Sturnus vulgaris

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, second-growth forests and woodlands, arid lowland scrubs, second-growth scrub, arid lowland scrubs, pastures and agricultural lands, gallery forests • Maximum Elevation: 2,000 meters • Foraging Strata: Canopy • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Biome: Marine .

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.4     Shrubland - Temperate   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.5     Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
  
•     14.3     Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations   
  
•     14.5     Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas   
  
•     14.6     Artificial/Terrestrial - Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest   
  
•     15     Artificial/Aquatic & Marine   
  
•     15.6     Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Mostly insects, with some fruit.

Reproduction

Breeds early February to late July.

• Breeding Habitat : Urban
• Nest Location: Mid-story/canopy nesting
• Nest Type: Cavity
• Clutch Size: 4-7
• Length of Incubation : 12-14 days
• Days to Fledge : 18-21
• Number of Broods: 2, occasionally 3

Migration

Northern birds migrate

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 24-Jun-1996

Similar Species

The European Starling is somewhat similar to blackbirds, cowbirds and grackles but has a shorter tail, chunkier body, white spots on the head and body (most evident in fall), and a yellow bill (not evident in the fall).

Rarer Gray Wagtail has yellow rump and white wing stripe.

Members of the genus Sturnus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 22 species and subspecies in this genus:

S. albofrontatus (White-Faced Starling) · S. burmannicus (Vinous-Breasted Starling) · S. burmannicus burmannicus (Vinous-Breasted Starling) · S. cineraceus (White-Cheeked Starling) · S. contra (Asian Pied Starling) · S. contra contra (Asian Pied Starling) · S. erythropygius (Nicobar White-Headed Starling) · S. malabaricus (Chestnut-Tailed Starling) · S. malabaricus malabaricus (Chestnut-Tailed Starling) · S. melanopterus (Black-Winged Starling) · S. melanopterus melanopterus (Black-Winged Starling) · S. nigricollis (Black-Collared Starling) · S. pagodarum (Black-Headed Starling) · S. philippensis (Chestnut-Cheeked Starling) · S. roseus (Rose-Coloured Starling) · S. senex (Ceylon White-Headed Starling) · S. sericeus (Red-Billed Starling) · S. sinensis (Grey-Backed Starling) · S. sturninus (Purple Backed Starling) · S. unicolor (Spotless Starling) · S. vulgaris (Purple-Winged Starling) · S. vulgaris vulgaris (Blackbird)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url , .
• A century of progress in the natural sciences, 1853-1953. San Francisco, 1955. url p. 640.
• A faunal investigation of King Township, York County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1930. url p. 192, p. 202.
• A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1931. url p. 192.
• A faunal investigation of the Sault Ste. Marie region, Ontario / [Toronto]: Royal Ontario Museum, 1942. url p. 142.
• A faunal investigation of western Rainy River District, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1938. url p. 202.
• A first book upon the birds of Oregon and Washington; a pocket guide and pupil's assistant in a study of most of the land birds and a few of the water birds of these states. By William Rogers Lord. Portland, Ore., W. R. Lord, 1913 [c1902] url p. 274.
• A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. 36 1958 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. url p. 642.
• A guide to the natural history of the Isle of Wight: a series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of natural history and kindred subjects / edited by Frank Morey. Newport, Isle of Wight: The County Press, 1909. url p. 507.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 6.
• A hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian empire, by E. C. Stuart Baker. .. Bombay, Printed by order of the committee of the Bombay natural history society[1923] url p. 72.
• A history of birds / London: Methuen & Co., [1910] url .
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url p. 357, p. 8.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 100.
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• A study of the incubation periods of birds; what determines their lengths, Denver, Col., The Kendrick-Bellamy Co., 1917. url .
• A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 246.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Sturnus vulgaris. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 05February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 06, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 5059
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179638
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179637
• IUCN ID: 244191
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBT01010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 178252

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.