Pollachius virens

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Gadidae

Marine : Arctic , Atlantic, and Pacific. Three dorsal fins and two anal fins, the first dorsal behind head . No spines. Pelvics before pectorals . Teeth present on vomer. Usually with barbel . No otophysic connection between swim bladder and auditory capsules. Egg without oil globule . Up to about 2 m maximum length in Gadus morhua. Members of the family are found in circumpolar and temperate waters , mainly of the northern hemisphere. Most species are demersal or benthopelagic, feeding on fish and invertebrates . Schooling and long-distance migrations are known for several gadid species. The family is second only to the Clupeidae in terms of the global volume of marine fish landings. Following Eschmeyer[1] Lotidae and Phycidae are not included .The family Gadidae belongs to the Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes ) and the Order Gadiformes. It contains 12 genera and 22 species. It may be found in Marine, Brackish , and Freshwater environments and is primarily Marine. Members of this family are not used in the aquarium trade. Reproductively, most members of this family are nonguarders. The main mode of swimming of adult fish in this family is subcarangiform. Compared with other fish, the activity level of this family tends to be normal. Members of this family have been dated back to the Oligocene epoch of the Tertiary period. This family may be found from 78° n to 38° s and 180° w to 180° e. Etymology of this family name : Latin, gadus = a kind of fish

Habitat

An active , gregarious fish occurring inshore and offshore waters .

Typically found in water with a depth of 0 to -4,869 meters (0 to -15,974 feet).[2]

Biome: Saltwater . Demersal .

Biology

Diet

Smaller fish in inshore waters feed on small crustaceans (copepods , amphipods , euphausiids ) and small fish, while larger fish prey predominantly upon fishes .

Migration

Usually enters coastal waters in spring and returns to deeper waters in winter[3].

Sound types : thumps. Sound organ: swim bladder.

Taxonomy

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Gadus carbonarius Linnaeus, 1758
2. Gadus colinus Lacep�de, 1800
3. Gadus purpureus Mitchill, 1814
4. Gadus sey Lacep�de, 1800
5. Gadus virens Linnaeus, 1758
6. Merlangus carbonarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
7. Merlangus purpureus (Mitchill, 1814)
8. Merlangus virens (Linnaeus, 1758)
9. Polachius virens (Linnaeus, 1758)
10. Pollachius carbonarius (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Family : Cods and haddocks .

Similar Species

Members of the genus Pollachius

There are approximately 10 species in this genus:

P. brandti · P. carbonarius · P. chalcogrammus · P. chalcogrammus fucensis · P. polaris · P. pollachius (European Pollock) · P. quadrituberculatus · P. virens (American Pollack) · P. virens eggs · P. viridens [scales]

