Parnassius apollo

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Vulnerable

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Papilionidae

'The Papilionidae belong to the Superfamily Papilionoidea, the true butterflies. Swallowtails are worldwide in distribution and comprise approximately 560 species. They are richest in the tropics, and their brilliant colors make them favorites of butterfly enthusiasts. Many swallowtail species, especially in the tropics, mimic other butterflies that are distasteful, while others are distasteful and cause birds and other vertebrate predators to regurgitate. Swallowtail adults are medium to large and may or may not have tails, while parnassian adults are medium, tailless, and have translucent wings . All adult parnassians and swallowtails have three pairs of walking legs , and adults of all species visit flowers for nectar.

'[1]

Subfamily Parnassiinae

Parnassians are members of the Family Papilionidae. Adults are medium-sized, tailless, have translucent wings , and have three pairs of walking legs . All adults visit flowers for nectar. Males of most species patrol in search of mates. After mating once, females develop a prominent white waxy structure, the sphragis, that prevents additional matings. Parnassian eggs are globular , and parnassians typically overwinter as eggs. Caterpillars pupate on the ground in loose silken webbing. In alpine or arctic areas where parnassians may be biennial, older larvae or pupae pass the second winter.

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,037 meters (0 to 9,964 feet).[2]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Parnassius apollo antiquus Eisner & Zelny • Parnassius apollo apenninus Stichel • Parnassius apollo bartholomaeus Stichel • Parnassius apollo bezauensis Reck • Parnassius apollo bosniensis Stichel • Parnassius apollo burjaticus Nardelli & Hirschfeld • Parnassius apollo cognatus Belling • Parnassius apollo confinis Belling • Parnassius apollo eubohemicus Bryk & Eisner • Parnassius apollo f. arvernensis Eisner • Parnassius apollo f. democratus Sheljuzhko • Parnassius apollo f. escalerae Rougeot & Capdeville • Parnassius apollo fabrei Rougeot • Parnassius apollo gadorensis Rougeot & Capdeville • Parnassius apollo geminus Stichel • Parnassius apollo germainae Rougeot & Capdeville • Parnassius apollo grajus Stichel • Parnassius apollo hahnei Reck • Parnassius apollo kosswigi de Lattin • Parnassius apollo lessei Rougeot & Capdeville • Parnassius apollo manleyi Wyatt • Parnassius apollo melliculus Stichel • Parnassius apollo metaensis Eisner • Parnassius apollo navasi Bryk • Parnassius apollo nichollae Rougeot & Capdeville • Parnassius apollo oravensis Eisner & Zelny • Parnassius apollo pumilus Stichel • Parnassius apollo rachelii Eisner • Parnassius apollo sevensis Kesenheimer • Parnassius apollo thessalicus Bang-Haas • Parnassius apollo transiliensis Eisner • Parnassius apollo turatii Rothschild • Parnassius apollo var. alba Rebel & Rogenhofer • Parnassius apollo var. brittingeri Rebel & Rogenhofer • Parnassius apollo var. brunneomaculatus Stichel • Parnassius apollo var. carinthicus Stichel • Parnassius apollo var. carpathicus Rebel & Rogenhofer • Parnassius apollo var. duplex Eisner • Parnassius apollo var. excelsior Stichel • Parnassius apollo var. graphicus Stichel • Parnassius apollo var. hoglandicus Kotzsch • Parnassius apollo var. liburnicus Rebel & Rogenhofer • Parnassius apollo var. limicola Stichel • Parnassius apollo var. merzbacheri Fruhstorfer • Parnassius apollo var. minerva Bang-Haas • Parnassius apollo var. minor Rebel & Rogenhofer • Parnassius apollo var. montana Stichel • Parnassius apollo var. nivatus Fruhstorfer • Parnassius apollo var. pandolfus Fruhstorfer • Parnassius apollo var. rhaeticus Fruhstorfer • Parnassius apollo var. rubidus Fruhstorfer • Parnassius apollo var. sibiricus Fruhstorfer • Parnassius apollo var. sojoticus Bryk • Parnassius apollo var. suaneticus Arnold • Parnassius apollo var. tauricus Bryk & Eisner • Parnassius apollo var. transsylvanicus Schweitzer • Parnassius apollo var. valesiacus Fruhstorfer • Parnassius apollo var. vilpiana Dannehl • Parnassius apollo vinningensis Stichel • Parnassius apollo vistulicus Rebel • Parnassius apollo zelnyi Eisner

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: LT ([f])

Last scrutiny: 02-Dec-2007

Similar Species

Members of the genus Parnassius

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 18 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. apollo (Apollo) · P. apollo apollo (Apollo) · P. behrii (Sierra Nevada Parnassian) · P. clodius (Clodius Parnassian) · P. clodius altaurus (Altaurus Parnassian) · P. clodius claudianus (Claudianus Parnassian) · P. clodius pseudogallatinus (False Gallatin Parnassian) · P. clodius shepardi (Shepard's Parnassian) · P. clodius strohbeeni (Strobeen's Parnassian) · P. eversmanni (Eversmann's Parnassian) · P. eversmanni thor (Alaskan Parnassian) · P. phoebus (Phoebus Parnassian) · P. phoebus apricatus (Kodiac Parnassius) · P. smintheus (Rocky Mountain Parnassian) · P. smintheus olympiannus (Rocky Mountain Parnassian) · P. smintheus smintheus (Rocky Mountain Parnassian) · P. smintheus sternitzkyi (Sternitsky's Parnassian) · P. smintheus yukonensis (Yukon Parnassian)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• Gimenez Dixon, M. 1996. Parnassius apollo. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 03February2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 27, 2007:

• Haus der Natur Salzburg, Haus der Natur Salzburg
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norwegian Lepidoptera collection, Oslo
• The Swedish Museum of Natural History
• , Bugs
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology, Lepidopterological Society of Finland

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1584126
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Gar-528
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• IUCN ID: 230431
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 8995

Footnotes

1. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy?f=14&sci=Papilionidae&com=Parnassians and Swallowtails [back]
2. Mean = 917.610 meters (3,010.532 feet), Standard Deviation = 721.800 based on 5,682 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.