Pararge aegeria

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Family Nymphalidae

'The Nymphalidae are members of the Superfamily Papilionoidea, the true butterflies. Distributed worldwide, butterflies of this family are especially rich in the tropics. They are highly variable, and there are more species in this family than in any other. Adults vary in size from small to large, and their front legs are reduced, unable to be used for walking. Wing shape is also highly variable: some species have irregular margins (anglewings and commas), and others have long taillike projections (daggerwings). Browns, oranges, yellows, and blacks are frequent colors, while iridescent colors such as purples and blues are rare. Adults of some groups are the longest-lived butterflies, surviving 6-11 months. Adult feeding behavior depends on the species, where some groups primarily seek flower nectar while others only feed on sap flows , rotting fruit, dung, or animal carcasses. Males exhibit perching and patrolling behaviors when seeking mates. Egg-laying varies widely, as some species lay eggs in clustsers, others in columns, and others singly. Caterpillar appearance and behavior vary widely. Brushfoots overwinter as larvae or adults.

'[1]

Subfamily Satyrinae

The Satyrinae are medium-sized species of the Family Nymphalidae. Members of this worldwide group are most often brown with one or more marginal eyespots. Males often have visible patches of specialized scales on the fore- or hindwings . Adults have short proboscises and rarely visit flowers, feeding instead on rotting fruit, animal droppings, or sap flows . Nearly all species feed on grasses and grasslike plants , including bamboos , rushes, and sedges. Adults usually perch with their wings closed , but open them wide when basking early in the morning or during cloudy weather. Most species have local colonies and are not migratory. Males patrol when searching for mates, flying in characteristic slow, skipping flight. Eggs are laid singly on the host leaves or stems, and caterpillars feed within shelters of several leaves sewn together with silk . Development from egg to adult can take two years in arctic and alpine species, and it is synchronized in some species. In those species, adult butterflies are only found every other year. Satyrinae typically overwinter as partially grown caterpillars.[2]

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,595 meters (0 to 8,514 feet).[3]

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Similar Species

Members of the genus Pararge

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 4 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. aegeria (Speckled Wood Butterfly) · P. aegeria aegeria (Specked Wood Butterfly) · P. xiphia (Madeiran Speckled Wood) · P. xiphioides (Canary Speckled Wood)

