Vanellus vanellus

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Biome: Marine .

Ecology: Behaviour Most populations of this species are fully migratory6, 10 and travel on a broad front out of Europe10 although some breeding populations in more temperate regions are sedentary6. The species breeds from April to July7 in solitary pairs6 although pairs may also nest close together8, even semi-colonially25, in optimal habitat8. The species may roost communally at night during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons9 and after breeding the species gathers in large flocks for migration6, 7 and remains highly gregarious during the winter9, 10 in flocks of several thousand7. Habitat Breeding The species shows a preference for breeding on wet natural grasslands25, meadows and hay meadows6 with short swards7, 23 and patches of bare soil8 at low altitudes7 (less than 1,000 m )10. It will also breed on grassy moors , swampy heaths6, 8, bogs8 and arable fields6. Non- breeding During the winter the species utilises large open pastures for roosting6 and forages on damp grassland, irrigated land9, stubble and ploughed fields6, riverbanks, lake shores , fresh and saline marshes, drainage ditches, estuaries and mudflats (Africa)9. Diet Its diet consists of adult and larval insects6 (e.g. beetles, ants , Diptera, crickets6, grasshoppers, dragonflies, mayflies, cicadas and Lepidoptera)9, spiders, snails6, earthworms6, 9, frogs , small fish (Africa)9 and seeds or other plant material (Africa)9. Breeding site The nest is a shallow scrape in short grass vegetation6. Management information Short swards are the most profitable foraging habitat for the species23 so the application of cattle-grazing17, preferably intensively (e.g. > 1 cow per hectare ), may be successful in increasing abundances of the species on grasslands15. On coastal grazing saltmarsh however it may be desirable to exclude cattle from selected areas in the spring where the rate of grass growth is slow24. In the UK it has been found that a mosaic of unflooded grassland, winter-flooded grassland and shallow pools may provide optimal conditions for this species to breed16. It has also been found that shallow pools on coastal grazing marshes should be maintained until the end of June, as the aquatic invertebrates contained within them can be an important part of this species's diet22. Another UK study found that the species shows a preference for feeding in rills (relict saltmarsh drainage channels) in coastal grazing marshes, especially those with many branches19. It is possible to attract breeding pairs just by flooding rills during April and May to create water-margin habitats for feeding, rather than extensively flooding the land (i.e. marshes can therefore be managed to encourage lapwing breeding without preventing the grazing of cattle)19. At Lower Lough Erne in Northern Ireland the species showed a preference for nesting in the spring on open areas created by cutting rush beds in mid-winter18. It is also known to show increased hatching successes when ground predators have been excluded by erecting protective cages or fences around individual nests or nesting areas21, 26. The number of breeding pairs on improved grassland was successfully increased on a reserve in Wales by the implementation of a two-year rotation of chisel ploughing, as well as a seasonal sheep and cattle grazing regime and a controlled increase in the water-level20.

[1].

List of Habitats:

•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.4     Shrubland - Temperate   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.4     Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
[more info]

Biology

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

Members of the genus Vanellus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 34 species and subspecies in this genus:

V. albiceps (Whie-Headed Plover) · V. armatus (Blacksmith Lapwing) · V. cayanus (Cayenne Plover) · V. chilensis (Southern Lapwing) · V. chilensis chilensis (Southern Lapwing) · V. cinereus (Gray-Headed Lapwing) · V. coronatus (Crowned Lapwing) · V. coronatus coronatus (Crowned Lapwing) · V. crassirostris (Long-Toed Lapwing) · V. crassirostris crassirostris (Long-Toed Lapwing) · V. duvaucelii (River Lapwing) · V. gregarius (Red-Wattled Lapwing) · V. indicus (Red Wattled Lapwing) · V. indicus indicus (Red-Wattled Lapwing) · V. leucurus (White-Tailed Lapwing) · V. lugubris (Lesser Black-Winged Plover) · V. macropterus (Javanese Wattled Lapwing) · V. malabaricus (Yellow Wattled Lapwing) · V. malarbaricus (Yellow-Wattled Lapwing) · V. melanocephalus (Spot-Breasted Lapwing) · V. melanopterus (Black-Winged Lapwing) · V. melanopterus melanopterus (Black-Winged Lapwing) · V. miles (Masked Lapwing) · V. miles miles (Masked Lapwing) · V. miles novaehollandiae (Australian Spur-Winged Lapwing) · V. resplendens (Andean Lapwing) · V. senegallus (African Wattled Lapwing) · V. senegallus senegallus (African Wattled Lapwing) · V. spinosus (Spur-Winged Lapwing) · V. superciliosus (Brown-Chested Wattled Plover) · V. tectus (Black-Headed Lapwing) · V. tectus tectus (Black-Headed Lapwing) · V. tricolor (Banded Lapwing) · V. vanellus (Northern Lapwing)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 170, p. 236.
• A hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian empire, by E. C. Stuart Baker. .. Bombay, Printed by order of the committee of the Bombay natural history society[1923] url p. 213.
• A handbook to the vertebrate fauna of north Wales. London, Witherby & Co., 1919. url p. 61.
• A history of British birds, with coloured illustrations of their eggs. By Henry Seebohm. London, Pub. for the author by R. H. Porter [etc.]1883-85. url p. 56, p. 57.
• A key to the birds of the lower Yangtse Valley, with popular descriptions of the species commonly seen. By N. Gist Gee. .. and Lacy I. Moffett. Shanghai, Shanghai Mercury Limited, Print., 1917. url p. 69.
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url p. 249, p. 393.
• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 18.
• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url .
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 172.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1900. url , p. 172.
• A monograph of the pheasants / 1 1918 London, England: Published under the auspices of the New York Zoological Society by Witherby & Co., 1918-1922. url p. 175.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada / Boston: Little, Brown, 1921. url , .
• A popular handbook of the ornithology of eastern North America. By Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, and Company, 1896. url p. 429.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Vanellus vanellus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Haus der Natur Salzburg, Haus der Natur Salzburg
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• UK National Biodiversity Network, RSPB - Wader breeding survey in the Broads ESA in 1995
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176481
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176481
• IUCN ID: 248313
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 142235

Footnotes

1. BirdLife International 2009. Vanellus vanellus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.