Petromyzon marinus

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

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Description

Family Petromyzontidae

Distribution: mainly temperate zones of the world. Marine species anadromous . Eel-like, jawless fish with cartilaginous skeleton and notochord . Pouch-like gills not supported by gill arches. No scales and no paired fins ; 1-2 dorsal fins. Teeth on oral disc and tongue. Dorsal and ventral nerve roots separated. Nasohypophyseal sac has an external opening only. Intestinal tract with spiral valve and cilia. Sexes separate. Eggs numerous (thousands), small and not yolky, buried in spawning redds excavated in clean, hard bottoms (litophilous broodhiders). Parents die after spawning. Radical metamorphosis of ammocoete larvae in freshwater . Lampreys (together with hagfishes ) are the most primitive extant vertebrates . Definite fossil records date back to the upper Carboniferous, about 280 million years ago[1]. Members of Petromyzontinae have the highest number of chromosomes (164-174) among vertebrates. Larvae max 10 cm, adults max 120 cm. Parasitic or non-parasitic, the latter restricted to freshwater. Ammocoetes and adults are used as bait in some areas. A number of species are used as food. petr- (gr.) = stone , myz- (gr.) = suck Some authors put the southern hemisphere lampreys into the separate families Mordaciidae and Geotriidae[1].The family Petromyzontidae belongs to the Class Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) and the Order Petromyzontiformes. It contains 6 genera and 41 species. It may be found in Marine, Brackish , and Freshwater environments and is primarily Peripheral/diadromous. Members of this family are not used in the aquarium trade. Reproductively, most members of this family are nonguarders. The main mode of swimming of adult fish in this family is anguilliform . Members of this family have been dated back to the Permian period. This family may be found from 78° n to 29° s and 180° w to 180° e. Etymology of this family name : Latin, petra = stone + Greek, myzo = to suckle + Greek, odous, odontos = teeth

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in water with a depth of -2,400 to 0 meters (-7,874 to 0 feet).[2]

Biome: Fresh water , brackish water, saltwater . Demersal .

Ecology: Adults live in sea and enter rivermouth in spring for spawning. Larvae live in rivers .[3]

Biology

Diet

The larvae live in rivers where they feed on microorganisms and detritus [4][5]. Feeds on dead or netted fish but also attach themselves to healthy fish (e.g. bony fish, sharks and even marine mammals) by scraping a hole in their skin and sucking out the blood, body fluids and flesh[5]. An anticoagulant substance prevents the blood of the prey from clotting. The landlocked form is very destructive to freshwater fishes and occasionally annoys bathers by clinging to them.

Migration

Amphihaline species making important migrations[5]. Spends its adult life in the sea for about 20 to 30 months. Adults enter estuaries for spawning in spring ; after spawning they normally die[5].

Taxonomy

Ambiguous Synonyms

1. Petromyzon adriaticus Nardo, 1847
2. Petromyzon concolor Wright, 1892
3. Petromyzon maximus Cuvier, 1816
4. Petromyzon ruber Lacepède, 1800

Unambiguous Synonyms

1. Ammocoetes bicolor Lesueur, 1818
2. Batymyzon bairdii (Gill, 1883)
3. Lampetra marina (Linnaeus, 1758)
4. Oceanomyzon wilsoni Fowler, 1908
5. Petromyzon americanus Lesueur, 1818
6. Petromyzon bairdii Gill, 1883
7. Petromyzon lampetra Pallas, 1814
8. Petromyzon maculosus Gronow, 1854
9. Petromyzon marinus dorsatus Wilder, 1883
10. Petromyzon marinus unicolor Gage, 1928
11. Petromyzon nigricans Lesueur, 1818

