Tringa glareola

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,013 meters (0 to 16,447 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is a full migrant, travelling overland on a broad front across Europe and the Middle East1. The adults start to move away from the breeding grounds in late-June, with juveniles following in late-August, arriving in tropical Africa from late-July through August to October2. On this southern migration many birds frequent stop-over sites to the north of the Mediterranean (especially in France and Italy), after which they overfly the Sahara1. Spring departure from the wintering grounds begins in late-March to early-April2, with breeding areas starting to be reoccupied from late-April (early June in northern Russia)2, and with breeding occurring between May and mid-July1. Some non-breeding birds may also remain in the south throughout the summer2. The species nests in well-dispersed solitary pairs (from 1-10 pairs per km2 to 50 pairs per km2 in forest tundra )1, but in winter it may occur in small scattered groups or larger flocks (20-50 individuals), and concentrations can exceed 1,000 individuals on migration3. Habitat Breeding During the breeding season this species inhabits open, swampy areas in boreal forest1, scrubland between tundra and coniferous forest with willow, dwarf birch or spruce2, wet heathlands, and extensive mossy, sedgy or grassy marshes2. Non-breeding Outside of the breeding season this species is less associated with woodlands, being more commonly found in open areas such as the margins of inland freshwater lakes and reservoirs1, 4, muddy marshlands, grassy stream banks, sewage farms , wet paddyfields, small temporary pools1, permanent swamps , flooded grassland and irrigation channels3. It rarely occurs in coastal habitats , but may be found along the creeks of saltmarshes and mangrove swamps1. Diet Breeding Whilst on the breeding grounds this species is chiefly carnivorous , taking small insects (up to 2 cm long), especially the aquatic forms such as dytiscid or hydrophilid beetles, Hemiptera and the larvae of Diptera such as midges4. Non-breeding During the non-breeding season the species has a more varied diet consisting of aquatic and terrestrial insects and their larvae, worms, spiders, crustaceans, gastropod molluscs , small fish (up to 2 cm long) and frogs , as well as plant matter such as seeds1, 4. Breeding site The nest is a scrape on the ground amongst dense vegetation1, 2 or raised on a tussock or slight ridge , and can sometimes be surrounded by water2. The species may also nest in trees in the abandoned nests of other species1 such as thrushes2. Management information Intensive grazing of grassland (> 1 cow per hectare ) was found to attract a higher abundance of this species in Hungary7.

[2].

List of Habitats:

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.1     Forest - Boreal   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.1     Shrubland - Subarctic   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.6     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps, Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.7     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     15     Artificial/Aquatic & Marine   
  
•     15.1     Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha)   
  
•     15.6     Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas   
  
•     15.7     Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels)   
  
•     15.8     Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land   
[more info]

Biology

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

Solitary Sandpiper, Green Sandpiper

Members of the genus Tringa

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 19 species and subspecies in this genus:

