Plegadis falcinellus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: freshwater marshes • Foraging Strata: Water • Center of Abundance: Lower tropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; tropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,657 meters (0 to 11,998 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats : 1.4 Forest - Temperate 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands 14.1 Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land

Biology

Diet

Almost exclusively aquatic invertebrates , with a few reptiles or amphibians .

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water
• Clutch Size: 3-4
• Length of Incubation : 21 days
• Days to Fledge : 28+
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

White-Faced Ibis, White Ibis. Note dull bill, gray facial skin, brown eye, and grayish-yellow legs, all of which distinguish this species from White-faced Ibis

Members of the genus Plegadis

There are approximately 8 species in this genus:

P. autumnalis · P. chichi · P. chihi (White-Faced Glossy Ibis) · P. falcinellus (Eastern Glossy Ibis) · P. falcinellus falcinellus (Eastern Glossy Ibis) · P. falcinellus peregrinus · P. gracilis · P. ridgwayi (Puna Ibis)

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. ENG url p. 105, p. 156.
• A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. ENG url p. 639.
• A geographical bibliography of British ornithology from the earliest time to the end of 1918, arranged under counties, being a record of printed books, published articles, notes and records relating to local avifauna, by W. H. Mullens, H. Kirke Swann, F. London, Witherby, 1920. ENG url p. 311.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain. By R. Bowdler Sharpe London, E. Lloyd, Limited, 1896-1897. ENG url p. 104.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. ENG url p. 122, p. 231.
• A handbook of the birds of Tasmania and its dependencies / by Frank Mervyn Littler. Launceston, Tasmania: F.M. Littler, 1910. ENG url p. 15.
• A handbook of the destructive insects of Victoria: with notes on the methods to be adopted to check and extirpate them / prepared by order of the Victorian Dept. of Agriculture by C. French. Melbourne: Robt. S. Brain, 1891-1911. ENG url p. 142, p. 168.
• A history of British birds / by William Yarrell, V.P.L.S., F.Z.S. London: John van Voorst, 1871-1885. ENG url p. 231.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• An Australian bird book: a pocket book for field use / by J. A. Leach; with introduction by Frank Tate; [photos by Ralph L. Miller; paintings by Ethel M. Paterson]. Melbourne: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1911. ENG url p. 53.
• An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. ENG url p. 6.
• Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Wien, Naturhistorisches Museum [etc.] GER url p. 143, p. 323, p. 358.
• Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova. Genova: Tip. del R. Istituto Sordo-Muti, 1870-1914. ITA url p. 248, p. 324.
• Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh, D. Douglas. ENG url p. 199.
• Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Cape Town [etc., South African Museum, etc.] ENG url p. 351.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 120, p. 145, p. 148, p. 469.
• Aquila. Budapest: A Magyar Ornithologiai Knt Kiadva, 1894- HUN url p. 106, p. 107, p. 108, p. 110, p. 111, p. 111, p. 112, p. 112, p. 114, p. 122, p. 124, p. 125, p. 129, p. 13, p. 134, p. 163, p. 164, p. 166, p. 171, p. 184, p. 185, p. 206, p. 21, p. 225, p. 234, p. 235, p. 24, p. 244, p. 250, p. 255, p. 273, p. 294, p. 299, p. 303, p. 319, p. 328, p. 331, p. 332, p. 334, p. 336, p. 345, p. 346, p. 358, p. 360, p. 37, p. 37, p. 434, p. 447, p. 45, p. 47, p. 47, p. 471, p. 5, p. 504, p. 54, p. 545, p. 55, p. 56, p. 6, p. 61, p. 64, p. 70, p. 71, p. 73, p. 75, p. 77, p. 82, p. 85, p. 85, p. 90, p. 90, p. 91, p. 95, p. 98, p. 99.
• Archiv f©r die naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurchforschung von B©hmen / herausgegeben von den Beiden Comit©s f©r die Landesdurchforschung. Prag: Commissions-Verlag von F. ¿ivn©, 1869-1915. GER url p. 144, p. 99.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 155, p. 379, p. 50.
• Archives du Mus©um d'histoire naturelle de Lyon. Lyon, H. Georg [etc.]. FRE url p. 101.
• Ardea. [Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc.] ENG url p. 3, p. 68.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 102, p. 373.
