Phyciodes tharos

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Description

Family Nymphalidae

'The Nymphalidae are members of the Superfamily Papilionoidea, the true butterflies. Distributed worldwide, butterflies of this family are especially rich in the tropics. They are highly variable, and there are more species in this family than in any other. Adults vary in size from small to large, and their front legs are reduced, unable to be used for walking. Wing shape is also highly variable: some species have irregular margins (anglewings and commas), and others have long taillike projections (daggerwings). Browns, oranges, yellows, and blacks are frequent colors, while iridescent colors such as purples and blues are rare. Adults of some groups are the longest-lived butterflies, surviving 6-11 months. Adult feeding behavior depends on the species, where some groups primarily seek flower nectar while others only feed on sap flows , rotting fruit, dung, or animal carcasses. Males exhibit perching and patrolling behaviors when seeking mates. Egg-laying varies widely, as some species lay eggs in clustsers, others in columns, and others singly. Caterpillar appearance and behavior vary widely. Brushfoots overwinter as larvae or adults.

'[1]

Subfamily Nymphalinae

Brushfoots are the most prevalent members of the Family Nymphalinae. Distributed worldwide, this is a diverse group that contains several tribes , each with somewhat different structural and biological features. Adults of North American species are predominantly orange, brown, and black. Wing shape and mating systems are variable. Most checkerspots and crescentspots patrol for mates, while the remainder of groups exhibit either perching or perching and patrolling . Migration varies widely; some strong migrants are found in the lady butterflies, tortoiseshells, and anglewings, while other species are local in occurrence. Most species limit their host plants to a few species, but the Painted Lady has one of the widest host palettes of all butterflies. Eggs are laid singly or clustered in groups, and caterpillars be found feeding alone or communally. Brushfoots overwinter as young caterpillars or hibernating adults.[2]

Physical Description

Habitat

Open spaces, meadows, fields , roadsides, streamsides.

Extremely widespread in most any sunny locations -- fields, wooded borders , yards , etc. Not associated with interior forested areas, but certainly one of the more frequently seen butterflies along woodland edges and powerline clearings. (ref. 104729)

Open areas such as pastures, road edges, vacant lots , fields, open pine woods . (ref. 105926)

Biology

Diet

Foodplants are primarily asters. Ironically, because it is such a widespread species, the butterfly observer would never suspect what plants are the foodplants! Nectar plants are very widespread, but they are usually low-growing herbs, as opposed to tall herbs or large shrubs . (ref. 104729)

Caterpillar hosts: Several species of smooth-leaved true asters including Aster pilosus, A. texanus, and A. laevis. (ref. 105926)

Adult food: Nectar from a great variety of flowers including dogbane, swamp milkweed, shepherd's needle , asters, and winter cress. (ref. 105926)

Reproduction

Eggs are laid in clusters on leaves of asters. Larvae feed on aster foliage . Caterpillars are brown with yellow bands and many branching spines; last brood overwinters . Chrysalis is mottled gray, yellow and brown. There are usually several broods per season .

Behavior

Flight period: Many broods (four or five) that essentially overlap; there is a continuous presence in NC from mid-March to late November. The flight in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont begins in late March. (ref. 104729)

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Similar Species

Phaon Crescent; Painted Crescent

Identification can be challenging at times, and Pearl Crescents can be confused with Mimic Crescent (P. incognitus), Phaon Crescent (P. phaon), and Silvery Checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis).

Members of the genus Phyciodes

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 37 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. argentea (Chestnut Crescent) · P. batesii (Tawny Crescent) · P. batesii anasazi (Canyon Crescent) · P. batesii batesii (Tawny Crescent) · P. batesii lakota (Lakota Crescent) · P. batesii maconensis (Appalachian Crescent) · P. cocyta (Northern Crescent) · P. cocyta arenacolor (Steptoe Valley Checkerspot) · P. frisia (Cuban Crescent) · P. graphica (Graphic Crescent) · P. graphica vesta (Vesta Crescent) · P. incognitus (Mimic Crescent) · P. mylitta (Mylitta Crescent) · P. mylitta mexicana (Mylitta Crescent) · P. orseis (California Crescent) · P. orseis herlani (Orseis Crescent) · P. orseis orseis (Orseis Crescent) · P. pallescens (Mexican Crescent) · P. pallida (Pale Crescent) · P. pallida barnesi (Barnes' Crescent) · P. pallidus (Pallid Crescentspot) · P. phaon (Phaon Crescent) · P. picta (Painted Crescent) · P. picta canace (Painted Crescent) · P. pratensis (Field Crescent) · P. pulchella (Field Crescent) · P. pulchella camillus (Camillus Crescent) · P. pulchella pulchella (Field Crescent) · P. pulchella shoshoni (Field Crescent) · P. pulchella totchone (Field Crescent) · P. texana (Texan Crescent) · P. tharos (Arctic White) · P. tharos arctica (Pearl Crescent) · P. tharos riocolorado (Northern Pearl Crescent) · P. tharos tharos (Pearl Crescent) · P. tulcis (Pale-Banded Crescent) · P. vesta (Vesta Crescent)

