Overview
Family : Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks ; A little-known inshore shark of the continental shelf, found down to at least 12 m depth. Feeds on small bony fishes, including sea catfish and grunts , but also newborn scalloped hammerheads, swimming crabs, squids , and shrimp. Viviparous with a yolk-sac placenta ; number of young probably 6 to 9 per litter [1].
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Vulnerable |
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Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Catalan:
Llunada
Common Names in Creole, French:
Requin Marteau
Common Names in Croatian:
Jaram bat
Common Names in Danish:
Sm, Småøjet hammerhaj
Common Names in Dutch:
Kleinooghamerhaai
Common Names in English:
Curry Shark, Bonnet, Golden Hammerhead, Great hammerhead, Hammerhead, Shark, smalleye, smalleye hammerhead, Smalleye Hammerhead Shark
Common Names in French:
Requin-marteau ? Petits Yeux, Requin Marteau , Requin marteau à petits yeux, Requin-Griset, Requin-Marteau , Requin-marteau à petits yeux
Common Names in German:
Kleinaugen-Hammerhai
Common Names in Greek:
Mikrozygena, Δεκανίκι, Ζύγαινα, Μικροζύγαινα, Πατερίτσα, Προπέλα, Σφύρνα
Common Names in Greek, Modern (1453):
Mikrozygena, Μικροζύγαινα
Common Names in Italian:
Martello occhi piccoli, Pesce stampella
Common Names in Malayalam:
Kannankodi, കണ്ണന് കൊടി, കണ്ണന് കോടി
Common Names in Maltese:
Krozza, Kurazza, Kurazza rasha zghira, Pixximartell
Common Names in Mandarin Chinese:
小眼双髻鲨, 小眼雙髻鯊
Common Names in Marathi:
मगळा
Common Names in Portuguese:
Ca, Cação-chapéu-armado, Cação-martelo, Cação-rudela, Cambeva, Chap, Chapéu-armado, Marteleiro, Martelo, Peixe-martelo, Tubar, Tubarão-martelo
Common Names in Spanish:
Cornuda de corona, Cornuda ojichica, cornuda tudes, Pez martillo, Tibur, Tibur?n, Tiburón martillo
Common Names in Swedish:
Sm, Småögd hammarhaj
Common Names in Telugu:
కొమ సొర్రా
Common Names in Turkish:
Çekiç balığı
Description
Habitat
Typically found in water with a depth of 0 to -4,145 meters (0 to -13,599 feet).[2]
Biome: Marine .
Ecology:
Sphyrna tudes is a small, inshore
hammerhead shark
. Newborn
and juveniles
occupy inshore muddy beach
nursery
areas, and adults
to a maximum size of 150 cm TL
are found in depths of 5 to 40 m
over
muddy substrates.
Geographic variation
in maturity and
aspects
of reproductive biology
are apparent:
Off Trinidad,
males mature
at ~80 cm TL; females at ~98 cm TL and are reported
to ovulate
and mate during August. Following a ten month gestation
the young are born in shallow water from late May to June. Size at
birth is ~30 cm TL. The annual
reproductive cycle of this species
results from gestation running concurrently with the ovarian cycle,
and females are fertilized soon after parturition
. Litter size
5
to 12 pups
(Castro 1989).
Off northern Brazil (Maranhão
state) the smallest pregnant female observed was 101 cm TL, however,
the estimated size at 50% maturity for females was 114 cm TL. The
estimated size of first maturity for males in northern Brazil was
92.1 cm TL, considerably higher than off Trinidad. Pregnant females
are observed from June to October and also from January to April.
The highest gonadal indices where observed in males from May to November
and in March. Uterine eggs
and embryos measuring 34 mm TL were observed
in June. Embryos measuring 90, 150, 190 and 237 mm TL were observed
in January. The number of embryos in females 101 to 132 cm TL ranged
between 5?19. There is a strong
relationship
between the fecundity
and the size of females (Lessa et al.
1998).
The
characteristic golden colour
of live specimens results from a pigment
present in their penaeid shrimp and ariid catfish diet
.[3].
