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Amphipoda

(Order)

Overview

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Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. The name amphipoda refers to the different forms of appendages, unlike isopods, where all the thoracic legs are alike. Of the 7,000 species, 5,500 are classified into one suborder, Gammaridea. The remainder are divided into two or three further suborders. Amphipods range in size from 1 to 340 millimetres (0.039 to 13 in) and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. They live in almost all aquatic environments; 750 species live in caves and the order also includes terrestrial animals and sandhoppers such as Talitrus saltator.

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Although they are very abundant, widespread and diverse,[2] amphipods do not feature strongly in the public imagination. Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing wrote in 1899:[3]

No panegyrist of the Amphipoda has yet been able to evoke anything like popular enthusiasm in their favour. To the generality of observers they are only not repelled because the glance which falls upon them is unarrested, ignores them, is unconscious of their presence.

Anatomy

Diagram of the anatomy of the gammaridean amphipod Leucothoe incisa

The body of an amphipod is divided into 13 segments, which can be grouped into a head, a thorax and an abdomen.[4]

The head is fused to the thorax, and bears two pairs of antennae and one pair of sessile compound eyes.[5] It also carries the mouthparts, but these are mostly concealed.[6]

The thorax and abdomen are usually quite distinct and bear different kinds of legs; they are typically laterally compressed, and there is no carapace.[5] The thorax bears eight pairs of uniramous appendages, the first of which are used as accessory mouthparts; the next four pairs are directed forwards, and the last three pairs are directed backwards.[5] Gills are present on the thoracic segments, and there is an open circulatory system with a heart, using haemocyanin to carry oxygen in the haemolymph to the tissues. The uptake and excretion of salts is cont rolled by special glands on the antennae.[4]

The abdomen is divided into two parts: the pleosome which bears swimming legs; and the urosome, which comprises a telson and three pairs of uropods which do not form a tail fan as they do in animals such as true shrimp.[5]

Size

Amphipods are typically less than 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long, but the largest recorded living amphipods were 28 centimetres (11 in) long, and were photographed at a depth of 5,300 metres (17,400 ft) in the Pacific Ocean.[7] Samples from the Atlantic Ocean with a reconstructed length of 34 centimetres (13 in) have been assigned to the same species, Alicella gigantea.[8] T he smallest known amphipods are less than 1 millimetre (0.04 in) long.[9] The size of amphipods is limited by the availability of dissolved oxygen, such that the amphipods in Lake Titicaca at an altitude of 3,800 metres (12,500 ft) can only grow up to 22 millimetres (0.87 in), compared to lengths of 90 millimetres (3.5 in) in Lake Baikal at 455 metres (1,500 ft).[10]

Reproduction and life cycle

Mature females bear a marsupium, or brood pouch, which holds her eggs while they are fertilised,[4] and until the young are ready to hatch.[5] As a female ages, she produces more eggs in each brood. Mortality is around 25%?50% for the eggs.[4] There are no larval stages; the eggs hatch directly into a juvenile form, and sexual maturity is generally reached after 6 moults.[4] Some species have been known to eat their own exuviae after moulting.[4]

Diversity and classification

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Amphipods are difficult to identify, due to their small size, and the fact that they must be dissected. As a result, ecological studies and environmental surveys often lump all amphipods together.[2] Carolus Linnaeus described two species of amphipods in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae, which is defined as the starting point for zoological nomenclature. His descriptions (such as that for Gammarus pulex: "Cancer macrourus articularis, manibus adactylis, cauda attenuata spinis bifidis"[11]) were, however, "very poor", and could apply to "nearly every species of amphipod".[12]

Around 7,000 species of amphipods have so far been described, and placed in three or four suborders. One suborder, Gammaridea, contains more than 5,500 species, including all the freshwater and terrestrial species.[6] Suborder Ingolfiellidea contains around 40 species in 2 families,[13] and the group is sometimes treated among the Gammaridea, rather than as a suborder in their own right.[6]

The classification of the Amphipoda is not yet settled, with the relationships within the suborder Gammaridea suffering the most confusion.[14] The classification given here, from the rank of suborder down to superfamily, follows that of Martin & Davis,[14] except that superfamilies are recognised here within the Gammaridea. An alternative classification proposed by Myers & Lowry in 2003[15] moved some families from Gammaridea and united them with the Caprellidea to form a larger Corophiidea.[16]

A number of families are placed in the order incertae sedis:[17]