• Atlante ornitologico: uccelli europei: con notizie d'indole generale e particolare / del dr. E. Arrigoni Degli Oddi. Milano: U. Hoepli, 1902. ITA url p. 445, p. 562.
• Atti della Societtaliana di scienze naturali. Milano: 1860-1895. ITA url p. 418.
• Avifauna Macedonica; die ornithologischen Ergenisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Mazedonien durch Prof. Dr. Doflein und Prof. L. M... in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. M, Dultz and co., 1920. GER url p. 225.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vogelwelt Islands, von Bernhard Hantzsch. Mit 26 Abbildungen und I Karte. Berlin, R. Friedler and Sohn, 1905. GER url p. 222.
• Bird-hunting through wild Europe / by R.B. Lodge. London [England]: Robert Culley, [1908] ENG url p. 280, p. 326, p. 332.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds of Britain, by J. Lewis Bonhote with 100 illustrations in colour selected by H.E. Dresser from his `Birds of Europe.' London, A. and C. Black, 1907. ENG url p. 229.
• Birds of the British Isles / drawn and described by John Duncan; with an introduction by Charles Dixon. London: W. Scott, 1898. ENG url p. 273.
• Birds of the plains, by Douglas Dewar with sixteen illustrations from photographs of living birds, by Captain F. D. S. Fayrer, I. M. S. London, J. Lane;1909 [1908] ENG url p. 246.
• Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortenet, 1901-1937. SPA url p. 348, p. 504.
• Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciias Naturais. Lisboa, Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciias Naturais, 1908- ENG url p. 182, p. 208.
• Brigham Young University science bulletin. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, [1955-1976] ENG url p. 3.
• British birds, by W. H. Hudson, C.M.Z.S. With a chapter on structure and classification by Frank E. Beddard, F.R.S. With 8 coloured plates from original drawings by A. Thorburn and 8 plates and 100 figures in black London, Longmans, Green, and co., 1921. ENG url p. 359.
• British birds. London, Witherby and Co. ENG url p. 293, p. 307, p. 343, p. 350.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 128, p. 415, p. 45, p. 489.
• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. New Haven: The Museum, ENG url p. 85.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 131, p. 209.
• Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. [England]: The Club, ENG url p. 276.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 642.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] ENG url p. 152, p. 206.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Charles E. Hellmayr, Boardman Conover. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1948. ENG url p. 265, p. 269.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 77.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 266, p. 29, p. 31, p. 36.
• Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library. by John Todd Zimmer; Wilfred H. Osgood, editor. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1926 ENG url p. 361.
• Coloured figures of the eggs of British birds: with descriptive notices / by Henry Seebohm; edited (after the author's death) by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Sheffield: Pawson and Brailsford, 1896. ENG url p. 67.
• Compendio della Fauna Italiana. Descrizione elementare Degli Animali pite originali. Torino, Ditta G.B. Paravia e Comp., 1885. ITA url p. 56.
• Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s©ances de l'Acad©mie des sciences. Paris: publi©s avec le concours du Centre national de la recherche scientifique par MM. les secr©taires perp©tuels: -1965. FRE url p. 856.
• Dansk ornithologisk forenings tidsskrift. [Kavn]: Den Forening, [1907- DAN url p. 115, p. 167, p. 173, p. 185, p. 232.
• Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Wien: Aus der Kaiserlich-K©niglichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1850-1918. GER url p. 253.
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 124, p. 138, p. 141, p. 4.
• Faune de France. [t.] 1-68. Paris, 1921-66. FRE url p. 57.
• Hand-list of genera and species of birds, distinguishing those contained in the British Museum / by G.R. Gray 1870 ENG url p. 102.
• Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 894.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 112, p. 147, p. 177, p. 218, p. 224, p. 250, p. 278, p. 294, p. 325, p. 349, p. 366, p. 372, p. 374, p. 432, p. 433, p. 439, p. 449, p. 477, p. 483, p. 485, p. 489, p. 504, p. 524, p. 557, p. 558, p. 559, p. 615, p. 625, p. 635, p. 67, p. 679, p. 686, p. 695, p. 707, p. 714, p. 734, p. 768, p. 95.
