Pipilo chlorurus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: arid lowland scrubs, riparian thickets • Maximum Elevation: 2,500 meters • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.9     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.4     Shrubland - Temperate   
  
•     3.5     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     3.8     Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Mostly: Nuts Seeds Fruit. Lesser Quantities of: Insects.

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Successional-scrub
• Nest Location: Ground-low nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 2-5
• Number of Broods: 2

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Pipilo chlorurus (Audubon, 1839)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Oct-2007

Similar Species

Olive Sparrow

Members of the genus Pipilo

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 21 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. aberti (Abert's Towhee) · P. aberti aberti (Abert's Towhee) · P. albicollis (White-Throated Towhee) · P. chlorurus (Chestnut-Crowned Towhee) · P. crissalis (Inyo California Towhee) · P. crissalis crissalis (California Towhee) · P. crissalis eremophilus (Inyo California Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus (Rufous- Sided Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus alleni (Eastern Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus arcticus (Eastern Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Eastern Towhee) · P. erythrophthalmus socorroensis (Eastern Towhee) · P. fuscus (Argus Mountains Towhee) · P. fuscus albigula (Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus bullatus (Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus fuscus (Brown Towhee) · P. fuscus relictus (Brown Towhee) · P. maculatus (Spotted Towhee) · P. maculatus clementae (Spotted Towhee) · P. ocai (Collared Towhee) · P. socorroensis (Socorro Towhee)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A bird-lover in the West / by Olive Thorne Miller [pseud.] Boston; Houghton, Mifflin, 1900. url .
• A bird-lover in the West [by] Olive Thorne Miller. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin, 1894. url p. vii.
• A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. url p. 61.
• A check list of North-American birds by Elliott Coues. Salem, Mass.: F.W. Putnam, 1879. url .
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 18.
• A history of North American birds / by S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Boston: Little, Brown, 1905. url p. 106, p. 131, p. 134, p. 517.
• A history of North American birds land birds / by S. F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Boston: Little, Brown, 1874. url p. 131, p. 131.
• A history of North American birds, by S.F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Land birds, illustrated by 64 chromo-lithographic plates and 593 woodcuts. Boston, Little, Brown, 1875. url p. 106, p. 131, p. 517.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 605.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1900. url p. 605.
• A-birding on a bronco, by Florence A. Merriam. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, 1896. url , p. x.
• American bird magazine, ornithology. Worcester, Mass.: C.K. Reed, 1903-1906. url p. 214.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 50, p. 696.
• Biologia centrali-americana: Aves / [London: R.H. Porter], 1879-1904. url .
• Birds / by Spencer Fullerton Baird; with the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Washington, D.C., 1858. url p. 512.
• Birds of the Northwest: a hand-book of the ornithology of the region drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries / by Elliott Coues. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1874. url p. 176, p. 177.
• Birds of the Rockies, by Leander S. Keyser... with eight full-page plates [four in color] by Louis Agassiz Fuertes; many illustrations in the text by Bruce Horsfall, and eight views of localities from photographs; with a c Chicago, A. C. McClurg and co., 1902. url , , , p. 292.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 246, p. 26, p. 401, p. 59.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. url p. 10, p. 17.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 3 1872 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 150, p. 154, p. 157, p. 168, p. 344.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] url p. 165, p. 192, p. 255, p. 93, p. 94.
• Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories / Department of the Interior. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874- url p. 227.
• Bulletin. Salem, Mass. url p. 10, p. 17, p. 20, p. 37.
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 131.
• Catalogue of a collection of American birds / belonging to Philip Lutley Sclater. London: N. Trubner and Co., 1862. url p. 117.
• Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History) London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1901-12. url p. 282.
• Check-list of North American birds, New York, American Ornithologists' Union, 1895. url .
• Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands / prepared by the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature of the American Orni Lawrence, Kan.: American Ornithologists' Union, 1983. url p. 683.
• Check-list of birds of the world. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931-1987. url p. 168, p. 169.
• Collected writings on mammals. [v.p.]1870-1908. url p. 39.
• Eggs of North American birds by Chas. J. Maynard. Boston: De Wolfe, Fiske, 1890. url .
• Evolution of the colors of North American land birds / by Charles A. Keeler. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 1893. url p. 309, p. 310.
• Field and forest. [Washington: Columbia Press, 1875-1878]. url p. 198.
• Field ornithology. Comprising a manual of instruction for procuring, preparing and preserving birds, and a check list of North American birds, by Elliott Coues. Salem [Mass.]Naturalists' Agency, 1874. url p. 43.
• "Forest and Stream" bird notes. An index and summary of all the ornithological matter contained in "Forest and Stream." Vols. I-XII. New York, Forest and Stream Publishing Co., 1881. url .