  • Artesiidae
  • Baikalogammaridae
  • Behningiellidae
  • Eulimnogammaridae
  • Gammaroporeiidae
  • Iciliidae
  • Ipanemidae
  • Iphigenellidae
  • Iulopididae
  • Izinkalidae
  • Kamakidae
  • Kotumsaridae
  • Kuriidae
  • Luciobliviidae
  • Macrohectopodidae
  • Maxillipiidae
  • Mesogammaridae
  • Metacrangonyctidae
  • Metaingolfiellidae
  • Microprotopidae
  • Micruropodidae
  • Neomegamphopidae
  • Neoniphargidae
  • Nihotungidae
  • Niphargidae
  • Pachyschesidae
  • Pallaseidae
  • Paracalliopiidae
  • Paracrangonyctidae
  • Paraleptamphopidae
  • Paramelitidae
  • Perthiidae
  • Phreatogammaridae
  • Pleioplateidae
  • Podoprionidae
  • Priscillinidae
  • Priscomilitaridae
  • Prolanceolidae
  • Pseudocrangonyctidae
  • Regaliidae
  • Salentinellidae
  • Sanch oidae
  • Seborgiidae
  • Sinurothoidae
  • Sternophysingidae
  • Tulearidae
  • Typhlogammaridae
  • Vitjazianidae
  • Wandinidae

Fossil record

Amphipods are thought to have originated in the Lower Carboniferous. Despite the group's age, however, the fossil record of the order Amphipoda is meagre, comprising specimens of 11 species dating back only as far as the Upper Eocene, where they have been found in Baltic amber.[18]

Ecology

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Talitrus saltator is an abundant animal of sandy beaches around Europe.
The jellyfish Aequorea victoria, with a commensal hyperiid amphipod

Amphipods are found in almost all aquatic environments, from fresh water to water with twice the salinity of sea water.[4] They are almost always an important component of aquatic ecosystems.[2] Most species in the suborder Gammaridea are epibenthic, although they are often collected in plankton samples. Members of the Hyperiidea are all planktonic and marine.[5] Many are symbionts of gelatinous animals, including salps, medusae, siphonophores, colonial radiolarians and ctenophores, and most hyperiids are associated with gelatinous animals during some part of their life cycle.[19]

The landhoppers of the family Talitridae (which also includes semi-terrestrial and marine animals) are terrestrial, living in damp environments such as leaf litter.[20] Landhoppers have a wide distribution in areas that were formerly part of Gondwanaland, but have colonised parts of Europe and North America in recent times.

Around 750 species in 160 genera and 30 families are troglobitic, and are found in almost all suitable habitats, but with their centres of diversity in the Mediterranean Basin, southeastern North America and the Caribbean.[21]

Compared to other crustacean groups, such as the Isopoda, Rhi zocephala or Copepoda, relatively few amphipods are parasitic on other animals. The most notable example of parasitic amphipods are the whale lice (family Cyamidae); unlike other amphipods, these are dorso-ventrally flattened, and have large, strong claws, with which they attach themselves to baleen whales. They are the only parasitic crustaceans which cannot swim during any part of their life cycle.[22]

Most amphipods are detritivores or scavengers,[4] with some being grazers of algae, omnivores or predators[5] on small insects and crustaceans.[4] Food is grasped with the front two pairs of legs which are armed with large claws.[4]

Names and etymology

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The name Amphipoda comes, via the New Latin amphipoda, from the Greek roots ??f? ("different") and p??? ("foot"), in reference to the two kinds of legs that amphipods possess. This contrasts with the related Isopoda, which have a single kind of thoracic leg.[23] Particularly among anglers, amphipods are known as freshwater shrimp, scuds or sideswimmers.[4][24]

External links

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The landhoppers of the family Talitridae (which also includes semi-terrestrial and marine animals) are terrestrial, living in damp environments such as leaf litter.[20] Landhoppers h ave a wide distribution in areas that were formerly part of Gondwanaland, but have colonised parts of Europe and North America in recent times.

