Overview
The Auchenorrhyncha is the suborder of the which contains most of the familiar members of what was called the Homoptera - groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the other well-known "Homoptera", and they are in the suborder Sternorrhyncha. Distributed worldwide, all members of this group are plant-feeders. It is also common for Auchenorrhyncha to produce either audible sounds or substrate vibrations as a form of communication.
Classification
There has been a fair bit of debate and uncertainty as to whether the Auchenorrhyncha is a monophyletic group or not; some authors, believing it was not, split it into two suborders, the Clypeorrhyncha (= Cicadomorpha) and the Archaeorrhyncha (= Fulgoromorpha). In the last 10 years there ha s been evidence to support this interpretation, and the most recent research indicates that the Auchenorrhyncha are indeed a paraphyletic lineage.
A classification of the Auchenorrhyncha is as follows:[1]
- Infraorder Cicadomorpha (Clypeorrhyncha, Clypeata)
- Superfamily Cercopoidea (spittlebugs, froghoppers)
- Aphrophoridae
- Cercopidae
- Clastopteridae
- Machaerotidae
- Superfamily Cicadoidea (cicadas)
- Cicadidae (Platypediidae, Plautillidae, Tettigadidae, Tibicinidae)
- Tettigarctidae (hairy cicadas)
- Superfamily Membracoidea (Cicadelloidea)
- Aetalionidae (Biturritiidae)
- Cicadellidae (Eurymelidae, Hylicidae, Ledridae, Ulopidae,leafhoppers)
- Melizoderidae
- Membracidae (Nicomiidae, treehoppers)
- Myerslopiidae (Cicadellidae, in part)
- Superfamily Cercopoidea (spittlebugs, froghoppers)
- Infraorder
Fulgoromorpha (Archaeorrhyncha, planthoppers)
- Superfamily Fulgoroidea
- Acanaloniidae
- Achilidae
- Achilixiidae
- Cixiidae
- Delphacidae
- Derbidae
- Dictyopharidae
- Eurybrachidae
- Flatidae
- Fulgoridae (lanternflies)
- Gengidae
- Hypochthonellidae
- Issidae
- Kinnaridae
- Lophopidae
- Meenoplidae
- Nogodinidae
- Ricaniidae
- Tettigometridae
- Tropiduchidae
- Superfamily Fulgoroidea
Photos
Taxonomy
The Suborder Auchenorrhyncha is a member of the Order Hemiptera. Here is the complete "parentage" of Auchenorrhyncha:
- Domain: Eukaryota
Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Superorder: Condylognatha
- Order: Hemiptera
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies
- Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha - Cicadas
- Order: Hemiptera
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - True Bugs, Cicadas, Hoppers, Aphids and Allies
- Superorder: Condylognatha
- Infraclass: Pterygota
- Winged Insects
- Subclass: Dicondylia
- Class: Insecta
C. Linnaeus, 1758 - Insects
- Superclass: Panhexapoda
- Infraphylum: Atelocerata
Heymons, 1901
- Subphylum: Mandibulata
Snodgrass, 1938
- Phylum: Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829 - Arthropods
- Superphylum: Panarthropoda
Cuvier
- Infrakingdom: Ecdysozoa
Aguinaldo Et Al., 1997 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - ecdysozoans
- Branch: Protostomia
Grobben, 1908 - protostomes
- Subkingdom: Bilateria
(Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983 - bilaterians
- Kingdom: Animalia
Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
The Suborder Auchenorrhyncha is further organized into finer groupings including:
- Infraorder (2): Cicadomorpha · Fulgoromorpha
- Family (27): Acanaloniidae · Achilidae · Achilixiidae · Aetalionidae · Biturritiidae · Cercopidae · Cicadellidae · Cicadidae · Cixiidae · Delphacidae · Derbidae · Dictyopharidae · Eurybrachyidae · Flatidae · Fulgoridae · Gengidae · Hypochthonellidae · Issidae · Kinnaridae · Lophopidae · Meenoplidae · Membracidae · Nicomiidae · Nogodinidae · Ricaniidae · Tettigometridae · Tropiduchidae
Families
Acanaloniidae
Achilidae
Achilixiidae
Aetalionidae
Biturritiidae
Cercopidae
Cicadellidae