• "Forest and stream" bird notes. An index and summary of all the ornithological matter contained in "Forest and Stream." Vols. I-XII. Compiled by H.B. Bailey. New York, Forest and Stream, 1881. url p. 17, p. 60.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. 1981 [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. url p. 157.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 213, p. 353, p. 502.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and Lower California Boston, Estes and Lauriat, 1896. url p. 398.
• Land birds of the Pacific district / by Lyman Belding. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 1890. url p. 173.
• Land birds of the Pacific district, San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, 1890. url , .
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 13 1984 San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931-1989. url p. 205, p. 256.
• Museum bulletin / Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 109.
• Nests and eggs of North American birds by Oliver Davie. Columbus [Ohio]: Landon Press, 1898. url .
• Nomenclature of North American birds chiefly contained in the United States National Museum. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1881. url .
• North American fauna. Washington: Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. url p. 103, p. 103, p. 12, p. 125, p. 133, p. 156, p. 40, p. 97.
• Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, url p. 173, p. 266, p. 309.
• Ornithologist and oo?logist Pawtucket, R.I. url p. 126.
• Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe. .. [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. url p. 501, p. 526.
• Our native birds of song and beauty, being a complete history of all the songbirds, flycatchers, hummingbirds, swifts, goatsuckers, woodpeckers, kingfishers, trogons, cuckoos, and parrots, of North America. Milwaukee, G. Brumder, 1893-96. url , , .
• P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution / revised by the Montana Bird Distribution Committee. [Helena, MT]:Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1996 url p. 102.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithnological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. url p. 163, p. 59.
• Part I. Palæontology. By F. B. Meek. Part II. Palæontology. By James Hall and R. P. Whitfield. Part III. Ornithology. By Robert Ridgway... Washington, Govt. print. off., 1877. url p. 362, p. 364, p. 384.
• Potential wildlife-highway interactions at select mile-markers along Montana Department of Transportation routes an ArcView GIS analysis / Bozeman, Mont.: Fish and Wildlife Management Program, Montana State University, 2001 url .
• Preliminary report of explorations in Nebraska and Dakota, in the years 1855-'56-'57, by Lieut. G.K. Warren, Topographical Engineers. .. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1875. url p. 101.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia url p. 218, p. 218, p. 89, p. 89.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, The Academy. url p. 75.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 10 1887 Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 161, p. 181, p. 220, p. 236, p. 348, p. 390, p. 394, p. 419, p. 521, p. 540, p. 679.
• Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1860 London: Academic Press, [etc.], 1833-1965. url p. 275, p. 485.
• Report of a reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana Territory, on the upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and return, made in the summer of 1875 / Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., 1876. url p. 91.
• Report of the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, made by order of the Secretary of War according to acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869 / Washington: Government Printing Office, 1870-1880. url p. 325, p. 336, p. 347, p. 355, p. 357, p. 359, p. 360, p. 361, p. 363, p. 364, p. 365, p. 368, p. 383, p. 384, p. 388, p. 668.
• Report of the Geological exploration of the fortieth parallel made by order of the Secretary of War according to acts of Congress of March 2, 1867, and March 3, 1869, under the direction of. .. A.A. Humphreys, chief of engineers, by Clarence King, U.S. geologist Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1870-80 url p. 363, p. 364, p. 383, p. 496, p. 497.
• Report of the geological exploration of the fortieth parallel / Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1870-80 url p. 336, p. 340, p. 347, p. 355, p. 357, p. 360, p. 361, p. 362, p. 364, p. 368, p. 374, p. 384, p. 496.
• Report on bird migration in the Mississippi valley in the years 1884 and 1885 / Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1888. url , .
• Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian / Washington [D.C.]: G.P.O., 1875-1889. url p. 307, p. 308, p. 506, p. 507.
• Report upon ornithological specimens collected in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873 / U. S. Army, Engineer Dept., Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One hundredth Meridian; [by H.C. Yarrow and H.W. Henshaw]. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1874. url p. 121, p. 82.
• Report upon the ornithological collections made in portions of Nevade, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, by H.W. Henshaw. Washington, D.C., 1875 url p. 307, p. 507.
• Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Washington, A. O. P. Nicholson, printer [etc.]1855-60. url , .
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Pipilo chlorurus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 04February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 29, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 10 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 29, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 7319
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179310
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2478838
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179310
• IUCN ID: 233114
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBX74010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13981

Footnotes

1. Mean = 1,554.270 meters (5,099.311 feet), Standard Deviation = 578.730 based on 8,919 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.