More Info

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Further Reading

• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 72.
• Bibliography (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) / Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, Ill.: C.A. Bridges, c1993. url p. 220, p. 315.
• Biodiversity trends and threats in Europe: development and test of a species trend indicator RIVM, UNEP-WCMC url p. 43, p. 50, p. 51, p. 65.
• British and European butterflies and moths (Macrolepidoptera). By A. W. Kappel. .. and W. Egmont Kirby. .. With thirty coloured plates by H. Deuchert and S. Slocombe. Printed in [Nuremberg] Bavaria. London, E. Nister;[1895] url plate XI.
• British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url , , , , , p. 10, p. 102, p. 111, p. 112, p. 115, p. 121, p. 130, p. 135, p. 141, p. 143, p. 144, p. 145, p. 146, p. 146, p. 149, p. 157, p. 163, p. 166, p. 177, p. 178, p. 179, p. 193, p. 195, p. 207, p. 208, p. 21, p. 210, p. 212, p. 29, p. 31, p. 35, p. 4, p. 49, p. 50, p. 76, p. 78, p. 80, p. 85, p. 9, p. 94, p. 95.
• Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the Riodinidae & Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the world / Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, Ill.: C.A. Bridges, c1994. url p. 65.
• Entomological contributions in memory of Byron A. Alexander / edited by George W. Byers, Robert H. Hagen and Robert W. Brooks. Lawrence, Kan.: Natural History Museum, the University of Kansas, 1999. url p. 180, p. 185.
• Fauna, flora & geology of the Clyde area, ed. by G.F. Scott Elliot, Malcolm Laurie and J. Barclay Murdoch. Glasgow, Pub. by the local committee for the meeting of the British Association, 1901. url p. 241.
• Fishery bulletin / U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service: url p. 59.
• Impacts of Climate Change on Wildlife RSPB url p. 13, p. 15.
• Insect life, by C. A. Ealand, M. A., with 74 full-page illustrations, 24 being from photographs by the author and 50 in colour from nature. 1921 London, A. & C. Black, ltd., 1921. url plate XXVI.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. LondonPublished for the International Council by the Royal Society of London1901-1920 url p. 334.
• Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer [etc.]. url p. 170.
• Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 79.
• Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1916- url p. 48.
• Museum bulletin / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 72.
• Natural science. London: Macmillan & Co., [1892-1899] url p. 21.
• Natural science: a monthly review of scientific progress. London [etc.]: Macmillan and Company [etc.], [1892-1899] url p. 21.
• Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 70.
• Polskie pismo entomologiczne = Polish journal of entomology = Bulletin entomologique de Pologne Warszawa [etc.]Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. url .
• Proceedings and transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. London, British Entomological and Natural History Society. url p. 10, p. 106, p. 108, p. 109, p. 111, p. 111, p. 113, p. 114, p. 115, p. 116, p. 118, p. 119, p. 124, p. 132, p. 147, p. 15, p. 17, p. 20, p. 25, p. 26, p. 28, p. 3, p. 30, p. 32, p. 33, p. 34, p. 44, p. 45, p. 53, p. 53, p. 55, p. 56, p. 60, p. 60, p. 61, p. 61, p. 62, p. 63, p. 67, p. 69, p. 78, p. 79, p. 8, p. 8, p. 88, p. 9, p. 9.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. London, Published for the Linnean Society of London by Academic Press [etc.], 1848-1968. url p. 47.
• Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng]: South London Entomological and Natural history Society, [1897-1933] url p. 104, p. 106, p. 115, p. 124, p. 128, p. 129, p. 13, p. 130, p. 134, p. 88, p. 92, p. 99.
• Spixiana. 12 1989 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url p. 301.
• The Entomologist's monthly magazine. Oxford [etc.]Entomologist's Monthly Magazine Ltd. [etc.] url , , p. 17, p. 21, p. 210, p. 238, p. 246, p. 37.
• The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 1, p. 1, p. 10, p. 100, p. 101, p. 101, p. 102, p. 102, p. 102, p. 103, p. 104, p. 105, p. 105, p. 107, p. 109, p. 11, p. 11, p. 111, p. 112, p. 112, p. 113, p. 114, p. 114, p. 116, p. 116, p. 119, p. 119, p. 12, p. 12, p. 12, p. 121, p. 122, p. 123, p. 123, p. 124, p. 125, p. 125, p. 126, p. 126, p. 126, p. 126, p. 127, p. 127, p. 128, p. 129, p. 129, p. 13, p. 132, p. 133, p. 133, p. 135, p. 136, p. 137, p. 138, p. 138, p. 139, p. 139, p. 14, p. 140, p. 141, p. 141, p. 142, p. 142, p. 142, p. 142, p. 145, p. 146, p. 148, p. 149, p. 149, p. 149, p. 15, p. 15, p. 15, p. 150, p. 150, p. 151, p. 151, p. 151, p. 153, p. 153, p. 154, p. 16, p. 16, p. 161, p. 163, p. 164, p. 164, p. 166, p. 167, p. 17, p. 170, p. 172, p. 172, p. 173, p. 174, p. 174, p. 174, p. 175, p. 18, p. 18, p. 18, p. 181, p. 182, p. 184, p. 187, p. 188, p. 19, p. 192, p. 192, p. 193, p. 193, p. 197, p. 197, p. 197, p. 198, p. 199, p. 199, p. 199, p. 2, p. 2, p. 2, p. 20, p. 20, p. 200, p. 200, p. 201, p. 202, p. 204, p. 206, p. 208, p. 209, p. 209, p. 209, p. 211, p. 213, p. 217, p. 218, p. 219, p. 219, p. 22, p. 22, p. 22, p. 220, p. 222, p. 222, p. 223, p. 224, p. 225, p. 226, p. 226, p. 226, p. 226, p. 23, p. 231, p. 232, p. 235, p. 237, p. 237, p. 237, p. 237, p. 238, p. 239, p. 239, p. 239, p. 240, p. 241, p. 242, p. 247, p. 248, p. 248, p. 25, p. 250, p. 250, p. 251, p. 252, p. 254, p. 255, p. 256, p. 256, p. 256, p. 258, p. 259, p. 26, p. 260, p. 261, p. 264, p. 267, p. 267, p. 268, p. 27, p. 27, p. 272, p. 273, p. 275, p. 275, p. 276, p. 276, p. 278, p. 279, p. 28, p. 280, p. 280, p. 281, p. 281, p. 283, p. 284, p. 286, p. 288, p. 289, p. 29, p. 29, p. 29, p. 290, p. 291, p. 291, p. 294, p. 294, p. 295, p. 296, p. 299, p. 3, p. 3, p. 30, p. 30, p. 300, p. 301, p. 304, p. 306, p. 308, p. 31, p. 31, p. 31, p. 31, p. 311, p. 316, p. 317, p. 317, p. 318, p. 32, p. 323, p. 324, p. 326, p. 326, p. 327, p. 328, p. 33, p. 33, p. 330, p. 335, p. 34, p. 34, p. 34, p. 349, p. 359, p. 36, p. 36, p. 37, p. 39, p. 39, p. 394, p. 4, p. 4, p. 40, p. 41, p. 41, p. 42, p. 42, p. 42, p. 42, p. 45, p. 45, p. 45, p. 46, p. 47, p. 48, p. 48, p. 5, p. 50, p. 50, p. 51, p. 53, p. 54, p. 54, p. 54, p. 55, p. 55, p. 57, p. 57, p. 58, p. 58, p. 58, p. 59, p. 59, p. 6, p. 6, p. 60, p. 61, p. 61, p. 61, p. 62, p. 62, p. 62, p. 63, p. 63, p. 64, p. 65, p. 65, p. 65, p. 66, p. 67, p. 67, p. 68, p. 69, p. 7, p. 70, p. 70, p. 70, p. 71, p. 72, p. 72, p. 73, p. 73, p. 73, p. 74, p. 74, p. 74, p. 76, p. 76, p. 77, p. 78, p. 78, p. 79, p. 8, p. 8, p. 8, p. 8, p. 8, p. 8, p. 80, p. 80, p. 80, p. 82, p. 83, p. 84, p. 84, p. 84, p. 85, p. 85, p. 86, p. 87, p. 87, p. 89, p. 9, p. 9, p. 9, p. 9, p. 90, p. 90, p. 91, p. 91, p. 91, p. 91, p. 92, p. 92, p. 93, p. 94, p. 95, p. 95, p. 95, p. 96, p. 97, p. 97, p. 97, p. 98, p. 98, p. 98, p. 98.
• The Lepidopterists' news: the monthly newsletter of the Lepidopterists' Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Lepidopterists' Society, 1947-1958. url p. 56, p. 57, p. 58.
• The Macrolepidoptera of the world; a systematic description of the hitherto known Macrolepidoptera, ed. in collaboration with well-known specialists. Stuttgart: Seitz'schen (Kernen), 1906- url p. 133.
• The Victoria history of the county of Buckingham. Edited by William Page. [LondonConstable]1905-1927 url .