T. brevipes (Gray-Tailed Tattler) · T. cinerea (Terek Sandpiper) · T. erythropus (Spotted Redshank) · T. flavipes (Lesser Long-Legged Tattler) · T. glareola (Wood Sandpiper) · T. guttifer (NordmannÌs Greenshank) · T. hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) · T. hypoleucos hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) · T. incana (Wandering Tattler) · T. macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) · T. melanoleuca (Big Yellow-Legged Plover) · T. nebularia (Common Greenshank) · T. ochropus (Green Sandpiper) · T. solitaria (American Green Sandpiper) · T. solitaria cinnamomea (Solitary Sandpiper) · T. solitaria solitaria (Solitary Sandpiper) · T. stagnatilis (Marsh Sandpiper) · T. totanus (Common Sandpiper) · T. totanus totanus (Common Sandpiper)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A Directory of Neotropical Wetlands. IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 681.
• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url .
• A catalogue of the collection of birds formed by the late Hugh Edwin Strickland. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1882. url p. 614.
• A guide to the birds of Nepal Christopher Helm (Publishers) Ltd. url p. 155.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain / by R. Bowdler Sharpe. London: E. Lloyd, 1896-1897. url p. 275.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 180, p. 236.
• A hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian empire, by E. C. Stuart Baker. .. Bombay, Printed by order of the committee of the Bombay natural history society[1923] url p. 217.
• A hand-list of the birds of Japan, by M. Ogawa. [Tokyo]1908. url p. 363.
• A handbook to the birds of British Bermah, including those found in the adjoining state of Karennee, by Eugene W. Oates. .. London, R.H. Porter, 1883. url .
• A history of British animals: exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigeno by John Fleming. Edinburgh: Printed for Bell & Bradfute; 1828. url p. 103.
• A history of British birds / by William Yarrell; ill. by 550 wood-engravings. London: John Van Voorst, 1856. url p. 648.
• A history of British birds by William Yarrell; illustrated by 535 wood-engravings. London: J. Van Voorst, 1845. url p. 601.
• A history of British birds, with coloured illustrations of their eggs. By Henry Seebohm. .. London, Pub. for the author by R.H. Porter [etc.]1883-85. url p. 132, p. 133.
• A history of British birds. By the Rev. F. O. Morris. London, Groombridge and sons, [1851-57?] url .
• A history of the birds of Ceylon / London: Published by the author, 1880 [i.e. 1878-1880] url p. 857.
• A history of the birds of Europe: including all the species inhabiting the western palaearctic region / London: Published by the Author, 1871-1881. url , p. 143.
• A key to the birds of Australia: with their geographical distribution / by Robert Hall. London [England]: R. H. Porter, [1906?] url p. 114.
• A list of the birds of Australia: containing the names and synonyms connected with each genus, species, and subspecies of birds found in Australia, at present known to the author / London: Witherby, 1913. url p. 68.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1896. url .
• A manual of Philippine birds / by Richard C. McGregor. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1909. url p. 130, p. 130.
• A manual of Philippine birds, by Richard C. McGregor. .. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1909. url p. 130.
• A manual of the birds of Australia / by Gregory M. Mathews. .. and. .. Tom Iredale; illus. with coloured and monochrome plates by Lilian Medland. London: Witherby, 1921. url p. 138.
• A manual of the birds of Australia, by Gregory M. Mathews. .. and Tom Iredale. .. Illustrated with coloured and monochrome plates by Lilian Medland. Vol. I. Orders Casuarii to Columbæ. London, H.F. & G. Witherby, 1921. url p. 137, p. 138.
• A natural history of the nests and eggs of British birds / by the Rev. F.O. Morris. London: John C. Nimmo, 1896. url .
• A synoptical catalogue of British birds; intended to identify the species mentioned by different names in several catalogues already extant. Forming a book of reference to Observations on British ornithology. By Thomas Forster. London, Printed by and for Nichols, son, and Bentley, 1817. url p. 24.
• American ornithology, with notes by Jardine. To which is added a synopsis of American birds, including those described by Bonaparte, Audubon, Nuttall, and Richardson, by T.M. Brewer. New York, H.S. Samuels, 1853. url .
• An environmental profile of the Black Sea Coast WCMC url p. 102.
• Anatomical and zoological researches: comprising an account of the zoological results of the two expeditions to western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a monograph of the two cetacean genera, Platanista 1 1878 London, B. Quaritch, 1878. url p. 678.
• Ardea. Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc. url p. 60.
• Bibliographia zoologiæ et geologiæ. A general catalogue of all books, tracts, and memoirs on zoology and geology. By Prof. Louis Agassiz. .. Cor., enl. and ed. by H.E. Strickland. .. London, Ray Society, 1848-1854. url p. 547.
• Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: programme on man and the biosphere (MAB) IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 458.
• Birds from Nepal [by] Austin L. Rand [and] Robert L. Fleming. 41 1957 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1957. url p. 67.
