Zonotrichia leucophrys

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: arid lowland scrubs, riparian thickets, arid lowland scrubs, second-growth scrub, arid lowland scrubs, pastures and agricultural lands • Maximum Elevation: 2,600 meters • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Low

Ecology: List of Habitats : 1.1 Forest - Boreal 3.3 Shrubland - Boreal 3.4 Shrubland - Temperate 4.4 Grassland - Temperate

Biology

Diet

Primarily: Seeds. Lesser Quantities of: Insects.

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Successional-scrub
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 2-5
• Length of Incubation : 12(11-14) days
• Days to Fledge : 7-12
• Number of Broods: 2-3, occasionally 4, 1 in far north

Migration

Nothern birds migrate

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

White-Throated Sparrow, Harris's Sparrow

Members of the genus Zonotrichia

There are approximately 58 species in this genus:

Z. albicollis (White-Throated Sparrow) · Z. atricapilla (Golden-Crowned Sparrow) · Z. canicapilla · Z. capensis (Rufous-Collared Sparrow) · Z. capensis antillarum · Z. capensis antofagastae · Z. capensis argentina · Z. capensis australis · Z. capensis capensis · Z. capensis chilensis · Z. capensis choraules · Z. capensis costaricensis · Z. capensis huancabambae · Z. capensis hypoleuca · Z. capensis insularis · Z. capensis matutina · Z. capensis orestera · Z. capensis peruviensis · Z. capensis pulacayensis · Z. capensis roraimae · Z. capensis sanborni · Z. capensis septentrionalis · Z. capensis subtorquata · Z. coronata · Z. gambelii · Z. georgiana · Z. georgiana georgiana · Z. hemisphaerica · Z. iliaca · Z. iliaca iliaca · Z. iliaca megarhyncha · Z. intermedia · Z. leucophrys (Western White-Crowned Finch) · Z. leucophrys gambeli · Z. leucophrys gambelii · Z. leucophrys gambelli · Z. leucophrys leucophrys (Western White-Crowned Finch) · Z. leucophrys nuttalii · Z. leucophrys nuttalli · Z. leucophrys oriantha · Z. leucophrys pugetensis · Z. leucophrys ssp · Z. leucophrys x · Z. leucophyrs · Z. lincolnii · Z. melodia · Z. melodia azteca · Z. melodia fisherella · Z. melodia heermani · Z. melodia melodia · Z. melodia morphna · Z. mystacalis · Z. pileata · Z. querula (Harris's Sparrow) · Z. querula querula (Mourning Sparrow) · Z. robusta · Z. strigiceps · Z. strigiceps dabbenei

