Perca fluviatilis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Occurs in slow-flowing rivers , deep lakes and ponds ; avoid cold, fast-flowing waters but may penetrate into but not breed in such waters. Normally found lying close or amongst obstacles in the water. Common in some of the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea [1].

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 125 meters (411 feet).[2]

Ecology: Habitat :
A very wide range of habitats from estuarine lagoons , lakes of all types to medium sized streams . Biology : Lives up to 21 years, usually to about six years. Males reproduce for the first time at 1-2 years, females at 2-4 years. Spawns in February-July, depending on latitude and altitude , when temperature reaches about 6°C. May undertake short spawning migrations . A female usually spawns with several males, once each year. The female circles the spawning site, followed by one male, while other males remain stationary . The egg strand is released as the female swims in spiral clockwise movements, folding herself into a U-shape. All eggs are released and fertilised within about 5 seconds in a single strand, which becomes twisted around and entangled with spawning substrate . Feeding larvae are positively phototactic, live in open water and feed on pelagic organisms . They may be widely distributed by currents . An opportunistic diurnal feeder , preying mainly at sunrise and sunset, using all available prey . Larvae and small juveniles usually prey on planktonic invertebrates . During first summer, many juveniles come near shores to feed on benthic prey. Often becomes piscivorous at about 120 mm SL . Stocks with different life-histories may co-occur in some lakes (littoral , benthic feeding, pelagic zooplanktivorous), sometimes with different spawning sites and times.[3].


List of Habitats:

•     5    Wetlands (inland)  
  
•     5.1    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )  
  
•     5.5    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)  
  
•     5.7    Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)  
  
•     13    Marine Coastal/Supratidal  
  
•     13.4    Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes  
  
•     13.5    Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Coastal Freshwater Lakes  

Biology

Diet

A predatory species, juveniles feed on zooplankton , bottom invertebrate fauna and other perch fry while adults feed on both invertebrates and fish, mainly stickle-backs, perch, roach and minnows [4]. May be captured with natural or artificial bait [5].

Reproduction

Eggs grouped in long white ribbons (up to 1 m ) are found over submerged objects[6].

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Perca fluviatilis aurea Smitt • Perca fluviatilis gibba Smitt • Perca fluviatilis gracilis Pokrovsky • Perca fluviatilis intermedius Svetovidov & Dorofeyeva • Perca fluviatilis macedonica Karaman • Perca fluviatilis maculata Smitt • Perca fluviatilis nigrescens Heckel • Perca fluviatilis phragmiteti Berg • Perca fluviatilis zaissanica Dianov • Perca fluviatilus Linnaeus • Perca helvetica Gronow • Perca italica Cuvier • Perca vulgaris aurata Fitzinger • Perca vulgaris Fitzinger • Perca vulgaris Schaeffer • Perca vulgaris Schrank

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: Data last modified by FishBase 15-Apr-1994

Similar Species

Members of the genus Perca

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 62 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. adscensionis (Longjaw Squirrelfish) · P. flavescens (Northern Largemouth Bass) · P. antarctica (Antarctic Butterfish) · P. apoda (Schoolmaster Snapper) · P. areolata (Yellow-Spotted Rock-Cod) · P. asper (Rhone Streber) · P. aurata (Yellowstripe Monocle Bream) · P. cabrilla (Learned Rockfich) · P. cernua (Redfin Darter) · P. chrysops (White Perch) · P. chrysoptera (Sailor's Choice) · P. chuatsi (Mandarin Fish) · P. cirrhosa (Frilly Scorpionfish) · P. cottoides (Marbled Stingfish) · P. diagramma (Silver-Banded Sweetlips) · P. fasciata (Black-Tipped Rock-Cod) · P. flavescens (American Whitespotted Filefish) · P. fluviatilis (English Perch) · P. formosa (Squirrelfish) · P. fourcroi (Guyanan Croaker) · P. gibbosa (Pumpkinseed Sunfish) · P. guttata (Lucky Grouper) · P. lanceolata (Chinese Butterfish) · P. louti (Lunar-Tailed Coral-Trout) · P. lucioperca (European Pike-Perch) · P. lunulata (Lunartail Seaperch) · P. marina (Atlantic Ocean Perch) · P. mediterranea (Axillary Wrasse) · P. melanura (French Margate Fish) · P. miniata (Blue-Spotted Rockcod) · P. nigra (Black Ruff) · P. nilotica (Mozambique Tilapia) · P. nobilis (Yellow Cro-Cro) · P. ocellata (Channel Bass) · P. philadelphica (Rock Sea Bass) · P. picta (Yellowdot Sweetlips) · P. polymna (White-Tipped Anemonefish) · P. praslin (Port Praslin Squirrelfish) · P. pusilla (Atlantic Shadefish) · P. rhomboidalis (Western Atlantic Seabream) · P. rogaa (Red-Flushed Rock-Cod) · P. rufa (Longspine Squirrelfish) · P. saxatilis (Striped Sea-Bass) · P. schraetser (Striped Ruffe) · P. schrenki (Balkhasch Perch) · P. schrenkii (Balkhash Minnow) · P. scriba (Painted Comber) · P. sectatrix (Bermuda Sea Chub) · P. septemfasciata (Sevenband Grouper) · P. sexlineata (Black and White Striped Soapfish) · P. striata (Smallmouthed Tomtate) · P. summana (Edgeblack Grouper) · P. tauvina (Speckled Rockcod) · P. trilineata (Threeline Grunt) · P. trucha (Smallmouth Perch) · P. undulata (Atlantic Croacker) · P. unicolor (Butter Hamlet) · P. venenosa (Yellow-Finned Grouper) · P. vitrea (Wall-Eyed Pike-Perch) · P. vittata (Indian Ocean Oriental Sweetlips) · P. volgensis (Volga Pikeperch) · P. zingel (Marquesan Grouper)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• FishBase 2006.
• FishBase. Release date: January 5, 2010
• Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Perca fluviatilis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 03February2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 27 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Database for the Atlas of Freshwater Fishes
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3864586
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-29476
• Fishbase Species ID: 358
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4395043
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 168470
• IUCN ID: 231168
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 9177

Footnotes

1. Frimodt, C. (1995). Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. [back]
2. Standard Deviation = 172.780 based on 12,517 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
3. Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Perca fluviatilis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 February 2012. [back]
4. de Moor, I.J. and M.N. Bruton (1988). Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. A report of the Committee for Nature Conservation Research National Programme for Ecosystem Research. South African Scientific Program ... [back]
5. Billard, R. (1997). Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne: Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p. [back]
6. Pinder, A.C. (2001). Keys to larval and juvenile stages of coarse fishes from fresh waters in the British Isles. Freshwater Biological Association. The Ferry House, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK. Scientific Publication No. 60. 136 p. [back]

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