Pipilo crissalis

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Vegetation: arid lowland scrubs, arid montane scrubs, arid lowland scrubs, riparian thickets • Maximum Elevation: 2,400 meters • Foraging Strata: Terrestrial • Center of Abundance: Lower subtropical: lowlands, lower than 500 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Low

Ecology: List of Habitats : 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 3.6 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist 3.7 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude

Biology

Diet

Primarily: Seeds. Lesser Quantities of: Fruit Insects

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Successional-scrub
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 3-4
• Length of Incubation : 11? days
• Number of Broods: 2 or 3

Migration

Permanent resident

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

The Canyon Towhee is similar to the California Towhee but has a rusty crown and grayer upperparts. Abert's Towhee is buffier and has a black area around the bill.

Members of the genus Pipilo

There are approximately 90 species in this genus:

P. aberti (Abert's Towhee) · P. aberti aberti (Abert's Towhee) · P. aberti dumeticolus · P. albicollis (White-Throated Towhee) · P. albigula · P. chlororus · P. chlorurus (Chestnut-Crowned Towhee) · P. chlorurus chlorura · P. crissalis (Inyo California Towhee) · P. crissalis albigula · P. crissalis carolae · P. crissalis crissalis (California Towhee) · P. crissalis eremophilus (Inyo California Towhee) · P. crissalis petulans · P. crissalis senicula · P. erythrophthalmus (San Francisco Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus alleni (Rufous-Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus arcticus (Rufous-Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus canaster · P. erythrophthalmus clementae · P. erythrophthalmus consobrinus · P. erythrophthalmus curtatus · P. erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Rufous- Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus falcifer · P. erythrophthalmus falcinellus · P. erythrophthalmus gaigei · P. erythrophthalmus macronyx · P. erythrophthalmus maculatus · P. erythrophthalmus magnirostris · P. erythrophthalmus megalonyx · P. erythrophthalmus montanus · P. erythrophthalmus oregonus · P. erythrophthalmus rileyi · P. erythrophthalmus socorroensis (Rufous-Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus umbraticola · P. fuscus (Argus Mountains Towhee) · P. fuscus albigula (Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus aripolius · P. fuscus bullatus (Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus campoi · P. fuscus carolae · P. fuscus crissalis · P. fuscus eremophilus · P. fuscus fuscus (Argus Mountains Towhee) · P. fuscus intermedius · P. fuscus jamesi · P. fuscus mesatus · P. fuscus mesoleucus · P. fuscus perpallidus · P. fuscus petulans · P. fuscus potosinus · P. fuscus relictus (Yuma Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus senicula · P. fuscus texanus · P. fuscus toroi · P. macronyx · P. maculatus (Spotted Towhee) · P. maculatus arcticus · P. maculatus chiapensis · P. maculatus clementae (Spotted Towhee) · P. maculatus consobrinus · P. maculatus curtatus · P. maculatus falcifer · P. maculatus falcinellus · P. maculatus gaigei · P. maculatus griseipygius · P. maculatus macronyx · P. maculatus maculatus · P. maculatus magnirostris · P. maculatus megalonyx · P. maculatus montanus · P. maculatus oaxacae · P. maculatus oregonius · P. maculatus oregonus · P. maculatus orientalis · P. maculatus repetens · P. maculatus socorroensis · P. maculatus umbraticola · P. maculatus vulcanorum · P. maculatus x · P. nigrescens · P. ocai (Collared Towhee) · P. ocai alticola · P. ocai brunnescens · P. ocai guerrerensis · P. ocai nigrescens · P. ocai ocai · P. socorroensis · P. torquatus · P. virescens

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A history of North American birds, by S.F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Land birds, illustrated by 64 chromo-lithographic plates and 593 woodcuts. Boston, Little, Brown, 1875. ENG url p. 122.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 93, p. 96.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 54, p. 54.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 284, p. 285.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Bird-lore. New York, National Association of Audubon Societies. ENG url p. 308.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds of America; editor-in-chief, T. Gilbert Pearson; consulting editor, John Burroughs; artists, R.I. Brasher, R. Bruce Horsfall [and] Henry Thurston. New York, The University Society, 1923. ENG url p. 61.
• Birds of the Pacific coast, including a brief account of the distribution and habitat of one hundred and eighteen birds that are more or less common to the Pacific coast states and British Columbia, many of which are found east by Willard Ayres Eliot; wi New York, G. P. Putnam's sons, 1923. ENG url p. 197.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 407, p. 434, p. 435, p. 436, p. 682, p. 709.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] ENG url p. 193.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 753.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. ENG url p. 284, p. 285.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 393, p. 516.
• Darwinism to-day; a discussion of present-day scientific criticism of the Darwinian selection theories, together with a brief account of the principal other proposed auxiliary and alternative theories of species-formin by Vernon L. Kellogg New York, H. Holt and company, 1907. ENG url p. 258.
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• Journal of entomology and zoology. Claremont, Calif., U.S.A.: Pomona College Dept. of Zoology, [1913- ENG url p. 59.
• Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington [etc., Washington Academy of Sciences] ENG url p. 60.
• Katalog der Eiersammlung, nebst Beschreibungeh der aussereuropchen Eier. Berlin, R. Friedler & Sohn, 1910. GER url p. 320.
• Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston[Boston Society of Natural History]1862-1878. ENG url p. 565.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 59.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 590.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 49, p. 510.
• Richard C. Banks: Formerly included in P. fuscus
• Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. (Length and wingspan info.)
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 391.
• The Canadian bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred north American birds, also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs / by Chester A. Reed. Toronto: Musson Book Co., c1914. ENG url p. 360, p. 361.
• The book of birds; common birds of town and country and American game birds, by Henry W. Henshaw; illustrated in natural colors with 250 paintings by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Washington, D.C., National geographic society[1921] ENG url p. 28.
• Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. [San Diego]: The Society, 1905- ENG url p. 481.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 10, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 6 providers.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 2, 2007.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 10, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3850300
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-202309
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13815960
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 202307
• IUCN ID: 53591
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBX74070
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13229

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.