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A bibliography of birds: with special reference to anatomy, behavior, biochemistry --. by Reuben Myron Strong. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1939 UND url p. 275.
• A catalogue of the flowering plants and higher cryptogams, both native and introduced, found within about thirty miles of Hanover, N. H., including a few cultivated species, to which is appended a list of vertebrate animals of the same region. By Henry Je [Hanover?]Printed for the Author, 1891. ENG url p. 73.
• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. ENG url p. 57.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. ENG url p. 19.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agas BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904. ENG url p. 164.
• A history of North American birds, by S.F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Land birds, illustrated by 64 chromo-lithographic plates and 593 woodcuts. Boston, Little, Brown, 1875. ENG url p. 514.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby and co., 1912. ENG url p. 363, p. 364, p. 366.
• A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen. Manchester, N.H., Nature Study press, 1903. ENG url p. 141, p. 222.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887. ENG url p. 415, p. 417.
• A review of the birds of Connecticut. By C. Hart Merriam. New Haven, Tuttle, Morehouse and Taylor, Printers, 1877. ENG url p. 141, p. 142.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• American birds, studied and photographed from life, by William Lovell Finley; illustrated from photographs by Herman T. Bohlman and the author. New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1907. ENG url p. 160.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 598.
• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. ENG url p. 464.
• Animal life in the Yosemite; an account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Irwin Storer Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1924. ENG url p. 446.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- ENG url p. 572.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 128, p. 154, p. 157, p. 349, p. 437, p. 594.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 55, p. 60.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 273, p. 274.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C., USA. 79.
• Bird guide: land birds east of the Rockies from parrots to bluebirds / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1916, c1909. ENG url p. 97.
• Bird-life: a guide to the study of our common birds / by Frank M. Chapman; illustrated by Ernest Seton Thompson. New York: Appleton, 1900. ENG url p. 195.
• Bird-lore. New York, National Association of Audubon Societies. ENG url p. 106, p. 157.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birdcraft: a field book of two hundred song, game, and water birds / by Mabel Osgood Wright. ..; with eighty full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. New York: Macmillan Co., c1897. ENG url p. 150, p. 317.
• Birds of California; an introduction to more than three hundred common birds of the state and adjacent islands, with a supplementary list of rare migrants, accidental visitants, and hypothetical subspecies, by Irene Grosvenor Wheelock with ten fullpag Chicago, A.C. McClurg and Co., 1912. ENG url p. 224.
• Birds of New York / by Elon Howard Eaton. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1910-1914. ENG url p. 301, p. 303, p. 624.
• Birds of the Boston Public garden, a study in migration, by Horace Winslow Wright; with an introduction by Bradford Torrey and illustrations. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin co., 1909. ENG url p. 107.
• Birds of the Colorado Valley: a repository of scientific and popular information concerning North American ornithology / by Elliott Coues. Washington: G.P.O., 1878. ENG url p. 625, p. 745.
• Birds of the Northwest: a hand-book of the ornithology of the region drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries / by Elliott Coues. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1874. ENG url p. 154, p. 156.
• Birds of the Pacific coast, including a brief account of the distribution and habitat of one hundred and eighteen birds that are more or less common to the Pacific coast states and British Columbia, many of which are found east by Willard Ayres Eliot; wi New York, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1923. ENG url p. 194.
• Birds. With the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Washington, D.C., 1858. ENG url p. 458, p. 460, p. 463, p. 927.
• Brigham Young University science bulletin. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] ENG url p. 12, p. 2, p. 4, p. 4, p. 49, p. 57, p. 72.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 1063, p. 1273, p. 1292, p. 1306, p. 1315, p. 1320, p. 1321, p. 1336, p. 142, p. 165, p. 1691, p. 1750, p. 1827, p. 1844, p. 1854, p. 1855, p. 1856, p. 1862, p. 24, p. 245, p. 263, p. 266, p. 30, p. 331, p. 336, p. 339, p. 341, p. 342, p. 343, p. 414, p. 49, p. 690, p. 696, p. 70, p. 82, p. 93.
• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. New Haven: The Museum, ENG url p. 200.
• Bulletin of the Bird Club of Princeton University. Princeton, N.J.: The Club, 1901. ENG url p. 24, p. 63.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. ENG url p. 154, p. 17, p. 174, p. 182, p. 20, p. 32, p. 33, p. 37, p. 92.
• Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, 1878-[1918]. ENG url p. 331.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 127, p. 143, p. 156, p. 163, p. 167, p. 177, p. 195, p. 233, p. 236, p. 241, p. 399, p. 402, p. 413, p. 489, p. 589, p. 594, p. 621, p. 642, p. 646.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] ENG url p. 121, p. 144, p. 165, p. 195, p. 66, p. 94.
• Bulletin of the scientific laboratories of Denison University. Granville, Ohio: [The University], 1885- ENG url p. 140.
• Camps and cruises of an ornithologist, by Frank M. Chapman with 250 photographs from nature by the author. New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1908. ENG url p. 267.
• Cassinia. Philadelphia, Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. ENG url p. 63, p. 69, p. 73, p. 73, p. 75.
• Catalogue of Canadian birds, by John Macoun and James M. Macoun Ottawa, Government printing bureau, 1909. ENG url p. 511.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. by Charles E. Hellmayr. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1938. ENG url p. 566, p. 567, p. 568, p. 569.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 761.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 596, p. 603, p. 604, p. 606.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. ENG url p. 273, p. 274.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 351.
• Des hybrides à l'état sauvage. Règne animal. 1. volume. (Classe des oiseaux) par André Suchetet Lille, Impr. Le Bigot frères, 1896. FRE url p. 182, p. 273.
• Des hybrides 't sauvage. Re animal. 1. volume. (Classe des oiseaux) par Andruchetet Lille, Impr. Le Bigot frs, 1896. FRE url p. 182.
• Directory of zoological taxonomists of the world, compiled by Richard E. and Ruth M. Blackwelder. Carbondale, Ill., Published for the Society of Systematic Zoology by Southern Illinois University Press, 1961. ENG url p. 295.
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 140, p. 389.
• Fauna of New England, 11: list of the aves / by Glover M. Allen. Boston: Society of Natural History, 1909. ENG url p. 158, p. 7.
• Fauna of New England. List of the Araneida. Boston, For Society, 1908. ENG url p. 7.
• Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, by Olaus J. Murie. Invertebrates and fishes collected in the Aleutians, 1936-38, by Victor B. Scheffer. [Washington, Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1959] ENG url p. 247.
• Field ornithology. Comprising a manual of instruction for procuring, preparing and preserving birds, and a check list of North American birds, by Elliott Coues. Salem [Mass.]Naturalists' Agency, 1874. ENG url p. 39.
• First report of the state zoist: accompanied with Notes on the birds of Minnesota / by P.L. Hatch, Henry F. Nachtrieb, state zoist. Minneapolis: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: 1892. ENG url p. 320, p. 464.
• Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. ENG url p. 50.
• Grønland-Expedition der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1891-1893 / unter Leitung von Erich von Drygalski. Berlin: W.H. Kühl, 1897. GER url p. 76.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 161, p. 213, p. 218, p. 220, p. 222, p. 268, p. 80.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. ENG url p. 46, p. 61.
• History of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Illustrating 529 birds. Topeka, Kan., G. W. Crane, 1891. ENG url p. 454, p. 456.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 3, p. 6, p. 76, p. 85.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and lower California Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1890. ENG url p. 900.
• Les oiseaux de la province le Quebec, par C.-E. Dionne. Quebec, Dussault and Proulx, 1906. FRE url p. 310.
• Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1886- ENG url p. 141, p. 269, p. 276.
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931- ENG url p. 221, p. 257, p. 259.
• Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston[Boston Society of Natural History]1862-1878. ENG url p. 489, p. 490, p. 505, p. 517.
• Michigan bird life: a list of all the bird species known to occur in the State together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, with special reference to its relation t by Walter Bradford Barrows. Lansing: Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. ENG url p. 503.
• Mires de la Soci zoologique de France. Paris: Au Siege de la Soci, 1888- FRE url p. 256, p. 347.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas, 1946-1996. ENG url p. 59, p. 6, p. 64.