Similar Species

Fish Name 1st and 2nd Dorsal Fins Trunk Myomeres Lateral Pores Maximum Disk Diameter Relative to Maximum Body Diameter in Adults Suproral Lamina Teeth Inner Circumoral Teeth Maximum Total Length (mm) in WI Similarity Index American Brook Lamprey Separated 64-75 Unpigmented Less Widely separated Bicuspid 202 Very similar as ammocoetes, moderately similar as adults Chestnut Lamprey Connected 51-56 Pigmented Greater Close together Bicuspid 271 Moderately similar Northern Brook Lamprey Connected 46-56 Unpigmented Less Close together Unicupsid 171 Moderately similar Sea Lamprey Separated 63-73 Unpigmented Greater Close together Bicuspid 760 N/A Silver Lamprey Connected 46-53 Unpigmented (pigmented in large adults) Greater Close together Unicupsid 385 Moderately similar Southern Brook Lamprey Connected 49-57 Pigmented Less Close together Bicuspid ~170 Moderately similar

Members of the genus Petromyzon

There are approximately 52 species in this genus:

P. acutidens · P. marinus · P. americanus · Lampetra planeri · P. astori · P. ayresii · P. bairdii · P. bdellium · Lampetra planeri · P. borealis · Lampetra richardsoni · Lampetra planeri · P. ciliatus · P. cirrhatus · P. marinus · Lampetra tridentata · P. fluviatalis · P. fluviatilis · P. fluviatilis larvalis · P. fluviatilis major · P. fluviatilis minor · P. japonicus · Lethenteron camtschaticum · P. kessleri · P. lampetra · P. leucopterus · P. lividus · P. lumbricalis · Lampetra fluviatilis · P. macrostomus · P. maculosus · P. marinas · P. marinus (Great Sea Lamprey) · P. marinus camtschaticus · P. marinus dorsatus · P. marinus marinus (Great Sea Lamprey) · P. marinus unicolor · P. marinus · P. mordax · P. myxine · P. niger · P. nigricans · Ichthyomyzon bdellium · P. omalii · P. planaria · P. planeri · Lampetra fluviatilis · P. marinus · P. sanguisuga · P. tridentatus · P. wagneri · P. wilderi

More Info

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Further Reading

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• A Model for Transport of Lampricides in St. Mary's River Great Lakes Fishery Commission. Identification/Description; Photographs; Introduction History; Controls; Research
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• A contribution to American thalassography: Three cruises of the United States Coast and geodetic survey steamer "Blake", in the gulf of Mexico, in the Caribbean sea, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, from 1877 to 1880 / by Alexander Agas Boston; Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1888. ENG url p. 212, p. 36.
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Notes

Contributors

• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 18, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 35 providers.
• National Invasive Species Information Center, National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Site. Accessed May 3, 2008.
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

• Canadian Museum of Nature, Canadian Museum of Nature Fish Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates, Fish Collection
• European Environment Agency, EUNIS
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Atlantic Reference Centre
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Bay of Fundy Species List
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Canadian Museum of Nature - Fish Collection
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Electronic Atlas of Ichthyoplankton on the Scotian Shelf of North America
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Taxonomic Information Sytem for the Belgian coastal area
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS, National System of Proetcted Areas
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, MCZ Fish Collection
• Senckenberg, Collection Pisces
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Fishes
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Fishes of the Gothenburg Natural History Museum
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Swedish Board of Fisheries
• - Swedish Electrofishing Registry
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Database for the Atlas of Freshwater Fishes
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNPE/Coleccion Nacional de Peces
• University of Kansas Biodiversity Research Center, Fish Collection
• University of Navarra, Museum of Zoology, Museum of Zoology, University of Navarra

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2499073
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-30477
• Fishbase Species ID: 2530
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13810482
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 159722
• IUCN ID: 16781
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 7669

Footnotes

1. Hardisty, M.W. (1986). A general introduction to lampreys. p. 19-84. In J. Holc�k (ed.) The Freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 1, Part 1. Petromyzontiformes. [back]
2. Mean = 176.020 meters (577.493 feet), Standard Deviation = 219.430 based on 1,610 observations. Ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
3. World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008. [back]
4. Billard, R. (1997). Les poissons d'eau douce des rivi�res de France. Identification, inventaire et r�partition des 83 esp�ces. Lausanne: Delachaux & Niestl�, 192p. [back]
5. "Murdannia stenothyrsa". in Flora of China Vol. 24 Page 31. Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]

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