Overview
Bradybaenidae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.
These snails are found mainly in Asia, with only one species occurring in Northwestern Europe: Fruticicola fruticum.
The name of the family and the genus Bradybaena is derived from the Greek words bradus (= slow) and baino (= walk), meaning "slow walker".
Molecular phylogenetic studies from 2007 showed that bradybaenids are closely related with the Camaenidae, which are currently recognized as a distinct family. In these studies both Bradybaenidae and Camaenidae are mutually polyphyletic, together forming a monophyletic group, however. This finding suggests that the distinction of both families as based essentially on the absence (Camaenidae) or presence (Bardybaenidae) of a diverticulum, is arbitrary. This anatomical structure was apparently lost (or was gained) in several groups in convergence and is therefore not suitable for the delimitation of natural groups.1]
As a result, the Bradybaenidae being the younger taxon are likely to represent a junior synonym of the Camaenidae.[]
Anatomy
Some genera of snails in this family create and use love darts as part of their mating behavior. The dart sac contains one to two glands. They are also defined by missing a diverticulum.
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this table).[2]
Taxonomy
The following two subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
- subfamily Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1924
- tribe Aegistini Kuroda & Habe, 1949
- tribe Bradybaenini Pilsbry, 1934 - synonyms: Eulotidae M?llendorff, 1898; Fruticicolinae Kobelt, 1904; Buliminopsinae Hoffmann, 1928
- tribe Euhadrini Habe, Okutani & Nishiwaki, 1994
- subfamily Helicostylinae Ihering, 1909 - synonyms: Pfeifferiinae Gray, 1855; Cochlostylidae M?llendorff, 1890
Genera
Genera within the family Bradybaenidae include:
subfamily Bradybaeninae - they are defined by the presence of two divided glands with one to two accessory sacs.
tribe Aegistini
- Aegista Albers, 1850
- Coelo rus Pilsbry, 1900
- Lepidopisum Habe, 1957
- Mandarina Pilsbry, 1895[3]
- Plectotropis Martens in Albers, 1860
- Trishoplita Jacobi, 1898
tribe Bradybaenini
- Ainohelix Kuroda & Taki, 1933
- Bradybaena Beck, 1837 - for example: Bradybaena similaris, the Asian trampsnail
- Cathaica Moellendorff, 1884
- Coccoglypta Pilsbry, 1895
- Eulota Hartmann, 1843
- Ezohelix Kuroda & Emura, 1938
- Fruticicola Held, 1838 - for example Fruticicola fruticum
- Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899
- Nesiohelix Kuroda & Emura, 1943
- Phaeohelix Kuroda & Habe, 1949
- Plecteulota Moellendorff, 1892
- Ponsadenia Schileyko, 1978
- Pseudiberus Ancey, 1887
- Pseudobuliminus Gredler, 1886
tribe Euhadrini
- Euhadra Pilsbry, 1890
subfamily Helicostylinae - they are defined by the presence of one gland that is being inserted without accessory sac (Tricheulota group) or with accessory sac (Helicostyla group).
- Calocochlia Hartmann, 1840 (nomen nudum)
- Cochlostyla Pilsbry, 1895
- Helicostyla F?russac, 1821
- Tricheulota Pilsbry, 1895
The genus Monadenia Pilsbry, 1895 used to be placed in this family,[4] but it has been moved to the family Xanthonychidae.
id="cite_ref-Barker_1-0" class="reference">[2]Taxonomy
The following two subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
- subfamily Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1924
- trib e Aegistini Kuroda & Habe, 1949
- tribe Bradybaenini Pilsbry, 1934 - synonyms: Eulotidae M?llendorff, 1898; Fruticicolinae Kobelt, 1904; Buliminopsinae Hoffmann, 1928
- tribe Euhadrini Habe, Okutani & Nishiwaki, 1994
- subfamily Helicostylinae Ihering, 1909 - synonyms: Pfeifferiinae Gray, 1855; Cochlostylidae M?llendorff, 1890
Genera
Genera within the family Bradybaenidae include:
subfamily Bradybaeninae - they are defined by the presence of two divided glands with one to two accessory sacs.
tribe Aegistini
- Aegista Albers, 18 50
- Coelorus Pilsbry, 1900
- Lepidopisum Habe, 1957
- Mandarina Pilsbry, 1895[3]
- Plectotropis Martens in Albers, 1860
- Trishoplita Jacobi, 1898
tribe Bradybaenini
- Ainohelix Kuroda & Taki, 1933
- Bradybaena Beck, 1837 - for example: Bradybaena similaris, the Asian trampsnail
- Cathaica Moellendorff, 1884
- Coccoglypta Pilsbry, 1895
- Eulota Hartmann, 1843
- Ezohelix Kuroda & Emura, 1938
- Fruticicola Held, 1838 - for example Fruticicola fruticum
- Laeocathaica Moellendorff, 1899
- Nesiohelix Kuroda & Emura, 1943
- Phaeohelix Kuroda & Habe, 1949
- Plecteulota Moellendorff, 1892
- Ponsadenia Schileyko, 1978
- Pseudiberus Ancey, 1887
- Pseudobuliminus Gredler, 1886
tribe Euhadrini
- Euhadra Pilsbry, 1890
subfamily Helicostylinae - they are defined by the presence of one gland that is being inserted without accessory sac (Tricheulota group) or with accessory sac (Helicostyla group).
- Calocochlia Hartmann, 1840 (nomen nudum)
- Cochlostyla Pilsbry, 1895
- Helicostyla F?russac, 1821
- Tricheulota Pilsbry, 1895
The genus Monadenia Pilsbry, 1895 used to be placed in this family,[4] but it has been moved to the family Xanthonychidae.
