Turdus grayi

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

The National Bird of Costa Rica.

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Enjoys cultivated areas, including lawns and gardens, pastures.

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, tropical deciduous forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, second-growth forests and woodlands • Maximum Elevation: 2,500 meters • Foraging Strata: Midstory • Center of Abundance: Lower tropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; tropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,401 meters (0 to 7,877 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.5     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
  
•     14.3     Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations   
  
•     14.4     Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens   
  
•     14.5     Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas   
  
•     14.6     Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Earthworms, slugs, insects, fruit, and sometimes lizards. May follow army ants . Forages on ground , tossing litter aside with its bill.

Reproduction

Nest is a large bowl of vegetation, with mud in the middle layer, placed in a firm, hidden support . Lays 2-3 pale to bright blue eggs in March-July. May have 2 broods.

Migration

Nonmigratory

Behavior

After landing, spreads and closes tail while flipping it up and down .

Predators:

Vigorously mobs Brown Jays (Cyanocorax morio).

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Turdus grayi Bonaparte 1837

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

First described: Bonaparte, Carlo Luciano Nuovi Annal. Sci. Natur. (Bologna), 1: 391-393., 1838.

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

American Robin

Members of the genus Turdus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 108 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

T. abyssinicus (Northern Olive Thrush) · T. abyssinicus abyssinicus (Northern Olive Thrush) · T. albicollis (White-Necked Thrush) · T. albicollis albicollis (White-Necked Thrush) · T. albocinctus (White-Collared Blackbird) · T. amaurochalinus (Creamy-Bellied Thrush) · T. assimilis (White-Throated Thrush) · T. assimilis assimilis (White-Throated Thrush) · T. aurantius (White-Chinned Thrush) · T. bewsheri (Comoros Thrush) · T. bewsheri bewsheri (Comoros Thrush) · T. boulboul (Gray-Winged Blackbird) · T. cardis (Japanese Grey Thrush) · T. cardis cardis (Japanese Grey Thrush) · T. celaenops (Seven Islands Thrush) · T. chiguanco (Chiguanco Thrush) · T. chiguanco chiguanco (Chiguanco Thrush) · T. chrysolaus (Brown Thrush) · T. chrysolaus chrysolaus (Brown-Headed Thrush) · T. dissimilis (Black-Breasted Thrush) · T. falcklandii (Austral Thrush) · T. falcklandii falcklandii (Austral Thrush) · T. feae (Gray-Sided Thrush) · T. flavipes (Yellow-Legged Thrush) · T. fulviventris (Chestnut-Bellied Thrush) · T. fumigatus (Cocoa Thrush) · T. fumigatus fumigatus (Cocoa Thrush) · T. fuscater (Great Thrush) · T. fuscater fuscater (Great Thrush) · T. grayi (Clay-Coloured Thrush) · T. grayi grayi (Clay-Coloured Thrush) · T. graysoni (Grayson's Thrush) · T. haplochrous (Unicoloured Thrush) · T. hauxwelli (Hauxwell's Thrush) · T. helleri (Taita Olive Thrush) · T. hortulorum (Gray-Backed Thrush) · T. ignobilis (Black-Billed Thrush) · T. iliacus (Red-Winged Thrush) · T. iliacus iliacus (Red-Winged Thrush) · T. infuscatus (Black Thrush) · T. jamaicensis (White-Eyed Thrush) · T. kessleri (White-Backed Thrush) · T. lawrencii (Lawrence's Thrush) · T. leucomelas (Pale-Breasted Thrush) · T. leucomelas leucomelas (Pale-Breasted Thrush) · T. leucops (Pale-Eyed Thrush) · T. lherminieri (Forest Thrush) · T. libonyanus (Kurrichane Thrush) · T. libonyanus libonyanus (Kurrichane Thrush) · T. ludoviciae (Somali Blackbird) · T. maculirostris (Ecuadorean Thrush) · T. maranonicus (Mara??n Thrush) · T. menachensis (Yemen Thrush) · T. merula (Eurasian Blackbird) · T. merula merula (Eurasian Blackbird) · T. migratorius (Rocky Mountain Robin) · T. migratorius achrusterus (American Robin) · T. migratorius migratorius (Robin) · T. migratorius propinquus (American Robin) · T. mupinensis (Mongolian Song Thrush) · T. naumanni (Naumann's Thrush) · T. naumanni naumanni (Naumann's Thrush) · T. nigrescens (Sooty Thrush) · T. nigriceps (Andean Slaty-Thrush) · T. nudigenis (Spectacled Thrush) · T. nudigenis nudigenis (American Bare-Eyed Thrush) · T. obscurus (Olive-Colored Thrush) · T. obscurus obscurus (Olive-Colored Thrush) · T. obsoletus (Pale-Vented Thrush) · T. obsoletus obsoletus (Pale-Vented Thrush) · T. olivaceofuscus (Gulf of Guinea Thrush) · T. olivaceofuscus olivaceofuscus (Gulf of Guinea Thrush) · T. olivaceus (Northern Olive Thrush) · T. olivaceus abyssinicus (Northern Olive Thrush) · T. olivaceus olivaceus (Olive Thrush) · T. olivater (Black-Hooded Thrush) · T. olivater olivater (Black-Hooded Thrush) · T. pallidus (Pale Thrush) · T. pelios (West African Thrush) · T. philomelos (Song Thrush) · T. philomelos philomelos (Song Thrush) · T. pilaris (Fieldfare) · T. plebejus (American Mountain Thrush) · T. plebejus plebejus (American Mountain Thrush) · T. plumbeus (Porto Rican Thrush) · T. plumbeus ardosiaceus (Red-Legged Thrush) · T. poliocephalus (Island Thrush) · T. poliocephalus poliocephalus (Guadalupe Rufous-Sided Towhee) · T. ravidus (Grand Cayman Thrush) · T. reevei (Plumbeous-Backed Thrush) · T. rubrocanus (Grey-Headed Thrush) · T. rubrocanus rubrocanus (Grey-Headed Thrush) · T. ruficollis (Black-Throated Thrush) · T. ruficollis ruficollis (Black-Throated Thrush) · T. rufitorques (Rufous-Collared Thrush) · T. rufiventris (Rufous-Bellied Thrush) · T. rufiventris rufiventris (Rufous-Bellied Thrush) · T. rufopalliatus (Rufous-Backed Thrush) · T. serranus (Glossy Black Thrush) · T. subalaris (Eastern Slaty Slaty Thrush)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A catalogue of the collection of birds formed by the late Hugh Edwin Strickland. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1882. url p. 4.