Around 750 species in 160 genera and 30 families are troglobitic, and are found in almost all suitable habitats, but with their centres of diversity in the Mediterranean Basin, southeastern North America and the Caribbean.[21]

Compared to other crustacean groups, such as the Isopoda, Rhizocephala or Copepoda, relatively few amphipods are parasitic on other animals. The most notable example of parasitic amphipods are the whale lice (family Cyamidae); unlike other amphipods, these are dorso-ventrally flattened, and have large, strong claws, with which they attach themselves to baleen whales. They are the only parasitic crustaceans which cannot swim during any part of their life cycle.[22]

Most amphipods are detritivores or scavengers,[4] with some being grazers of algae, omnivores or predators[5] on small insects and crustaceans.[4] Food is grasped with the front two pairs of legs which are armed with large claws.[4]

Names and etymology

[ Back to top ]

The name Amphipoda comes, via the New Latin amphipoda, from the Greek roots ??f? ("different") and p??? ("foot"), in reference to the two kinds of legs t hat amphipods possess. This contrasts with the related Isopoda, which have a single kind of thoracic leg.[23] Particularly among anglers, amphipods are known as freshwater shrimp, scuds or sideswimmers.[4][24]

External links

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References

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  1. ^ "Amphipoda". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=93294. 
  2. ^ a b c J. K. Lowry & R. T. Springthorpe. "Introduction". Amphipoda: Families. Australian Museum. http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/amphipoda/index.htm. Retrieved April 5, 2010. 
  3. ^ J. Anthony Friend & Alastair M. M. Richardson (1986). "Biology of terrestrial amphipods". Annual Review of Entomology 31: 25?48. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.000325. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sam Wade, Tracy Corbin & Linda-Marie McDowell (2004). "Class Crustacea" (PDF). Critter Catalogue. A guide to the aquatic invertebrates of South Australian inland waters. Waterwatch South Australia. ISBN 1-876562-67-6. http://www.sa.waterwatch.org.au/pdfs/critters_5_crustaceans.pdf. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Order Amphipoda". Guide to the marine zooplankton of south eastern Australia. Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute. 2008. http://www.tafi.org.au/zooplankton/imagekey/malacostraca/peracarida/amphipoda/amphipoda.html. 
  6. ^ a b< /sup> c John R. Holsinger. "What are amphipods?". Old Dominion University. http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Holsinger/jrh/whatis.htm. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 
  7. ^ J. Laurens Barnard, Darl E. Bowers & Eugene C. Haderlie (1980). "Amphipoda: The Amphipods and Allies". In Robert H. Morris, Robert Hugh Morris, Donald Putnam Abbott & Eugene Clinton Haderlie. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. pp. 559?566. ISBN 0-8047-1045-7. 
  8. ^ J. Laurens Barnard & Camilla L. Ingram (1986). "The supergiant amphipod Alicella gigantea Chevreux from the North Pacific Gyre". Journal o f Crustacean Biology 6 (4): 825?839. doi:10.2307/1548395. JSTOR 1548395. 
  9. ^ T. Wolff (1969). "The fauna of Rennell and Bellona, Solomon Islands". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 255 (800): 321?343. doi:10.1098/rstb.1969.0014. JSTOR 2416857. 
  10. ^ L. S. Peck & G. Chapelle (2003). "Reduced oxygen at high altitude limits maximum size". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270: S166?S167. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0054. 
  11. ^ Carl Linnaeus (1758). Systema Na turae (10th ed.). 
  12. ^ S. Pinkster (1970). "Redescription of Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758) based on neotype material (Amphipoda)". Crustaceana 18 (2): 177?186. doi:10.1163/156854070X00798. JSTOR 20101677. 
  13. ^ R. Vonk & F. R. Schram (2003). "Ingolfiellidea (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Amphipoda): a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis". Contributions to Zoology 72 (1): 39?72. http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol72/nr01/art03. 
  14. ^ a b Joel W. M artin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 132. http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf. 
  15. ^ A. A. Myers & J. K. Lowry (2003). "A phylogeny and a new classification of the Corophiidea Leach, 1814 (Amphipoda)". Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (2): 443?485. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0443:APAANC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1549648. 
  16. ^ John M. Foster, Sara E. LeCroy, Richard W. Heard & Rita Vargas (2009). "Gammaridean Amphipods". In Ingo S. Wehrtmann & Jorge Cort?s. Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands. pp. 265?274. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8278-8. ISBN 978-1-4020-8278-8. 
  17. ^ WoRMS (2011). "Amphipoda". In J. Lowry. World Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1135. Retrieved October 8, 2011. 
  18. ^ E. L. Bousfield & G. O. Poinar, Jr. (1994). "A new terrestrial amphipod from tertiary amber deposits of Chiapas province, Southern Mexico". Historical Biology 7 (2): 105?114. doi:10.1080/102923894 09380448. 
  19. ^ G. R. Harbison, D. C. Biggs & L. P. Madin (1977). "The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton. II. Associations with Cnidaria, Cteuophora and Radiolaria". Deep-Sea Research 24 (5): 465?488. doi:10.1016/0146-6291(77)90484-2. 
  20. ^ M. A. Minor & A. W. Robertson (March 5, 2010). "Amphipoda". Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates. Massey University. http://soilbugs.massey.ac.nz/amphipoda.php. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 
  21. ^ Horton H. Hobbs, III (2003). "Crustacea". In J ohn Gunn (PDF). Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science. Routledge. pp. 254?257. ISBN 978-1579583996. http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/caves/crustacea.pdf. 
  22. ^ Tim Goater (May 4, 1996). "Parasitic Amphipoda". Interactive Parasitology. Vancouver Island University. http://web.viu.ca/goatert/PARASITE/PARAMPH.HTM. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 
  23. ^ "Amphipoda". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
  24. ^ Brian Chan. "Freshwater shrimp (scuds, sideswimmers) ? Class: Crustacea, Order: Amphipoda". Fly Fishers' Republic. http://www.flyfishersrepublic.com/entomology/crustaceans/freshwater-shrimp/. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 

