Pipilo maculatus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Ecology: List of Habitats : 1.4 Forest - Temperate

Biology

Diet

Mostly: Nuts Seeds Fruit. Lesser Quantities of: Insects.

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Successional-scrub
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Length of Incubation : 12-13 days
• Days to Fledge : 10-12
• Number of Broods: 2, occasionally 3 in south

Migration

Some migrate

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

Eastern Towhee

Members of the genus Pipilo

There are approximately 90 species in this genus:

P. aberti (Abert's Towhee) · P. aberti aberti (Abert's Towhee) · P. aberti dumeticolus · P. albicollis (White-Throated Towhee) · P. albigula · P. chlororus · P. chlorurus (Chestnut-Crowned Towhee) · P. chlorurus chlorura · P. crissalis (Inyo California Towhee) · P. crissalis albigula · P. crissalis carolae · P. crissalis crissalis (California Towhee) · P. crissalis eremophilus (Inyo California Towhee) · P. crissalis petulans · P. crissalis senicula · P. erythrophthalmus (San Francisco Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus alleni (Rufous-Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus arcticus (Rufous-Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus canaster · P. erythrophthalmus clementae · P. erythrophthalmus consobrinus · P. erythrophthalmus curtatus · P. erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Rufous- Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus falcifer · P. erythrophthalmus falcinellus · P. erythrophthalmus gaigei · P. erythrophthalmus macronyx · P. erythrophthalmus maculatus · P. erythrophthalmus magnirostris · P. erythrophthalmus megalonyx · P. erythrophthalmus montanus · P. erythrophthalmus oregonus · P. erythrophthalmus rileyi · P. erythrophthalmus socorroensis (Rufous-Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus umbraticola · P. fuscus (Argus Mountains Towhee) · P. fuscus albigula (Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus aripolius · P. fuscus bullatus (Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus campoi · P. fuscus carolae · P. fuscus crissalis · P. fuscus eremophilus · P. fuscus fuscus (Argus Mountains Towhee) · P. fuscus intermedius · P. fuscus jamesi · P. fuscus mesatus · P. fuscus mesoleucus · P. fuscus perpallidus · P. fuscus petulans · P. fuscus potosinus · P. fuscus relictus (Yuma Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus senicula · P. fuscus texanus · P. fuscus toroi · P. macronyx · P. maculatus (Spotted Towhee) · P. maculatus arcticus · P. maculatus chiapensis · P. maculatus clementae (Spotted Towhee) · P. maculatus consobrinus · P. maculatus curtatus · P. maculatus falcifer · P. maculatus falcinellus · P. maculatus gaigei · P. maculatus griseipygius · P. maculatus macronyx · P. maculatus maculatus · P. maculatus magnirostris · P. maculatus megalonyx · P. maculatus montanus · P. maculatus oaxacae · P. maculatus oregonius · P. maculatus oregonus · P. maculatus orientalis · P. maculatus repetens · P. maculatus socorroensis · P. maculatus umbraticola · P. maculatus vulcanorum · P. maculatus x · P. nigrescens · P. ocai (Collared Towhee) · P. ocai alticola · P. ocai brunnescens · P. ocai guerrerensis · P. ocai nigrescens · P. ocai ocai · P. socorroensis · P. torquatus · P. virescens

