Sturnus vulgaris

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, second-growth forests and woodlands, arid lowland scrubs, second-growth scrub, arid lowland scrubs, pastures and agricultural lands, gallery forests • Maximum Elevation: 2,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Canopy • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Low

Ecology: List of Habitats : 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland 14.6 Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest

Biology

Diet

Mostly insects, with some fruit.

Reproduction

Breeds early February to late July.

• Breeding Habitat : Urban
• Nest Location: Mid-story/canopy nesting
• Nest Type: Cavity
• Clutch Size: 4-7
• Length of Incubation : 12-14 days
• Days to Fledge : 18-21
• Number of Broods: 2, occasionally 3

Migration

Northern birds migrate

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

The European Starling is somewhat similar to blackbirds, cowbirds and grackles but has a shorter tail, chunkier body, white spots on the head and body (most evident in fall), and a yellow bill (not evident in the fall).

Rarer Gray Wagtail has yellow rump and white wing stripe.

Members of the genus Sturnus

There are approximately 55 species in this genus:

S. albofrontatus (White-Faced Starling) · S. burmannicus (Vinous-Breasted Starling) · S. burmannicus burmannicus (Vinous-Breasted Starling) · S. burmannicus leucocephalus · S. caucasicus · S. cineraceus (White-Cheeked Starling) · S. contra (Asian Pied Starling) · S. contra contra (Asian Pied Starling) · S. contra floweri · S. contra jalla · S. contra sordidus · S. contra ssp · S. erythropygius (Nicobar White-Headed Starling) · S. erythropygius andamanensis · S. humii · S. indicus · S. malabaricus (Chestnut-Tailed Starling) · S. malabaricus blythii · S. malabaricus malabaricus (Chestnut-Tailed Starling) · S. malabaricus nemoricola · S. malabaricus ssp · S. melanopterus (Black-Winged Starling) · S. melanopterus melanopterus (Black-Winged Starling) · S. minor · S. nigricollis (Black-Collared Starling) · S. nitens · S. nobilior · S. pagodarum (Black-Headed Starling) · S. philippensis (Chestnut-Cheeked Starling) · S. porphyronotus · S. purpurascens · S. roseus (Rose-Coloured Starling) · S. senex (Ceylon White-Headed Starling) · S. sericeus (Red-Billed Starling) · S. sinensis (White-Shouldered Starling) · S. sturnina · S. sturninus (Purple Backed Starling) · S. sturnus · S. unicolor (Spotless Starling) · S. vulgaris (Purple-Winged Starling) · S. vulgaris caucasicus · S. vulgaris faroensis · S. vulgaris granti · S. vulgaris humii · S. vulgaris minor · S. vulgaris nobilior · S. vulgaris oppenheimi · S. vulgaris persepolis · S. vulgaris poltaratskyi · S. vulgaris porphyronotus · S. vulgaris purpurascens · S. vulgaris tauricus · S. vulgaris vulgaris (European Starling) · S. vulgaris zetlandicus · S. vulgris

More Info

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Further Reading

• A bibliography of birds: with special reference to anatomy, behavior, biochemistry --. by Reuben Myron Strong Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1946 UND url p. 102, p. 120, p. 126, p. 135, p. 137, p. 139, p. 206, p. 211, p. 212, p. 234, p. 238, p. 241, p. 246, p. 248, p. 250, p. 251, p. 299, p. 300, p. 304, p. 310, p. 340, p. 342, p. 361, p. 373, p. 382, p. 421, p. 424, p. 428, p. 436, p. 45, p. 46, p. 462, p. 464, p. 465, p. 467, p. 478, p. 493, p. 54, p. 55, p. 57, p. 99.
• A century of progress in the natural sciences, 1853-1953. San Francisco, 1955. ENG url p. 640.
• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. ENG url p. 68, p. 7.
• A dictionary of birds, by Alfred Newton, assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker Charles S. Roy and Robert W. Shufeldt London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. ENG url p. 903, p. 918.
• A first book upon the birds of Oregon and Washington: a pocket guide and pupil's assistant in a study of the more common land birds and a few of the shore and water birds of these states / by William Rogers Lord. Portland, Or.: William Rogers Lod, Office of the J.K. Gill Co., 1902 ENG url p. 274.
• A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. ENG url p. 642.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agas BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904. ENG url p. 195, p. 356.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain. By R. Bowdler Sharpe London, E. Lloyd, Limited, 1896-1897. ENG url p. 24.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. ENG url p. 6.
• A hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian empire, by E. C. Stuart Baker Bombay, Printed by order of the committee of the Bombay natural history society[1923] ENG url p. 72.
• A handbook of British birds, showing the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants, by J.E. Harting London, J.C. Nimmo, 1901. ENG url p. 518, p. 91.
• A history of British birds / by William Yarrell, V.P.L.S., F.Z.S. London: John van Voorst, 1871-1885. ENG url p. 228, p. 240.
• A history of British birds, indigenous and migratory: including their organization, habits, and relations; remarks on classification and nomenclature; an account of the principal organs of birds, and observations relative to practical ornithology By W London, Printed for Scott, Webster, and Geary, 1837-1852 ENG url p. 595, p. 657.
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• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada, by Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, 1903. ENG url p. 428, p. 82.
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• Compendium der Helminthologie. Ein Verzeichniss der bekannten Helminthen, die frei oder in thierischen Körpern leben, geordnet nach ihren Wohnthieren, unter Angabe der Organe, in denen sie gefunden sind, und mit Beifügung der Litte von O. von Linstow. Hannover: Hahn'sche Buchhandlung, 1878. GER url p. 37, p. 98.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed December 06, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 30 providers.
• National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 06, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3848208
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179638
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13282929
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179637
• IUCN ID: 51909
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBT01010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 178252

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