Taxonomy

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The Order Amphipoda is further organized into finer groupings including:

Families

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Acanthogammaridae

Acanthogammaridae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, endemic to Lake Baikal. It contains the following subfamilies and genera: [more]

Acanthonotozomatidae

[more]

Acanthonotozomellidae

Acanthonotozomatidae is a family of Amphipoda comprising five genera (including those previously placed in the family Acanthonotozomellidae): [more]

Aeginellidae

Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps. Caprellidae contains 88 genera in three subfamilies. [more]

Allocrangonyctidae

Allocrangonyx is a genus of troglobitic amphipod crustaceans from the South Central United States. The two species are both listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The animals are blind and unpigmented. During the male's development, the outer ramus of the third uropod differentiates into secondary segments and grows to a length greater than the animal's body length. [more]

Amaryllididae

Amaryllididae is a family of marine benthic amphipods found throughout the southern hemisphere. These smooth, laterally compressed amphipods can be distinguished by the accessory setal row of the mandible having a distal tuft. It contains the following genera: [more]

Amathillopsidae

[more]

Ampeliscidae

Ampeliscidae is a family of amphipods, distinct enough to warrant placement in a monotypic superfamily Ampeliscoidea. They are benthic, found at the bottom of seas and oceans. They are distributed worldwide, and are often abundant in areas with fine sediments. They live in infaunal tubes, constructed from "amphipod silk" and sediment. [more]

Amphilochidae

Amphilochidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, containing the following genera: [more]

Amphithoidae

[more]

Amphitoidae

[more]

Ampithoidae

[more]

Anamixidae

Leucothoidae is a family of amphipods. It contains 138 species in 6 genera: [more]

Anapronoidae

[more]

Anatylidae

[more]

Anisogammaridae

Anisogammaridae is a family of small benthic amphipods. [more]

Aoridae

[more]

Archaeoscinidae

[more]

Argissidae

[more]

Aristiidae

[more]

Artesiidae

[more]

Astyridae

[more]

Bateidae

Bateidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, comprising the single genus Batea, which in turn contains thirteen species: [more]

Biancolinidae

[more]

Bogidiellidae

[more]

Bougisidae

[more]

Calliopidae

Calliopiidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Calliopiidae

Calliopiidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Caprellidae

Caprellidae is a of amphipods. [more]

Caprellidea

Caprellinoididae

Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps. Caprellidae contains 88 genera in three subfamilies. [more]

Caprogammaridae

[more]

Carangoliopsidae

[more]

Caspicolidae

[more]

Ceinidae

Ceinidae is a family of amphipods. Until 1972, they were considered part of the family Phliantidae. Some genera previously included in this family have been transferred to the family Hyalidae. [more]

Cheluridae

Cheluridae is a family of amphipods. It is the only family classified under the superfamily Cheluroidea. [more]

Chuneolidae

[more]

Colomastigidae

[more]

Condukiidae

[more]

Corophiidae

Corophiidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Crangonyctidae

Crangonyctidae is a family of cave-dwelling freshwater amphipod crustaceans. It contains the following genera: [more]

Cressidae

Cressidae is a family of amphipods. The family contains two genera: [more]