More Info

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Further Reading

• Catalogue of the fishes of New York. By Tarleton H. Bean Albany, University of the state of New York, 1903. ENG url p. 693.
• . ..Scientific results of the cruises of the yachts "Eagle" and "Ara", 1921-1928, William K. Vanderbilt, commanding. Crustacea... By Lee Boone. Huntington, N. Y., Priv. print. [The Science press printing company, Lancaster, Pa.]1930- ENG url p. 11.
• A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity / By Francis B. Sumner, Raymond C. Osburn, and Leon J. Cole. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1913 ENG url p. 164, p. 582, p. 588, p. 641, p. 642, p. 769.
• A guide book to the marine fishes of Rhode Island. Photos by the author. Watch Hill, R. I., Book and Tackle Shop[1960] ENG url p. 102, p. 35.
• A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Report presented at the eighty-ninth annual meeting, Clearwater, Fla., Sept. 16-18, 1959. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1960. ENG url p. 22.
• Allgemeine Fischerei-Zeitung. M�nchen [etc.]Landesfischereiverband Bayern [etc.] GER url p. 168.
• American food and game fishes. A popular account of all the species found in America north of the equator, with keys for ready identification, life histories and methods of capture, . by David Starr Jordan...and Barton Warren Evermann...illustrated with co Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Co., 1908. ENG url p. 509, p. 564.
• An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. ENG url p. 43.
• Anglo-russkii biologicheskii slovar' / [avtory, I. N. Afanas'eva et al.; spetsial'nye nauch. redaktory, O. I. Chibisova i L. A. Koziar]. Moskva: Russkii iazyk, 1979. ENG url p. 498, p. 556, p. 557, p. 84.
• Annual report of the Commissioner of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce for the fiscal year ended Washington: G.P.O., 1914- ENG url p. 1061, p. 197, p. 209, p. 226, p. 274, p. 326, p. 342, p. 344, p. 351, p. 367, p. 403, p. 431, p. 444, p. 457, p. 463, p. 463, p. 533, p. 558, p. 630, p. 66, p. 686, p. 7, p. 8, p. 8, p. 8.
• Annual report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests of the State of New York. [Albany, N.Y.: The Commission, 1896-1900] ENG url p. 246.
• Benthic productivity and marine resources of the Gulf of Maine / Ivar Babb and Michael De Luca, editors. [Rockville, MD] (6010 Executive Blvd., Suite 805, Rockville 20852): U.S. Dept of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research, [1988] ENG url p. 211.
• Bruce, J.R., J.S. Colman and N.S. Jones (1963). Marine fauna of the Isle of Man. Memoir No. 36. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 109, p. 14, p. 17, p. 19, p. 21, p. 26.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 151, p. 229.
• Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Washington, The Commission, Govt. Print. Off. ENG url p. 396, p. 397, p. 5, p. 550, p. 554, p. 562.
• Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba (1990). FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO
• Cohen, Daniel M., Tadashi Inada, Tomio Iwamoto, and Nadia Scialabba 1990. Gadiform Fishes of the World (Order Gadiformes): An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 10. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. x + 442. ISBN: 92-5-102890-7.
• Comparative embryology of the vertebrates; with 2057 drawings and photos. grouped as 380 illus. New York, Blakiston[1953] ENG url p. 825, p. 969.
• Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Mid- Atlantic estuaries. Silver Spring, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, 1994- ENG url p. 21, p. 4, p. 67.
• Draft environmental impact statement on the agreement between the United States and Canada on East Coast fishery resources / Department of State. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Department, 1980. ENG url p. 152, p. 153.
• Establishing a 200-mile fisheries zone: (implementation of the Fishery conservation and management act of 1976): working papers / OTA Oceans Program staff; Robert W. Niblock, program manager. Washington: Congress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, 1977. ENG url p. 9.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 20.
• Fish, M.P. and W.H. Mowbray (1970). Sounds of Western North Atlantic fishes. A reference file of biological underwater sounds. The John Hopkins Press, Baltimor.
• Fishery bulletin / U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service: ENG url p. 218, p. 219, p. 267, p. 271, p. 306, p. 307, p. 311, p. 313, p. 315, p. 316, p. 317, p. 319, p. 36, p. 389, p. 424, p. 426, p. 427, p. 482, p. 486, p. 5, p. 503, p. 509, p. 51, p. 557, p. 655, p. 848, p. 954.
• Fishery bulletin of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, The Service, U.S. Govt Print. Off. ENG url p. 213, p. 214, p. 259, p. 575.
• Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. ENG url p. 181.
• Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, by Henry B. Bigelow and William C. Schroeder. Washington, United States Government Printing Office, 1953. ENG url p. 213, p. 214, p. 217, p. 320, p. 338, p. 575.
• Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. By Henry B. Bigelow and William W. Welsh Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1925. ENG url p. 397, p. 5, p. 550, p. 562.
• Fishes of the vicinity of New York city, by John Treadwell Nichols, with an introduction by William K. Gregory. New York, Printed at the Museum, 1918. ENG url p. 117.
• Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Editorial board: editor-in-chief John Tee-Van [and others] New Haven, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Univ., 1948- ENG url p. 286, p. 624.
• Food habits of some Arctic birds and mammals / by Clarence Cottam and Harold C. Hanson. Chicago, ILL: Field Museum of Natural History, c1938. ENG url p. 414, p. 417, p. 418, p. 421.
• Forest, lake and river; the fishes of New England and eastern Canada, by Frank M. Johnson. Boston, Printed for subscribers [by University press] Cambridge, 1902. ENG url p. 262, p. 363.