• Birds of the Chukchi Peninsula and Wrangel Island = (Ptitsy Chukotskogo poluostrova i ostrova Vrangelya) / L.A. Portenko; translated from Russian [by P.M. Rao]. New Delhi: Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1981- url .
• Birds of the Crane Pacific expedition, by Ernst Mayr and Sidney Camras. 20 1938 Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, 1938. url p. 470.
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• Birds. London, Taylor and Francis, 1889-1898. url .
• Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cie?ncias Naturais. Lisboa, Sociedade Portuguesa de Cie?ncias Naturais, 1908- url p. 174.
• British birds. London, Witherby & Co. url p. 117, p. 237, p. 237, p. 291, p. 75, p. 86.
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• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 122, p. 136, p. 180, p. 19, p. 346, p. 349, p. 363, p. 367, p. 37, p. 91.
• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. 1958 New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, url p. 10.
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• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1950-1977. url p. 213, p. 215, p. 216, p. 230, p. 284, p. 295, p. 322, p. 328, p. 329.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 101 1948 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 120, p. 272, p. 272, p. 329, p. 380, p. 380, p. 420, p. 81, p. 83, p. 98.
• Catalogue of British birds in the collection of the British Museum. London, Printed by order of the trustees, 1863. url .
• Catalogue of a collection of birds from British East Africa, by Ned Dearborn. .. 1 1909 Chicago, 1909. url p. 149.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Charles E. Hellmayr, Boardman Conover. 13 1948 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1948. url p. 105, p. 122.
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• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. url p. 444, p. 491.
• Catalogue of the birds in the Museum Asiatic Society / by Edward Blyth. Published by order of the society. Calcutta: J. Thomas, 1849. url p. 267, p. 268.
• Catalogue of the genera and subgenera of birds contained in the British Museum. London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1855. url p. 116.
• Catalogue of the specimens illustrating the osteology of vertebrated animals, recent and extinct, contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London, 1891. url p. 359.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. url p. 115.
• Check-list of North American birds, New York, American ornithologists' union, 1910. url .
• Check-list of North American birds. [Ithaca, N.Y.]1957. url p. 188.
• Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands / prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Orni Lawrence, Kan.: American Ornithologists' Union, 1983. url p. 179.
• Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931-1987. url p. 267.
• Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine Archipelago, Manila, Bureau of printing, 1910. url p. 130.
• Checklists for the CORINE Biotopes Programme and its application in the PHARE countries of Central and East Europe: including comparisons with relevant conventions and agreements on the conservation of European species and habitats EC url p. 100, p. 9.
• Coastal Sensitivity Overview of the Strait of Malacca. Compiled for International Maritime Organisation (IMO) IMO url .
• Coloured figures of the birds of the British Islands / issued by Lord Lilford. London: R. H. Porter, 1885-1897. url p. 109.
• Contributions to the knowledge of the East African ornithology. Birds collected by the Swedish Mount Elgon Expedition 1920. Lund, C. Blom, 1923. url p. 37, p. 38.
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 140, p. 196, p. 203, p. 270, p. 304, p. 373, p. 508, p. 582, p. 588, p. 590, p. 601, p. 603, p. 624, p. 750, p. 780.
• Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. / by John Richardson, surgeon and naturalist to the expeditions; assisted by William Swainson and the Reverend William Kirby. London: J. Murray [etc.], 1829-1837. url p. 394.
• Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, by Olaus J. Murie. Invertebrates and fishes collected in the Aleutians, 1936-38, by Victor B. Scheffer. Washington, Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1959 url , p. 13, p. 139.
• Hand-book to the birds of Great Britain. London, Allen, 1894-97. url p. 275.
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• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 109, p. 125, p. 163, p. 169, p. 181, p. 193, p. 198, p. 225, p. 312, p. 321, p. 322, p. 382, p. 427, p. 510, p. 510, p. 697, p. 710, p. 810.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Tringa glareola. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• OZCAM
• Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Senckenberg, Collection Aves
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens
• Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom, Upper Silesian Museum, Bird Observations

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8132
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176618
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2494622
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176618
• IUCN ID: 247156
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNNF01060
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 4535

Footnotes

1. Mean = 629.030 meters (2,063.747 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,030.670 based on 22,738 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Tringa glareola. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.