Cyamidae

A whale louse is a parasitic crustacean of the family Cyamidae. They are related to the better-known skeleton shrimp, most species of which are found in shallower waters. Whale lice are external parasites, found in skin lesions, genital folds, nostrils and eyes of marine mammals of the order Cetacea. These include not only whales but also dolphins and porpoises. [more]

Cyllopodidae

[more]

Cyphocarididae

[more]

Cyproideidae

Cyproideidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans. Eighteen genera and 43 species have been described as of 2009. They mostly occur mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, where they form associations with corals, sponges, crinoids and hydroids. [more]

Cystisomatidae

[more]

Dairellidae

[more]

Dexaminidae

Dexaminidae is a family of amphipods. It contains the following genera: [more]

Dogielinotidae

Dogielinotidae is a family of amphipods. It is currently subdivided into three subfamilies, containing a total of twelve genera: [more]

Dulichiidae

[more]

Endevouridae

[more]

Eophliantidae

Eophliantidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Epimeriidae

Epimeriidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Eusiridae

Eusiridae is a family of amphipods. It contains the following genera: [more]

Exoedicerotidae

[more]

Gammaracanthidae

[more]

Gammarellidae

Gammarellidae is a family of amphipods containing three genera: [more]

Gammaridae

Gammaridae is a family of amphipods. In North America they are included among the folk taxonomic category of "scuds", and otherwise gammarids is usually used as a common name. [more]

Gammaroporeiidae

[more]

Hadziidae

Hadziidae is a family of amphipods, which is difficult to distinguish from the related family Melitidae. It contains the following genera: [more]

Haustoriidae

Haustoriidae is a family of amphipods. They are very distinctive stout-bodied burrowing animals. [more]

Hyalellidae

Dogielinotidae is a family of amphipods. It is currently subdivided into three subfamilies, containing a total of twelve genera: [more]

Hyalidae

Hyalidae is a family of amphipods, containing 12 genera in two unequal subfamilies: [more]

Hyperiidae

Hyperiidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Hyperiopsidae

Hyperiopsidae is a family of amphipods, comprising the genera and Parargissa. [more]

Ingolfiellidae

Ingolfiellidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, comprising the following genera: [more]

Iphimediidae

[more]

Isaeidae

Isaeidae is a family of amphipods. It is the only family classified under the superfamily Isaeoidea. It contains the following genera: [more]

Ischyroceridae

Ischyroceridae is a family of amphipods. It contains the following genera: [more]

Iulopididae

[more]

Kuriidae

[more]

Lafystiidae

[more]

Lanceolidae

[more]

Laphystiidae

[more]

Laphystiopsidae

[more]

Lepechinellidae

[more]

Lestrigonidae

[more]

Leucothoidae

Leucothoidae is a family of amphipods. It contains 138 species in 6 genera: [more]

Liljeborgiidae

Liljeborgiidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Lycaeidae

[more]

Lycaeopsidae

[more]

Lysianassidae

Lysianassidae is a family of marine amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Macrohectopidae

[more]

Malacostraca

[more]

Maxillipiidae

[more]

Megaluropidae

[more]

Melitidae

Melitidae is a family of amphipods. It contains around 45 genera, and formerly included a further 40 genera that are now placed in the family . [more]

Melphidippidae

Melphidippidae is a family of amphipods which rest upside-down and feed on particles of food suspended in the water. Three genera are recognised: [more]

Mesogammaridae

[more]

Metaingolfiellidae

[more]

Microphasmatidae

[more]

Microphasmidae

[more]

Mimonectidae

[more]

Najnidae

[more]

Neomegamphopidae

Neomegamphopidae is a family of amphipods, comprising the two genera and Neomegamphopus. A third genus, Komatopus, may be a synonym of Magaropsis. [more]

Neoniphargidae

[more]

Nihotungidae

[more]

Niphargidae

Niphargidae is a family of amphipods. It contains the following genera: [more]

Ochlesidae

Ochlesidae is a family of amphipods. They are very small, often less than 1.5 millimetres (0.06 in) long, and are found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas of the Southern Hemisphere. The family Odiidae has sometimes been subsumed into Ochlesidae. [more]

Odiidae

Odiidae is a family of amphipods, sometimes included in the family Ochlesidae. It includes the following genera: [more]

Oedicerotidae

Oedicerotidae is a family of amphipods. It comprises the following genera: [more]

Opisidae

[more]

Orchestiidae

[more]