• A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. 36 1958 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. url p. 624.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url p. 397, p. 398, p. 587, p. 595.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 102, p. 105, p. 108, p. 110, p. 113, p. 159, p. 170, p. 71, p. 87, p. 91, p. 92, p. 92, p. 99.
• Biologia centrali-americana: Aves / [London: R.H. Porter], 1879-1904. url , , , .
• Birds of western and northwestern Mexico. Boston, Published by the Society, 1874. url .
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 121, p. 36, p. 59, p. 7, p. 9, p. 964.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 103 1950 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 359, p. 459.
• Catalogue of a collection of American birds / belonging to Philip Lutley Sclater. London: N. Trubner and Co., 1862. url p. 4.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. by Charles E. Hellmayr. 13 1934 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1934. url p. 374, p. 375, p. 376, p. 377, p. 379.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. url p. 104.
• Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History) London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1901-12. url p. 104.
• Check-list of North American birds. [Ithaca, N.Y.]1957. url p. 687.
• Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands / prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Orni Lawrence, Kan.: American Ornithologists' Union, 1983. url p. 561, p. 808.
• Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931-1987. url p. 220.
• Collected writings on mammals. [v.p.]1870-1908. url p. 181.
• Ectoparasites of Panama. Rupert L. Wenzel [and] Vernon J. Tipton, editors. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1966. url p. 100, p. 803, p. 86.
• Exotic ornithology: containing figures and descriptions of new or rare species of American birds / 1869 London: Bernard Quaritch, 1869. url p. 147.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 243, p. 279, p. 312, p. 314, p. 511, p. 613.
• Journal of ethnobiology. 20 2000 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 139, p. 157.
• Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: The Academy, 1868- url p. 201.
• Ornithological bibliography. [Washington: Geological Survey [etc.], 1878-1880. url p. 256.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 9 1886 Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 132, p. 304, p. 558, p. 597, p. 602, p. 623.
• Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London: Academic Press, [etc.], 1833-1965. url p. 274, p. 330, p. 38, p. 50.
• Publication / Institute of Social Anthropology. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1944- url p. 351.
• Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ending June 30. .. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1933-1965. url p. 102, p. 108, p. 109, p. 110, p. 142, p. 159, p. 170, p. 86, p. 86, p. 90, p. 99.
• Review of American birds in the Museum of the Smithsonian Instution. by S.F. Baird. Washington: The Institution, 1864-1872. url .
• Review of American birds, in the Museum of the Smithsonian institution. Part I. By S. F. Baird. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1864-1866. url p. 26.
• Second instalment of American ornithological bibliography. Washington[Govt. Print. Office]1879. url .
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 12 1874 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 25, p. 26, p. 6, p. 7, p. 9.
• Smithsonian year: annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended Sept. 30. .. 1983 City of Washington: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1980-2001. url p. 504.
• The birds of El Salvador, by Donald R. Dickey and A. J. Van Rossem. 23 1938 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1938. url p. 445.
• The birds of the Santa Marta region of Colombia: a study in altitudinal distribution. Pittsburgh, Carnegie Institute, 1922 url , , .
• The collected scientific papers of the late Alfred Henry Garrod, M.A., F.R.S. / edited, with a biographical memoir of the author, by W.A. Forbes. London: R.H. Porter, 1881. url p. 536.
• Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 20 1984 [San Diego]: The Society, 1905-1989. url p. 263.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. 17 1968 Lawrence, University of Kansas. url p. 603, p. 622, p. 657.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Turdus grayi. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed February 2, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 10, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 10, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Ornithology Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 4675
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179768
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2487430
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179768
• IUCN ID: 247625
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBJ20110
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11500

Footnotes

1. Mean = 544.060 meters (1,784.974 feet), Standard Deviation = 689.580 based on 1,826 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.