• Gas bubble disease: proceedings of a workshop held at Richland, Washington, October 8-9, 1974: cosponsored by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, and U.S. Atomic Energy Commission / editors, D. H. Fickeisen and M. J. Schneider. Oak Ridge, Tenn.: Technical Information Center, Office of Public Affairs, Energy Research and Development Administration, 1976. ENG url p. 79.
• Guide to marine fishes; [a new method for identification of marine fishes. New York]New York University Press[1961] ENG url p. 277, p. 317, p. 429.
• Histoire naturelle des poissons de la France, par le Dr. �mile Moreau Paris, G Masson, 1881. FRE url p. 243.
• International review of the science and practice of agriculture. Rome: International Institute of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, 1916-1926. ENG url p. 1807.
• Jonsson, G. (1992). Islenskir fiskar. Fiolvi, Reykjavik, 568 pp.
• Klein-MacPhee, Grace / Collette, Bruce B., and Grace Klein-MacPhee, eds. 2002. Cods: Family Gadidae. Bigelow and Schroeder's Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, Third Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. 223-261. ISBN: 1-56098-951-3.
• Les poissons; synonymie--description--m�urs--frai--p��che--iconographie, des esp��ces composant plus particuli��rement la faune fran�aise, par H. Gervais et R. Boulart Avec une introduction par Paul Gervais Paris, J. Rothschild, 1876-77. FRE url p. 277.
• Marine and estuarine environments, organisms, and geology of the Cape Cod region; an indexed bibliography, 1665-1965 [by] Anne E. Yentsch [and others. Woods Hole, Mass., Systematics Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory[c1966] ENG url p. 135, p. 149, p. 65, p. 95.
• Marine products of commerce; their acquisition, handling, biological aspects, and the science and techology of their preparation and preservation, by Donald K. Tressler and James McW. Lemon in collaboration with Alexander E. Alexander [and others] New York, Book Division, Reinhold, 1951. ENG url p. 295.
• Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1886- ENG url p. 346.
• Monogenetic trematodes: their systematics and phylogeny / by Boris E. Bychowsky; edited by William J. Hargis, Jr.; translated by Pierre C. Oustinoff. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, c1961. ENG url p. 216, p. 522.
• Murdy, Edward O., Ray S. Birdsong, and John A. Musick 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. xi + 324. ISBN: 1-56098-638-7.
• NOAA technical report NMFS SSRF. Seattle, Wash.: National Marine Fisheries Service; ENG url p. 3, p. 8, p. 9.
• National overview and evolution of NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) Program / David M. Nelson and Mark E. Monaco. Silver Spring. Md.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 2000. ENG url p. 17, p. 23, p. 7.
• Oceanus. [Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution] ENG url p. 14, p. 49.
• Ontogeny and systematics of fishes: based on an international symposium dedicated to the memory of Elbert Halvor Ahlstrom / sponsored by the National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Dept. of Commer [New York?]: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, c1984. ENG url p. 288, p. 292, p. 294, p. 295.
• Our living oceans: the first annual report on the status of U.S. living marine resources. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1991. ENG url p. 116.
• Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. By Henry B. Bigelow. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1926. ENG url p. 103, p. 72, p. 76.
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• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 136, p. 418, p. 428, p. 574, p. 607, p. 718, p. 93.
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• Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor for the fiscal year ended Washington: G.P.O., 1906-1914. ENG url p. 10, p. 8, p. 8.
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• Sand dunes and salt marshes / by Charles Wendell Townsend. Boston: L.C. Page & company, c1925. ENG url p. 308.
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• Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary final environmental impact statement/management plan / Sanctuaries and Reserves Division. Washington, D.C.: The Division, [1993] ENG url p. 24.
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• Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen (2000). Checklist and status of fish species in the Baltic Sea. ICES CM 2000/Mini:11, 15 p.

Notes

Contributors

• American Fisheries Society. Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United states, Canada, and Mexico Sixth Edition. Special Publication 29.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 20, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 17, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 31 providers.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 17, 2007:

• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, MCZ Fish Collection
• Royal Ontario Museum, Fish specimens
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Fishes
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Swedish Board of Fisheries
• - Institute of Coastal Research
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Marine Conservation Society - Seasearch Marine Surveys

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2499611
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-23728
• Fishbase Species ID: 1343
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13539310
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 164727
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AFCMA12010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 121245

Footnotes

1. Eschmeyer, W.N. (1990). Catalog of the genera of recent fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. 697 p. [back]
2. Mean = -156.300 meters (-512.795 feet), Standard Deviation = 339.450 based on 9,360 observations. Ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
3. Frimodt, C. (1995). Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. [back]

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