Oxycephalidae

[more]

Pagetinidae

[more]

Paracalliopiidae

[more]

Paracercopidae

Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps. Caprellidae contains 88 genera in three subfamilies. [more]

Paracrangonytidae

[more]

Paramelitidae

Paramelitidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Paramphithoidae

[more]

Paraphronimidae

[more]

Parascelidae

[more]

Pardaliscidae

Pardaliscidae is a family of amphipods, including the deepest collections made by the Galathea expeditions. It contains the following genera: [more]

Pariambidae

Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps. Caprellidae contains 88 genera in three subfamilies. [more]

Phliantidae

Phliantidae is a family of isopod-like amphipod crustaceans chiefly from the southern hemisphere. [more]

Photidae

[more]

Phoxocephalidae

[more]

Phreatogammaridae

[more]

Phronimidae

Phronimidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans, containing two genera: [more]

Phrosinidae

[more]

Phtisicidae

Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps. Caprellidae contains 88 genera in three subfamilies. [more]

Platyischnopidae

Platyischnopidae is a family of amphipod crustaceans. Its members are characterised by the conical rostrum, which is covered with sensory pits at the end. Although digging behaviour has only been directly observed in a few taxa, it is assumed that all the animals in the family Platyischnopidae are . The genera included in Platyischnopidae are Skaptopus, Platyischnopus, Indischnopus, Tiburonella, Eudevenopus, Tittakunara, Tomituka and Yurrokus. [more]

Platyscelidae

[more]

Pleustidae

[more]

Podoceridae

Podoceridae is a family of amphipods. It contains eight genera: [more]

Pontogammaridae

[more]

Pontogeneiidae

[more]

Pontoporeiidae

Pontoporeiidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Pronoidae

[more]

Prophliantidae

[more]

Proscinidae

[more]

Protellidae

Caprellidae is a family of amphipods commonly known as skeleton shrimps. Their common name denotes the threadlike slender body which allows them to virtually disappear among the fine filaments of seaweed, hydroids and bryozoans. They are sometimes also known as ghost shrimps. Caprellidae contains 88 genera in three subfamilies. [more]

Pseudocrangonyctidae

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Salentinellidae

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Scinidae

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Scopelocheiridae

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Sebidae

Sebidae is a family of amphipods. Its members are disjunctly distributed, occurring in the Mediterranean Sea, eastern and southern parts of the Atlantic Ocean, the southern United States, the Hawaiian Islands, the Indian Ocean, Antarctica and Australia. [more]

Sicafodiidae

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Stegocephalidae

Stegocephalidae is a little-studied family of amphipods belonging to the suborder Gammaridea. [more]

Stenothoidae

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Stilipedidae

Stilipedidae is a family of amphipods, containing the following genera: [more]

Synopiidae

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Talitridae

Talitridae is a family of amphipods. Commonly, many of the North American fresh water species of this family are called scuds. Terrestrial species are often referred to as landhoppers and beach dwellers are called sandhoppers or sand fleas. Marine amphipods are often washed up in the strandline, but die rapidly on drying out. Talitrids differ in being able to survive for a long time out of water; some Southern Hemisphere species are entirely terrestrial. [more]

Temnophliantidae

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Thaumatelsonidae

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Thaumatopsidae

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Tulearidae

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Typhlogammaridae

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Uristidae

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Urohaustoriidae

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Urothoidae

Urothoidae is a family of small marine amphipod crustaceans. Members of the family are found worldwide and are mainly detrivores and interface grazers, though some are also facultative filter feeders. [more]

Valettidae

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Vibiliidae

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Vitjazianidae

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Zobrachoidae

[more]

More info about the Family Zobrachoidae may be found here.