• Nests and eggs of North American birds; by Oliver Davie. Columbus [O.]Hann and Adair, 1889. ENG url p. 305, p. 306.
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, ENG url p. 148, p. 266, p. 346.
• Ornithological bibliography. [Washington: Geological Survey [etc.], 1878-1880. ENG url p. 630.
• Ornithologist and oist. Pawtucket, R.I. ENG url p. 113, p. 4.
• Ornithology and oy of New England: containing full descriptions of the birds of New England, and adjoining states and provinces by Edward A. Samuels. Boston, Nichols and Noyes, 1867. ENG url p. 309, p. 371.
• Ornithology. v. 1. Land Birds. Ed. By S. F. Baird, from the manuscript and notes of J. G. Cooper. [Cambridge, Mass., University press] pub. by authority of the Legislature [of California]1870. ENG url p. 196.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 39, p. 52, p. 53, p. 70, p. 77, p. 99.
• Photoperiodism and related phenomena in plants and animals; proceedings, edited by Robert B. Withrow, with the cooperation of Arthur C. Giese [and others]. Washington, 1959. ENG url p. 703, p. 734, p. 883.
• Point Lobos Reseerve; State Park, California. Interpretation of a primitive landscape. Sacramento, [State Print. Off., 1954] ENG url p. 96.
• Postilla. New Haven, Peabody Museum of Natural History, 1950-2004. ENG url p. 40.
• Proceedings and transactions of the Royal Society of Canada. Délibérations et mémoires de la Société royale du Canada. Ottawa [etc.]Société royale du Canada. FRE url p. 192.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 126, p. 139, p. 144, p. 149, p. 214, p. 219, p. 223, p. 28, p. 489, p. 853, p. 857, p. 98.
• Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge. Philadelphia: The Society ENG url p. 172.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 122, p. 139, p. 209.
• Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston [etc.]Boston Society of Natural History. ENG url p. 126, p. 236.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 284, p. 326, p. 775, p. 781.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 154.
• Proceedings of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union. Lincoln, [1900-15] ENG url p. 36.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 126, p. 18, p. 191, p. 200, p. 241, p. 30, p. 415, p. 439, p. 520, p. 531, p. 540, p. 572, p. 594, p. 67, p. 675, p. 676.
• Report of the State Zo©logist. Minneapolis. ENG url p. 320.
• Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler [...] under the direction of the chief of engineers, U.S. Army. Published by authority of [...] the secretary of war in accordanc Washington: Govt. print. off., 1875-89. ENG url p. 260, p. 261.
• Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. (Length and wingspan info.)
• Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1961. ENG url p. 1135, p. 1164, p. 1360.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 101, p. 11, p. 179, p. 415, p. 9.
• Teachers' manual of bird-life: a guide to the study of our common birds / by Frank M. Chapman. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899. ENG url p. 195.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, ENG url p. 137, p. 260, p. 266, p. 330, p. 339, p. 441, p. 506, p. 542, p. 73.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, The Ottawa-Field-Naturalists Club. ENG url p. 165, p. 51.
• The Canadian naturalist and geologist. Montreal, Dawson. ENG url p. 147, p. 301.
• The Canadian naturalist and quarterly journal of science. Montreal, Dawson. ENG url p. 157.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 267, p. 288, p. 337, p. 486, p. 499, p. 50, p. 521, p. 69, p. 84.
• The Ohio journal of science. [Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science] ENG url p. 376, p. 43.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 146, p. 201, p. 30, p. 31, p. 56, p. 68, p. 72, p. 75, p. 78, p. 93.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 1214, p. 1375, p. 1393, p. 152, p. 247.
• The bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred North American birds; also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page and company, 1915. ENG url p. 343.
• The birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. Chicago, 1909. ENG url p. 205, p. 205, p. 214, p. 214, p. 591, p. 591, p. 592, p. 592, p. 764, p. 764.
• The birds of New England and adjacent states: containing descriptions of the birds of New England, and adjoining states and provinces, arranged by a long-approved classification and nomenclature with illustrations of many species of the birds By Edwa Boston: Noyes, Holmes, and company, 1875. ENG url p. 371.
• The birds of Ohio; a complete scientific and popular description of the 320 species of birds found in the state. With introd. and analytical keys by Lynds Jones; illustrated with photos. taken by the author and others. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co., 1903. ENG url p. 66, p. 67.
• The birds of Ontario; being a concise account of every species of bird known to have been found in Ontario with a description of their nests and eggs and instructions for collecting birds and preparing and preserving skins By Thomas McIlwraith. London, T. F. Unwin, 1894. ENG url p. 318.