• Indian birds; being a key to the common birds of the plains of India, by Douglas Dewar. A companion volume to the bird volumes of "The fauna of British India" and Jerdon's "Birds of India." London, John Lane[1923] ENG url p. 218.
• Jagdtierkunde; naturgeschichte der in Deutschland heimischen wildarten, von dr. Ernst Sch... Berlin, P.Parey, 1907. GER url p. 481.
• Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde. Wiesbaden: J.F. Bergmann, GER url p. 80.
• Jahresbericht des Ornithologischen V GER url p. 8.
• Jottings about birds / by Charles Dixon. London: Chapman and Hall, 1893. ENG url p. 30.
• Katalog der Eiersammlung, nebst Beschreibungeh der aussereuropchen Eier. Berlin, R. Friedler and Sohn, 1910. GER url p. 76.
• Le Gerfaut = De Giervalk. Bruxelles, Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique. DUT url p. 23, p. 79.
• Lord Lilford on birds: being a collection of informal and unpublished writings by the late president of the British Ornithologists' Union. With contributed papers upon falconry and otter hunting, his favourite sports. Edited by Aubyn Trevor-Battye and il London, Hutchinson, 1903. ENG url p. 286, p. 295, p. 297.
• MagyarorszMadarai; a hazai madilmegismernek vezonala. 170 eredeti szrajzzal 9 mumellettel, irta Dr. Madar Gyula. Anhang: Die V ungarns; Auszug in deutscher Sprache. Budapest, 1899-1903. HUN url p. 324, p. 588.
• Manual of the birds of Iceland / by Henry H. Slater. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1901. ENG url p. 149, p. 39.
• Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zo©logy, at Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. Cambridge [Mass.]: The Museum, 1876-1938. ENG url p. 94, p. 95.
• Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1886- ENG url p. 139.
• Mires de la Soci zoologique de France. Paris: Au Siege de la Soci, 1888- FRE url p. 182.
• Natur und Museum. Frankfurt am Main. MUL url p. 59.
• Nests and eggs of birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania, by Alfred J. North... Sydney: Australian Museum, 1901-1914 ENG url p. 10.
• Norsk ornithologisk tidsskrift. Stavanger. NOR url p. 143, p. 18.
• Nos oiseaux. [Neuchatel]Soci romande pour l'de et la protection des oiseaux. FRE url p. 46.
• Notes on the birds of Herefordshire, contributed by members of the Woolhope Club. Collected and arranged by the late Henry Graves Bull.
• Notes on the birds of Kent / by R.J. Balston, C.W. Shepherd, and E. Bartlett. London: R.H. Porter, 1907. ENG url p. 319, p. 462.
• Novitates Zoologicae. London. url p. 111, p. 203, p. 311, p. 334, p. 541.
• Ornis. Vienna, [1885-1907]. GER url p. 499, p. 680.
• Ornithological bibliography. [Washington: Geological Survey [etc.], 1878-1880. ENG url p. 908.
• Ornithologie europne, ou, Catalogue descriptif, analytique et raisonnes oiseaux observen Europe. Paris; J.B. Bailli, 1867. FRE url p. 329.
• Ornithologische Monatsberichte. Berlin. GER url p. 139, p. 176, p. 198, p. 95, p. 97.
• Ornithologische Monatsschrift. Magdeburg [etc.], Kommissions-Verlag der Creutschen Verlagsbuchhandlung. GER url p. 326.
• Ornithologisches Jahrbuch. Hallein: V. Tschusi, 1890-1918. GER url p. 139, p. 158, p. 169, p. 20, p. 211, p. 221, p. 226, p. 241, p. 272, p. 52.
• Pictures of bird life: on woodland meadow, mountain and marsh / by R. B. Lodge; with nunerous colour illustrations from photographs from life by the author. London: S. H. Bousfield, 1903. ENG url p. 291.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 261, p. 89.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 116, p. 27.
• Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. (Length and wingspan info.)
• Sketch-book of British birds / by R. Bowdler Sharpe; with coloured illustrations by A.F. and C. Lydon. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1898. ENG url p. 252.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 124, p. 231, p. 330, p. 472.
• Social feeding behavior of birds. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1954. ENG url p. 32.
• South Australian ornithologist. Adelaide, South Australian Ornithological Association. ENG url p. 71.
• Spolia zeylanica. [S.l.: s.n.] ENG url p. 305.
• The Annals of Scottish natural history. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1892-1911. ENG url p. 140, p. 151, p. 186, p. 199, p. 211, p. 50, p. 55, p. 83.