References

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  1. ^ "Amphipoda". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=93294. 
  2. ^ a b c J. K. Lowry & R. T. Springthorpe. "Introduction". Amphipoda: Families. Australian Museum. http://www.crustacea.net/crustace/amphipoda/index.htm. Retrieved April 5, 2010. 
  3. ^ J. Anthony Friend & Alastair M. M. Richardson (1986). "Biology of terrestrial amphipods". Annual Review of Entomology 31: 25?48. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.000325. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sam Wade, Tracy Corbin & Linda-Marie McDowell (2004). "Class Crustacea" (PDF). Critter Catalogue. A guide to the aquatic invertebrates of South Australian inland waters. Waterwatch South Australia. ISBN 1-876562-67-6. http://www.sa.waterwatch.org.au/pdfs/critters_5_crustaceans.pdf. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Order Amphipoda". Guide to the marine zooplankton of south eastern Australia. Tasmanian Aquaculture & Fisheries Institute. 2008. http://www.tafi.org.au/zooplankton/imagekey/malacostraca/peracarida/amphipoda/amphipoda.html. 
  6. ^ a b c John R. Holsinger. "What are amphipods?". Old Dominion University. http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Holsinger/jrh/whatis.htm. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 
  7. ^ J. Laurens Barnard, Darl E. Bowers & Eugene C. Haderlie (1980). "Amphipoda: The Amphipods and Allies". In Robert H. Morris, Robert Hugh Morris, Donald Putnam Abbott & Eugene Clinton Haderlie. Intertidal Invertebrates of California. Stanford University Press. pp. 559?566. ISBN 0-8047-1045-7. 
  8. ^ J. Laurens Barnard & Camilla L. Ingram (1986). "The supergiant amphipod Alicella gigantea Chevreux from the North Pacific Gyre". Journal of Crustacean Biology 6 (4): 825?839. doi:10.2307/1548395. JSTOR 1548395. 
  9. ^ T. Wolff (1969). "The fauna of Rennell and Bellona, Solomon Islands". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 255 (800): 321?343. doi:10.1098/rstb.1969.0014. JSTOR 2416857. 
  10. ^ L. S. Peck & G. Chapelle (2003). "Reduced oxygen at high altitude limits maximum size". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270: S166?S167. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0054. 
  11. ^ Carl Linnaeus (1758). Systema Naturae (10th ed.). 
  12. ^ S. Pinkster (1970). "Redescription of Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758) based on neotype material (Amphipoda)". Crustaceana 18 (2): 177?186. doi:10.1163/156854070X00798. JSTOR 20101677. 
  13. ^ R. Vonk & F. R. Schram (2003). "Ingolfiellidea (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Amphipoda): a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis". Contributions to Zoology 72 (1): 39?72. http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol72/nr01/art03. 
  14. ^ a b Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 132. http://ati niui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf. 
  15. ^ A. A. Myers & J. K. Lowry (2003). "A phylogeny and a new classification of the Corophiidea Leach, 1814 (Amphipoda)". Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (2): 443?485. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0443:APAANC]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1549648. 
  16. ^ John M. Foster, Sara E. LeCroy, Richard W. Heard & Rita Vargas (2009). "Gammaridean Amphipods". In Ingo S. Wehrtmann & Jorge Cort?s. Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Monographiae Biologicae. Springer Netherlands. pp. 265?274. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8278-8. ISBN 978-1-4020-8278-8. 
  17. ^ WoRMS (2011). "Amphipoda". In J. Lowry. World Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1135. Retrieved October 8, 2011. 
  18. ^ E. L. Bousfield & G. O. Poinar, Jr. (1994). "A new terrestrial amphipod from tertiary amber deposits of Chiapas province, Southern Mexico". Historical Biology 7 (2): 105?114. doi:10.1080/10292389409380448. 
  19. ^ G. R. Harbison, D. C. Biggs & L. P. Madin (1977). "The associations of Amphipoda Hyperiidea with gelatinous zooplankton. II. Associations with Cnidaria, Cteuophora and Radiolaria". Deep-Sea Research 24 (5): 465?488. doi:10.1016/0146-6291(77)90484-2. 
  20. ^ M. A. Minor & A. W. Robertson (March 5, 2010). "Amphipoda". Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates. Massey University. http://soilbugs.massey.ac.nz/amphipoda.php. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 
  21. ^ Horton H. Hobbs, III (2003). "Crustacea". In John Gunn (PDF). Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science. Routledge. pp. 254?257. ISBN 978-1579583996. http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/caves/crustacea.pdf. 
  22. ^ Tim Goater (May 4, 1996). "Parasitic Amphipoda". Interactive Parasitology. Vancouver Island University. http://web.viu.ca/goatert/PARASITE/PARAMPH.HTM. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 
  23. ^ "Amphipoda". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
  24. ^ Brian Chan. "Freshwater shrimp (scuds, sideswimmers) ? Class: Crustacea, Order: Amphipoda". Fly Fishers' Republic. h ttp://www.flyfishersrepublic.com/entomology/crustaceans/freshwater-shrimp/. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 

Sources

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Last Revised: August 24, 2012
2012/08/24 13:08:46