References
- ^ Wade C. M., Hudelot C., Davison A., Naggs F., Mordan P. B. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of the helicoid land snails (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Helicoidea), with special emphasis on the Camaenidae". Journal of Molluscan Studies 73(4): 411-415. doi:10.1093/mollus/eym030.
- ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
- ^ Davison A. & Chiba S. (2006). "Labile ecotypes accompany rapid cladogenesis in an adaptive radiation of Mandarina (Bradybaenidae) land snails". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88(2): 269-282. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00624.x.
- ^ [1] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Bradybaenidae Taxonomic Serial No.: 77713 cited 18 July 2007
External links
- Bradybaenidae at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Taxonomy
The Family Bradybaenidae is a member of the Superfamily Helicoidea. Here is the complete "parentage" of Bradybaenidae:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Lophotrochozoa
- Lophotrochozoans
- Superphylum: Eutrochozoa
- Phylum: Mollusca
(C. Linnaeus, 1758) Cuvier, 1795 - Molluscs
- Class: Gastropoda
Cuvier, 1795 - Snails and Slugs
- Subclass: Orthogastropoda
Ponder & Lindberg, 1996
- Superorder: Heterobranchia
J.E. Gray, 1840
- Order: Pulmonata
Cuvier, in Blainville, 1814 - land snails and slugs
- Suborder: Eupulmonata
(Haszprunar & Huber, 1990)
- Infraorder: Stylommatophora
A. Schmidt, 1855
- Superfamily: Helicoidea
Rafinesque, 1815
- Family: Bradybaenidae Pilsbry, 1934 (1898)
- Superfamily: Helicoidea
Rafinesque, 1815
- Infraorder: Stylommatophora
A. Schmidt, 1855
- Suborder: Eupulmonata
(Haszprunar & Huber, 1990)
- Order: Pulmonata
Cuvier, in Blainville, 1814 - land snails and slugs
- Superorder: Heterobranchia
J.E. Gray, 1840
- Subclass: Orthogastropoda
Ponder & Lindberg, 1996
- Class: Gastropoda
Cuvier, 1795 - Snails and Slugs
- Phylum: Mollusca
(C. Linnaeus, 1758) Cuvier, 1795 - Molluscs
- Superphylum: Eutrochozoa
- Infrakingdom: Lophotrochozoa
- Lophotrochozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Family Bradybaenidae is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Subfamily (2): Bradybaeninae · Helicostylinae
- Genus (46): Acusta · Aegista · Ainohelix · Anixa · Axina · Bradybaena · Buliminopsis · Calocochlia · Canistrum · Cathaica · Chloraea · Chlorea · Chlorilis · Chrysallis · Cochlostyla · Corasia · Dolicheulota · Euhadra · Eulota · Ezohelix · Fruticicola · Fruticola · Halolimnohelix · Helicostyla · Hemitrichia · Hemitrichiella · Karaftohelix · Koreanohadra · Laecocathaica · Laeocathaica · Mesanella · Nesiohelix · Paraegista · Phaeohelix · Phengus · Phoenicobius · Plecteulota · Plectotropis · Ponsadenia · Pseudobuliminus · Pseudobulimulus · Steatodryas · Stilpnodiscus · Tricheulota · Trichocathaica · Trishoplita
- Species: ZipcodeZoo has pages for 664 species and subspecies in the Family Bradybaenidae.
Genera
Acusta
Aegista
Aegista is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Bradybaenidae. [more]
Ainohelix
Anixa
Axina
Bradybaena
Buliminopsis
Calocochlia
Canistrum
Canistrum (Greek “kanistron” - a kind of basket carried on the head) is a of the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Bromelioideae. [more]
Cathaica
Chloraea
A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Chlorea
Chlorilis
Chrysallis
Cochlostyla
Corasia
Dolicheulota
Euhadra
Euhadra is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Bradybaenidae. (This snail genus was previously placed in the family ). [more]
Eulota
Ezohelix
Fruticicola
Fruticola
Halolimnohelix
Halolimnohelix is a genus of in the Hygromiidae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Helicostyla
Helicostyla is a genus of in the Bradybaenidae family. [more]
Hemitrichia
A genus in the Kingdom Animalia. [more]
Hemitrichiella
Karaftohelix
Koreanohadra
Laecocathaica
Laeocathaica
Mesanella
Nesiohelix
Paraegista
Paraegista is a genus of in the Bradybaenidae family. It contains the following species: [more]
Phaeohelix
Phengus
Phoenicobius
Plecteulota
Plectotropis
Ponsadenia
Pseudobuliminus
Pseudobulimulus
Steatodryas
Stilpnodiscus
Tricheulota
Trichocathaica
Trishoplita
At least 15 species and subspecies belong to the Genus Trishoplita.
More info about the Genus Trishoplita may be found here.
References
- ^ Wade C. M., Hudelot C., Davison A., Naggs F., Mordan P. B. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of the helicoid land snails (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Helicoidea), with special emphasis on the Camaenidae". Journal of Molluscan Studies 73(4): 411-415. doi:10.1093/mollus/eym030.
- ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
- ^ Davison A. & Chiba S. (2006). "Labile ecotypes ac company rapid cladogenesis in an adaptive radiation of Mandarina (Bradybaenidae) land snails". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88(2): 269-282. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00624.x.
- ^ [1] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Bradybaenidae Taxonomic Serial No.: 77713 cited 18 July 2007
Sources
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