus

Risophilus

Rupa

Sakagutia

Sardaphaenops

[more]

Sarothrocrepis

Sarticus

Scambocarabus

Scaphinotus

[more]

Scaraphites

[more]

Scarites

[more]

Schizogenius

[more]

Scopodes

[more]

Scotodipnus

Scotoplanetes

Scybalicus

Selenophorus

[more]

Selina

Semiardistomis

Semiophonus

Sericoda

Sericoda is a of ground beetles. They are pyrophilous, meaning that they are attracted by burned areas of forest, where they are found in large numbers the summer following the fires, after which their numbers decrease. [more]

Simodontus

Sinechostictus

Singilis

Sinocaralosoma

Sirdenus

Sloaneana

Somatrichus

[more]

Somoplatus

Somotrichus

[more]

Spelaeodytes

Spelaeovulcania

Speleotyphlus

Speluncarius

Speomolops

Speotrechus

Sphaeroderus

[more]

Sphaerotachys

Sphallomorpha

[more]

Spheroderus

Sphodropsis

Sphodrus

[more]

Stenocrepis

[more]

Stenolophus

[more]

Stenomorphus

[more]

Stereocerus

[more]

Stichonotus

[more]

Stolonis

[more]

Stricklandia

[more]

Stylulus

[more]

Styracoderus

Synchus

[more]

Syntomus

[more]

Synuchidius

Synuchus

[more]

Tachys

[more]

Tachyta

[more]

Tachyura

[more]

Taicona

Tanystoma

Tanythrix

Taphoxenus

Tapinopterus

Tasmanitachoides

Tecnophilus

[more]

Tefflus

[more]

Tetracha

[more]

Tetragonoderus

[more]

Tetraleucus

[more]

Thalassophilus

[more]

Thalassotrechus

[more]

Thalpius

[more]

Thermophilum

[more]

Thermoscelis

[more]

Thyreopterus

[more]

Tienmutrechus

Tinautius

Tinoderus

Tomocarabus

Trechiama

Trechiana

[more]

Trechicus

Trechimorphus

Trechoblemus

[more]

Trechus

[more]

Trepanes

Trephionus

Trichaphaenops

[more]

Trichis

Trichocellus

[more]

Trichosternus

Trichotichnus

[more]

Tricondyla

[more]

Trigonognatha

Trigonotoma

Tritrichis

Troglanillus

[more]

Troglorites

Trymosternus

Tschitscherinellus

Tuberculatus

Typhlocharis

Typhlochoromus

Typhlonesiotes

[more]

Typhloreicheia

Typhlotrechus

Typsiharpalus

Vachinius

Wolltinerfia

[more]

Xenion

[more]

Xenotrechus

[more]

Xestonotus

[more]

Zabrus

[more]

Zacotus

[more]

Zargus

Zariquieya

Zecillenus

[more]

Zeodera

Zuphium

[more]

At least 14 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Zuphium.

More info about the Genus Zuphium may be found here.

References

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Footnotes

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  1. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Abax&search=Search
  2. Lingdi Lu & Nicholas J. Turland "Agelaea". in Flora of China Vol. 9 Page 438. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org.
  3. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Agra&search=Search
  4. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Calathus&search=Search
  5. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Callisthenes&search=Search
  6. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Ega&search=Search
  7. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Harpalus&search=Search
  8. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Janus&search=Search
  9. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Morion&search=Search
  1. ^ Kromp (1999)
  2. ^ Enclopedia of Entomology by John L. Capinera pg.1746
  3. ^ Huey & Pianka (1977)
  4. ^ AMNH (2005)
  5. ^ Barlow (1958): p.62
  6. ^ Darwin (1846)
  7. ^ Barlow (1958): p.63-64
  8. ^ Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Carabid Ground Beetles By Syozo Osawa
  9. ^ Löbl & Smetana (2003-)
  10. ^ CWD (2008)
  11. ^ Maddison (1995)
  12. ^ Maddison (2006)
  13. ^ FEWS (2004)
  14. ^ Usually placed in the Psydrinae or Trechinae, they seem to represent a distinct lineage related to Brachininae and Harpalinae, and in the system used here would consequently be eligible for subfamily status: Maddison (1999)

Sources

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Last Revised: September 22, 2009
2009/09/22 12:43:04