Leafhopper is a common name applied to any from the family Cicadellidae. Leafhoppers, colloquially known as "hoppers", are minute plant-feeding insects in the superfamily Membracoidea in the order Hemiptera. They belong to a lineage traditionally treated as infraorder Cicadomorpha in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, but as the latter taxon is probably not monophyletic many modern authors prefer to abolish the Auchenorrhyncha and elevate the cicadomorphs to a suborder Clypeorrhyncha. [more]
Cicadidae
A cicada is an of the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha, in the superfamily Cicadoidea, with large eyes wide apart on the head and usually transparent, well-veined wings. There are about 2,500 species of cicada around the world, and many remain unclassified. Cicadas live in temperate to tropical climates where they are among the most widely recognized of all insects, mainly due to their large size and remarkable acoustic talents. Cicadas are sometimes colloquially called "locusts", although they are unrelated to true locusts, which are a kind of grasshopper. They are also known as "jar flies". Cicadas are related to leafhoppers and spittlebugs. In parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States they are known as "dry flies" because of the dry shell they leave behind. [more]
Cixiidae
Cixiidae is a family of insects, one of many families commonly known as planthoppers, distributed worldwide and comprising more than 2,000 species from over 150 genera. [more]
Delphacidae
Delphacidae is a family of containing about 2000 species, distributed worldwide. Delphacids are separated from other "hoppers" by the prominent spur on the tibia of the hindleg. All species are phytophagous, many occurring on various grasses, and some are important vectors for cereal pathogens. [more]
Derbidae
Derbidae is a of bugs in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha. The nymphs of some species nymph feed on fungi while adults live by sucking sap. Many adults are recognizable by their habit of holding up their wings. The short apical segment of the rostrum is identifies the family. [more]
Dictyopharidae
Eurybrachyidae
Flatidae
Fulgoridae
The family Fulgoridae is a large group of insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera world-wide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to Lepidoptera due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera Fulgora and Pyrops) are sometimes referred to as lantern flies, though they do not emit light. [more]
Gengidae
Hypochthonellidae
Issidae
Kinnaridae
Lophopidae
Meenoplidae
Membracidae
Treehoppers (more precisely typical treehoppers to distinguish them from the ) and thorn bugs are members of the family Membracidae, a group of insects related to the cicadas and the leafhoppers. There are about 3,200 species of treehoppers in over 600 genera. They are found on all continents except Antarctica, although there are only three species in Europe. [more]
Nicomiidae
Nogodinidae
Ricaniidae
The Ricaniidae is a group of hemipteran insects, containing over 40 genera and 400 species world-wide. Thus, they are one of the smaller families in the planthopper superfamily (Fulgoroidea). The highest diversity is in tropical Africa and Asia and in Australia, with a few species occurring in the Palearctic. [more]
Tettigometridae
Tropiduchidae
At least 27 species and subspecies belong to the Family Tropiduchidae.
More info about the Family Tropiduchidae may be found here.
References
- Sorensen J.T., Campbell B.C., Gill R.J., Steffen-Campbell J.D., 1995. Non-monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha ("Homoptera"), based upon 18S rDNA phylogeny: eco-evolutionary and cladistic implications with pre-Heteropteroidea Hemiptera (s.l.) and a proposal for new monophyletic suborders. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 71 (1): 31-60
Footnotes
- ^ C. H. Dietrich in Resh, V. H. & Carde, R. T. (Eds.) 2003 Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press.
Sources
- The text on this page is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It includes material from Wikipedia retrieved Thursday, August 13, 2009.
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