List of Habitats
:
- 9 Marine Neritic
- 9.1 Marine Neritic - Pelagic [more info]
Taxonomy
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
)
- animals
- Phylum:
Chordata
()
- Chordates
- Order:
Carcharhiniformes
()
- Family:
ead, or scoophead sharks; A little-known
inshor
()
- Genus:
Sphyrna
()
- Rafinesque, 1810
- Specific name:
tudes
- Scientific name: - Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822)
- Specific name:
tudes
- Genus:
Sphyrna
(
- Family:
ead, or scoophead sharks; A little-known
inshor
(
- Order:
Carcharhiniformes
(
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
Synonyms
Sphyraena tudes (Valenciennes • Sphyrna bigelowi Springer • Spyrna tudes • Spyrna tudes (Valenciennes • Spyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) • Zygaena tudes Valenciennes • Zygaena tudes Valenciennes, 1822
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
First described: Valenciennes, A. Sur le sous-genre Marteau, Zygaena.
Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris 9:222-228., 1822.
Last scrutiny: Data
last modified by FishBase 28-Oct-2000
The historical confusion that surrounds this species' taxonomy is
pending resolution
and nomenclatural
stability
. The current
lectotype
of this species (MNHN 1049 from Nice, France) most likely represents
S. couardi, and the paralectotype
(MNHN 1019 from Cayenne,
French Guiana) most likely represents S. bigelowi. The retention
of the name S. tudes would require the rejection of the
current lectotype and redesignation of the Cayenne specimen as the
lectotype. Compagno (in preparation b
) outlines the history and problems
associated with this issue.[3].
Similar Species
Members of the genus Sphyrna
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 12 species and subspecies in this genus:
S. corona (Scolloped Bonnethead) · S. couardi (Whitefin Hammerhead) · S. diplana (Scalloped Hammerhead Shark) · S. lewini (Scalloped Hammerhead Shark) · S. media (Scoophead Shark) · S. mokarran (Squat-Headed Hammerhead Shark) · S. tiburo (Bonnet Hammerhead) · S. tiburo tiburo (Bonnet Hammerhead) · S. tiburo vespertina (Bonnet Hammerhead) · S. tudes (Curry Shark) · S. zigaena (Round-Headed Hammer Head Shark) · S. zygaena (Round-Headed Hammer Head Shark)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- A catalogue of the fishes known to inhabit the waters of North America, north of the Tropic of Cancer, with notes on the species discovered in 1883 and 1884, by David Starr Jordan. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1885. url p. 9.
- Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 213, p. 216.
- Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Washington, The Commission, Govt. Print. Off. url p. 105, p. 464.
- California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 256.
- College zoology, New York, The Macmillan company, 1912 url p. 429.
- College zoology, by Robert W. Hegner. New York, The Macmillan company, 1912. url p. 429.
- College zoology. New YorkMacmillan1918 url p. 429.
- Contributions to biology from the Hopkins Seaside Laboratory of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Stanford University, Calif.: The University, 1895-1904. url p. 13, p. 207, p. 383.
- Current bibliography for aquatic sciences and fisheries. London, Taylor & Francis ltd. url p. 1007, p. 406, p. 502.
- Fishery bulletin. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, The Service, U.S. Govt Print. Off. url p. 11, p. 352.
- Fishery leaflet / United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, url , , , , p. 24, p. 75.
- Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Editorial board: editor-in-chief John Tee-Van [and others] New Haven, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Univ., 1948- url p. 72.
- Hawaiian fishes; a handbook of the fishes found among the islands of the central Pacific ocean, by Spencer Wilkie Tinker. .. illustrated by Gordon S. C. Chun and Y. Oda. Honolulu, Hawaii, Tongg publishing company, 1944. url p. 26, p. 401.
- Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: The Academy, 1868- url p. 13, p. 13, p. 207, p. 207.
- Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh: Published by the authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901-1936. url p. 28, p. 575.
- Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge [Mass.]: The Museum, 1876-1940. url p. 159.
- Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. Brisbane, Queensland Museum, 1912- url p. 82.