• The birds of Washington: a complete, scientific and popular account of the 372 species of birds found in the state / by William Leon Dawson, assisted by John Hooper Bowles. Illustrated by more than 300 original half-tones of birds in life, nests, eggs, Seattle: Occidental Pub. Co., 1909. ENG url p. 135.
• The birds of Wyoming / By Wilbur C. Knight. Laramie, Wyo.: Wyoming Experiment Station, 1902. ENG url p. 282.
• The birds of eastern North America known to occur east of the nineteenth meridian by Charles B. Cory Chicago, Printed for the Field Columbian Museum [by A. Mudge], 1899. ENG url p. 373.
• The birds of eastern North America: known to occur east of the ninetieth meridian / by Charles B. Cory. Chicago: Field Columbian Museum, 1899. ENG url p. 373.
• The book of birds; common birds of town and country and American game birds, by Henry W. Henshaw; illustrated in natural colors with 250 paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Washington, D.C., National geographic society[1921] ENG url p. 16.
• The code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union; being the report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature. New York, 1886. ENG url p. 270.
• The ecology of Tijuana Estuary, California: a national estuarine research reserve / by Joy B. Zedler, Christopher S. Nordby and Barbara E. Kus. [Washington, D.C.: NOAA Office of Coastal Resource Management, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division], 1992. ENG url p. 30.
• The naturalist of the Saint Croix. Memoir of George A. Boardman. A selection from his correspondence and published writings, notices of friends and contemporaries, with his list of the birds of Maine and New Brunswick. By Samuel Lane Boardman... Bangor, Priv. print., 1903. ENG url p. 304.
• The naturalist's guide in collecting and preserving objects of natural history: with a complete catalogue of the birds of the eastern Massachusetts / by C.J. Maynard; with illustrations by E.L. Weeks. Boston: Osgood, 1873, c1870. ENG url p. 118.
• The oist. Albion, N.Y.: Frank H. Lattin, 1886-1941. ENG url p. 195.
• The ornithology of Illinois / [by Robert Ridgway and S.A. Forbes]. Springfield, Ill., H.W. Rokker, printer, 1889-1895. ENG url p. 265, p. 267.
• The ornithology of Illinois. Part I. Descriptive catalogue. By Robert Ridgway. Part II. Economic ornithology. By S. A. Forbes. Pub. by the authority of the state Legislature. Springfield, Ill., H. W. Rokker, printer, 1889-95. ENG url p. 25, p. 265, p. 267, p. 32.
• The sport of bird-study / by Herbert Keightley Job; profusely illustrated with photographs from life by the author. New York: Macmillan, 1922, c1908. ENG url p. 304.
• Transactions - The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Haven: Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences; distributed by Archon Books, Hamden, Conn. [etc.], 1866- ENG url p. 141, p. 145, p. 40.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Geo. W. Martin, ENG url p. 108, p. 172, p. 25.
• Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature. Baltimore: The Academy, 1837. ENG url p. 334.
• Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. [San Diego]: The Society, 1905- ENG url p. 302, p. 332, p. 415, p. 60.
• Transactions of the annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Kansas Pub. House, 1883-1901. ENG url p. 89.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 212, p. 313, p. 353, p. 512, p. 615, p. 657, p. 660, p. 686, p. 691.
• Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening. Copenhagen: Dansk naturhistorisk Forening. DAN url p. 82.
• Videnskabelige meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske forening i Kj©benhavn. Kj©benhavn: Selskabets Bestyrelse, [1849]-1912. DAN url p. 414.
• Zoe: a biological journal. San Francisco. ENG url p. 241.
• Zoe:a biological journal. 1 1890 San Diego, Calif. [etc.]Zoe Publishing Co. ENG url p. 259.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, GER url p. 941.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 4, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 17 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• NatureServe. 2003. Downloadable animal data sets. NatureServe Central Databases. Accessed February 6, 2005.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 29, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• EMAN Provider: PIROP (Shipboard Surveys)
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of New Mexico Museum of Southwestern Biology Bird Collection
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3850249
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179460
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13544898
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179455
• IUCN ID: 53552
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBXA4040
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13628

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.