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. ENG url p. 10.
• A history of North American birds, by S.F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Land birds, illustrated by 64 chromo-lithographic plates and 593 woodcuts. Boston, Little, Brown, 1875. ENG url p. 106, p. 113, p. 116.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby & co., 1912. ENG url p. 564, p. 570.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887. ENG url p. 436, p. 597, p. 614, p. 617.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• Animal life in the Yosemite; an account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Irwin Storer Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1924. ENG url p. 477.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 45.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 282, p. 283.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Bibliographia zoologica. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1896-1934. MUL url p. 342.
• Bird-lore. New York, National Association of Audubon Societies. ENG url p. 289, p. 290.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds of America; editor-in-chief, T. Gilbert Pearson; consulting editor, John Burroughs; artists, R.I. Brasher, R. Bruce Horsfall [and] Henry Thurston. New York, The University Society, 1923. ENG url p. 60.
• Birds of the Northwest: a hand-book of the ornithology of the region drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries / by Elliott Coues. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1874. ENG url p. 175.
• Birds of the Pacific coast, including a brief account of the distribution and habitat of one hundred and eighteen birds that are more or less common to the Pacific coast states and British Columbia, many of which are found east by Willard Ayres Eliot; wi New York, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1923. ENG url p. 197.
• Birds of the Rockies, by Leander S. Keyser... with eight full-page plates [four in color] by Louis Agassiz Fuertes; many illustrations in the text by Bruce Horsfall, and eight views of localities from photographs; with a c Chicago, A. C. McClurg and co., 1902. ENG url p. 336.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 141, p. 1781, p. 1827, p. 1848, p. 1851, p. 26, p. 336, p. 405, p. 410, p. 412, p. 413, p. 414, p. 415, p. 417, p. 418, p. 419, p. 420, p. 421, p. 422, p. 423, p. 581, p. 598, p. 601, p. 678, p. 688, p. 69, p. 697.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. ENG url p. 192.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 150, p. 191, p. 225, p. 235.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. by Charles E. Hellmayr. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1938. ENG url p. 452, p. 454, p. 455, p. 459, p. 460, p. 461.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 747, p. 749, p. 751.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. ENG url p. 282, p. 283.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 331, p. 488, p. 490, p. 492, p. 503, p. 504, p. 505, p. 522.
• Check-list of North American birds: according to the canons of nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union. [s.l.]: The Union, 1889. ENG url p. 53.
• Dickinson, E. C. (2003a): The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, edition 3rd edition, Christopher Helm, London
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• Field ornithology. Comprising a manual of instruction for procuring, preparing and preserving birds, and a check list of North American birds, by Elliott Coues. Salem [Mass.]Naturalists' Agency, 1874. ENG url p. 41, p. 43.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande Valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey; with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company, 1902. ENG url p. 54.
• Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Cincinnati: The Society, 1878/79 [i.e. 1878 or 1879]-1945. ENG url p. 57.
• Katalog der Eiersammlung, nebst Beschreibungeh der aussereuropchen Eier. Berlin, R. Friedler & Sohn, 1910. GER url p. 319.
• Katalog der Vogelsammlung in Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, von Ernst Hartert. Abgeschlossen Mitte Januar 1891. Frankfurt a.M., Knauer, 1891. GER url p. 50.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and lower California Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1890. ENG url p. 876.
• Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston[Boston Society of Natural History]1862-1878. ENG url p. 562.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1926. ENG url p. 755.
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, ENG url p. 216, p. 309, p. 347.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 114, p. 58, p. 59, p. 86, p. 86.
• Point Lobos Reseerve; State Park, California. Interpretation of a primitive landscape. Sacramento, [State Print. Off., 1954] ENG url p. 96.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 215.
• Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge. Philadelphia: The Society ENG url p. 158.
• Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston [etc.]Boston Society of Natural History. ENG url p. 225.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 272, p. 504, p. 770.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 147, p. 419, p. 580, p. 612, p. 642, p. 68.
• Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler [...] under the direction of the chief of engineers, U.S. Army. Published by authority of [...] the secretary of war in accordanc Washington: Govt. print. off., 1875-89. ENG url p. 494.
• Richard C. Banks: Formerly included in P. erythrophthalmus
• Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. (Length and wingspan info.)
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 181, p. 212, p. 419, p. 510, p. 99.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 158.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 1375, p. 1393.
• The bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred North American birds; also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1915. ENG url p. 360.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Geo. W. Martin, ENG url p. 108.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 606, p. 612, p. 682.
• Western birds, by Harriet Williams Myers. New York, The Macmillan company, 1922. ENG url p. 200.
• Zoe: a biological journal. San Francisco. ENG url p. 178.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 3, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 03, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 9 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 03, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• University of Alaska Museum of the North: University of New Mexico Museum of Southwestern Biology Bird Collection
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3850298
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-554380
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13815960
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 554380
• IUCN ID: 54233
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBX74080
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13610

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.