- Pamphlets on forestry. Fish and game. [1900?- url p. 2748, p. 44.
- Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. Washington, D.C., The Academy, 1901-1905. url , p. 345, p. 425.
- Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, The Academy. url p. 383.
- Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url , , p. 11, p. 12, p. 131, p. 18, p. 2, p. 27, p. 3, p. 35, p. 364, p. 4, p. 46, p. 54, p. 55, p. 556, p. 63, p. 64, p. 65, p. 66, p. 67, p. 68, p. 69, p. 70, p. 723, p. 73, p. 76, p. 763, p. 8.
- Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, Washington Academy of Sciences. url p. 333, p. 345, p. 425, p. 480.
- Publication. Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago, U.S.A.: The Museum, 1910-1943. url p. 60.
- Report of the Commissioner for. .. / United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Washington: G.P.O., 1874-1905. url p. 217, p. 217, p. 797.
- Shadows in the sea: the sharks, skates and rays [by] Harold W. McCormick and Tom Allen, with William E. Young. Philadelphia, Chilton Books[1963] url figure , figure , p. 347, p. 349, p. 412.
- Shore fishes of the Revillagigedo, Clipperton, Cocos and Galapagos islands. By Robert Evans Snodgrass and Edmund Heller. Washington, D. C., The Academy, 1905. url p. 333, p. 345, p. 425.
- Special scientific report. Seattle, National Marine Fisheries Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949-1971. url p. 18.
- Textbook of zoology / by George Edwin Potter. St. Louis: Mosby, 1947. url p. 781.
- The Cambridge natural history, London, Macmillan and Co., Limited;1895-1909 url .
- The Cambridge natural history, ed. by S.F. Harmer. .. and A.E. Shipley. .. London, Macmillan and co., limited;1895-1909 url p. 756.
- The Plagiostomia: Sharks, skates, and rays / by Samuel Garman; with seventy-seven plates. 36 1913 Cambridge, U.S.A.: Printed for the Museum, 1913. url p. 159.
- The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama / by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, 1896-1900. url p. 44.
- The fishes of Panama Bay, by Charles H. Gilbert and Edwin C. Starks. 1904 San Francisco, The Academy, 1904. url p. 13, p. 207.
- The fishes of Sinaloa, by David Starr Jordan. .. Palo Alto, Cal., Leland Stanford jr. university, 1895. url p. 383.
- The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. .. by Dr. Max Weber. .. and Dr. L.F. de Beaufort. Leiden, E.J. Brill, Ltd., 1911- url p. 374.
- The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands / by C.H. Eigenmann. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Institute, 1912. url p. 28, p. 575, p. 575.
- The genera of fishes. .. A contribution to the stability of scientific nomenclature. By David Starr Jordan. Stanford University, Calif., The University, 1917-20. url p. 204.
- The genera of fishes. ..: A contribution to the stability of scientific nomenclature / By David Starr Jordan. Stanford University, Calif.: The University, 1917-1920. url p. 204.
- The marine fishes of Panama. by Seth E. Meek and Samuel F. Hildebrand. 15 1923 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1923 url p. 60.
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.
- Compagno, Leonard J.V. (from FishBase).
- FishBase 2006.
- FishBase. Release date: January 5, 2010
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 01, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 4 providers.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
- Mycock, S.G., Lessa, R. & Almeida, Z. 2006. Sphyrna tudes. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 04February2012.
- Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 01, 2008:
- Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Fish Collection
- FishBase: FishBase DiGIR Provider - Philippine Server
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: iziko South African Museum - Fish Collection
- Museum national d'histoire naturelle: Ichtyologie
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Fish Collection
- Royal Ontario Museum: Fish specimens
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 138929
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-133951
- Fishbase Species ID: 55029
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 160519
- IUCN ID: 243301
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 125316
Footnotes
- Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. (125, Vol. 4, Part 2), 655 p. [back]
- Mean = -953.360 meters (-3,127.822 feet), Standard Deviation = 2,091.420 based on 11 observations. Ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
- Mycock, S.G., Lessa, R. & Almeida, Z. 2006. Sphyrna tudes. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 04 February 2012. [back]