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 17, 2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed February 26, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 14 providers.
• LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• The Global Lepidoptera Names Index2, 12.2, 2005.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal February 26, 2008:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen: Biologiezentrum Linz
• European Environment Agency: EUNIS
• Finnish Museum of Natural History: Hatikka Observation Data Gateway
• GBIF-Spain: BDBCV BioBlitz in Penyagolosa (Castellón, Spain)
• GBIF-Spain: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid; Lepidópteros
• GBIF-Sweden: Bugs (GBIF-SE:Artdatabanken)
• GBIF-Sweden: Lepidoptera (Observations)
• GBIF-Sweden: Lepidoptera (Specimens NRM)
• inatura - Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn
• Institute of Environmental Sciences UJ: Lepidoptera of Cracow City
• Institute of Nature Conservation PAS: Bumblebees, cuckoobees and butterflies
• National Institute of Genetics, ROIS: Entomological Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
• Natural History Museum, University of Oslo: Norwegian Lepidoptera collection, Oslo
• Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun: The Distribution Atlas of Butterflies in Poland
• SysTax
• SysTax: Lobbecke Museum Dusseldorf
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Environment and Heritage Service - EHS Species Datasets
• UK National Biodiversity Network: Highland Biological Recording Group - HBRG Lepidoptera dataset
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology: European Lepidoptera Observations by Donald Hobern
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology: Lepidoptera collection of Hannu Saarenmaa
• University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology: Lepidopterological Society of Finland
• University of Navarra, Museum of Zoology: Museum of Zoology, University of Navarra

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2957239
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Lep-143605.0
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5347612
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 636434

Footnotes

1. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy?f=18&sci=Nymphalidae&com=Brush-footed Butterflies [back]
2. http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=Paramacera&search=Search [back]
3. Mean = 259.690 meters (852.001 feet), Standard Deviation = 312.800 based on 4,931 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.