More Info

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Further Reading

• ...Butterflies worth knowing, by Clarence M. Weed... illustrated by forty-eight plates, thirty-two in color. 1917 Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company[c1917] url p. 150, p. 285.
• A catalogue of the butterflies known to occur in Indiana / by W. S. Blatchley. S.l.: s.n., 1891? url p. 17.
• A century of progress in the natural sciences, 1853-1953. San Francisco, 1955. url p. 554.
• A manual of North American butterflies by Charles J. Maynard. Boston: De Wolfe, Fiske, 1891. url , , , .
• Abstract of proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng.]: South London Entomological and Natural History Society, [1885-1896] url p. 121, p. 123, p. 69.
• An ecological survey in northern Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Chas. C. Adams. A report from the University museum, University of Michigan, published by the state Board of geological survey as a part of the report for 1905. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford co., state printers, 1906. url p. 102, p. 102, p. 23, p. 23.
• An ecological survey of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Lansing, Mich., Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers, 1909. url , , , , .
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url p. 32, p. 539.
• Annals of the Entomological Society of America. [College Park, Md., etc.]: Entomological Society of America. url p. 255, p. 430.
• Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York, New York Academy of Sciences. url p. 201.
• Annotated checklist of the butterflies of Illinois [by] Roderick R. Irwin [and] John C. Downey. Urbana, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1973. url p. 28.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 68.
• Annual report / Entomological Society of Ontario. Toronto, The Society. url , p. 103, p. 76.
• Annual report / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, c1904-1920. url p. 557.
• Annual report of the New Jersey State Museum. Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish & Quigley, url p. 409, p. 633, p. 635.
• Annual report of the New Jersey state museum. 1901-12, 1914. Trenton, New Jersey. [etc.]1902-15. url p. 409, p. 633, p. 635.
• Annual report of the Ohio State Academy of Science. Columbus: The Academy, 1893-1930. url p. 22.
• Annual report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from Insects and Fungous Diseases. Quebec: The Society, 1909-1920. url p. 12.
• Annual report of the Regents / Albany: J.B. Lyon, State Printer, 1890-1903. url p. 1039.
• Annual report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. Albany, Regents of the University of the State of New York. url p. 14, p. 143, p. 177.
• Annual report. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. 1st-12th, 1867-1878. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1867-83. url p. 467.
• As nature shows them: moths and butterflies of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains: with over 400 photographic illustrations in the text and many transfers of species from life / by Sherman F. Denton. Boston: J.B. Millet, c1900. url , .
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• Bibliographical catalogue of the described tranformations of North American Lepidoptera by Henry Edwards. Washington: G.P.O., 1889. url .
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• Flowers and insects; lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty-three flowers, by Charles Robertson. Carlinville, Ill., n.p.1928. url p. 18.
• Frail children of the air; excursions into the world of butterflies, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1897. url p. 278, p. 52, p. 81.
• Guide to the insects of Connecticut, prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton. .. Hartford, Printed for The State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1911-27. url p. 358, p. 787.
• How to know the butterflies; a manual of the butterflies of the eastern United States, New York, D. Appleton, 1904. url , .
• Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera, with descriptions, by Andrew Gray Weeks, jr. Boston, Printed by the University Press, Cambridge, 1905-1911. url .
• Insects of New Jersey; a list of the species occurring in New Jersey, with notes on those of economic importance, by John B. Smith. Trenton, N. J., MacCrellish & Quigley, state printers, 1900. url p. 371, p. 371.
• Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. Chapel Hill, N.C. [etc.]Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society [etc.] url p. 76.
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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Butterflies of North Carolina
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 26, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 2 providers.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Marlin, Bruce. CirrusImage.com.
• Opler, Paul A., Kelly Lotts, and Thomas Naberhaus, coordinators. 2009. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: Big Sky Institute. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ (Version of April 17, 2009).
• Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 3, 2007.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 26, 2008:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Alan Wormington Collection
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Butterflies and Skippers of Alberta Project
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Canadian National Collection (CNC) of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Crispin S. Guppy Collection
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Lepidopterists Society Season Summaries 1973-1997
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Lyman Entomological Museum
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: M. Gollop Collection
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Norbert Kondla Collection
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ross A. Layberry Observations
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum Entomology Collection
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal Ontario Museum: Entomology
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal Saskatchewan Museum Collection
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: University of Guelph, Department of Environmental Biology
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: University of Western Ontario Collection
• Illinois Natural History Survey

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2328925
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Lep-156573.0
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 188584
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: IILEPK3030
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 14161

Footnotes

1. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy?f=18&sci=Nymphalidae&com=Brush-footed Butterflies [back]
2. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Editha&search=Search [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.