• The Avicultural magazine. [Ascot, Berkshire, etc., Avicultural Society, etc.] ENG url p. 216, p. 423.
• The Emu. Melbourne: Australasian Ornithologists' Union, ENG url p. 168, p. 229, p. 242, p. 48, p. 71, p. 87.
• The Irish naturalist. Dublin: Eason and Son, Ltd., 1892- ENG url p. 98.
• The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay: The Society, ENG url p. 503, p. 73.
• The Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union. Pretoria. ENG url p. 111, p. 54.
• The Quarterly journal of the Boston Zoological Society. Boston: The Society, 1881- ENG url p. 30, p. 57.
• The Scottish naturalist. Arbroath [etc.]T. Buncle and Co. [etc.] ENG url p. 10.
• The birds of Chile, by Charles E. Hellmayr. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1932. ENG url p. 309.
• The birds of Yorkshire: being a historical account of the avi-fauna of the County / by T.H. Nelson; with the co-operation of W. Eagle Clarke and F. Boyes. London: A. Brown, 1907. ENG url p. 406, p. 798.
• The birds of the British Isles and their eggs. by T.A. Coward; with 213 accurately coloured illustrations by Archibald Thorburn and others, reproduced from Lord Lilford's work Coloured figures of the birds of the British Islands, and 69 photograp London; F. Warne, 1920. ENG url p. 373.
• The faunal connections between Europe and North America. New York, Wiley[1957] ENG url p. 23.
• The fundus oculi of birds, especially as viewed by the ophthalmoscope; a study in the comparative anatomy and physiology, by Casey Albert Wood. Illustrated by 145 drawings in the text; also by sixty-one colored paintings prepared for this work by Arthur W Chicago, The Lakeside Press, 1917. ENG url p. 44, p. 84.
• The natural history of South Africa. by F.W. Fitzsimons. London, New York [etc.]Longmans, Green and co., 1923. ENG url p. 290.
• The nests and eggs of non-indigenous British birds or such species that do not breed within the British Archipelago / Charles Dixon. London: Chapman and Hall, 1894. ENG url p. 191, p. 366.
• The ornithology of Illinois / [by Robert Ridgway and S.A. Forbes]. Springfield, Ill., H.W. Rokker, printer, 1889-1895. ENG url p. 110, p. 278.
• The ornithology of Illinois. Part I. Descriptive catalogue. By Robert Ridgway. Part II. Economic ornithology. By S. A. Forbes. Pub. by the authority of the state Legislature. Springfield, Ill., H. W. Rokker, printer, 1889-95. ENG url p. 110, p. 278.
• The transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. St. Louis: The Academy, 1860-1958. ENG url p. 37, p. 50.
• Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging. Leiden, Brill. DUT url p. 107, p. 132, p. 251, p. 271, p. 39, p. 40, p. 51, p. 62.
• Transactions / Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club. Watford [etc.]: The Club, 1879- ENG url p. 94.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. [St. Louis, Academy of Science of St. Louis] ENG url p. 37, p. 50.
• Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. Glasgow, The Society. ENG url p. 293, p. 323.
• Turner on birds: a short and succinct history of the principal birds noticed by Pliny and Aristotle first published by Doctor William Turner, 1544. Ed. with introduction, translation, notes, and appendix, by A. H. Evans. Cambridge, University press, 1903. ENG url p. 220.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 181.
• Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 11, p. 174, p. 260, p. 268, p. 32, p. 331, p. 394, p. 411, p. 417, p. 676, p. 732.
• Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 224.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 27, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 25 providers.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 27, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx River Bioblitz
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens
• Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom, Upper Silesian Museum, Bird Observations

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3851810
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-174925
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13378552
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 174924
• IUCN ID: 49620
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNGE02010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 6352

Footnotes

1. Mean = 827.120 meters (2,713.648 feet), Standard Deviation = 707.430 based on 9,110 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.