Overview
Interesting Facts
- Black Swallowtails are attracted to parsley and carrot plants , and take nectar at various flowers including phlox and milkweeds.
- Their flight is much less frenzied than the pipevine swallowtail, which it resembles. Black Swallowtails' flight is swooping and dipping.
- Black Swallowtails are most often seen in gardens and in open habitats . They seem to be three-brooded, but flight records do not distinguish strong brood patterns , and adults may be seen on the wing in any warm month from March to November.
- Black Swallowtails use various members of the carrot family for host plants. They are especially easy to attract to home gardens by planting parsley, fennel, or dill.
Common Names
Common Names in English:
Black Swallowtail, Eastern Black Swallowtail, Parsley Worm, Parsnip Swallowtail, Snow's Skipper
Description
Family Papilionidae
'The Papilionidae belong to the Superfamily
Papilionoidea, the true butterflies. Swallowtails are worldwide in distribution and comprise approximately 560 species. They are richest in the tropics, and their brilliant colors make them favorites of butterfly enthusiasts. Many swallowtail species, especially in the tropics, mimic
other butterflies that are distasteful, while others are distasteful and cause birds and other vertebrate
predators
to regurgitate. Swallowtail adults
are medium to large and may or may not have tails, while parnassian adults are medium, tailless, and have translucent
wings
. All adult parnassians and swallowtails have three pairs of walking legs
, and adults of all species visit flowers for nectar.
'[1]
Subfamily Papilioninae
Swallowtails are members of the Family Papilionidae. They comprise about 560 species, have a worldwide distribution, and are richest in the tropics. Many are brilliantly colored and are favorites of butterfly enthusiasts. Many species, especially those in the tropics, mimic other butterflies that are distasteful, while others are distasteful and cause birds and other vertebrate predators to regurgitate. Adults are medium to large, may or may not have tails, and have three pairs of walking legs . Adults of all species visit flowers for nectar. Males of most species patrol for mates, while males of one group (Black, Old World, Anise, and Indra Swallowtails) perch on hilltops or ridges instead of patrolling . Swallowtails lay globular eggs and overwinter as pupae. Some species spend more than one year in the pupal stage, likely to survive drought years when little caterpillar food is available. In arid areas, the Black, Anise, and Indra Swallowtails often display this strategy.
Physical Description
Species Papilio polyxenes
Upper surface of wings mostly black; on inner edge of hindwing is a black spot centered in larger orange spot. Male has yellow band near edge of wings; female has row of yellow spots. Female hindwing with iridescent blue band. In the Southwest, yellow forms predominate in the subspecies P. coloro. (ref. 105493)
Size/Age/Growth
Wing span : 3 1/4 - 4 1/4 inches (8 - 11 cm). (ref. 105493)
Habitat
Meadows, fields
, farmland, gardens and watersides
. Seldom found in
woods
or forests
.
This species likes open country and is seldom seen in forests or
even along forest edges. It prefers old fields, meadows, marshes,
savannas
, gardens, and other open places. (ref. 104719)
A variety of open areas including fields, suburbs, marshes, deserts,
and roadsides. (ref. 105493)
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 462 meters (0 to 1,516 feet).[2]
Biology
Diet
Foodplants are species in the umbel family
, such as Queen Anne's-lace
(Daucus carota); both native
and introduced species
are used. Adults
nectar on many species, such as milkweeds. (ref. 104719)
Caterpillar hosts: Leaves of plants
in the parsley family
(Apiaceae) including Queen Anne's Lace, carrot, celery and dill.
Sometimes plants in the citrus family (Rutaceae) are preferred. (ref.
105493)
Adult food: Nectar from flowers including red clover, milkweed,
and thistles. (ref. 105493)
Reproduction
Eggs are yellow. Caterpillars range up to 2" long, white to green with black bands on each segment, with yellow or orange spots. Host plants include Queen Anne's Lace and other members of the carrot family as well as some members of the citrus family. 2 or 3 broods; February - November in south.
Behavior
Flight period: Mid-March to mid-October; rarely to early November. There are apparently three broods, but the species seems to have a nearly continuous flight period. In the Piedmont and Coastal Plain , abundance peaks in July and August. (ref. 104719)
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- animals
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
)
- (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Branch:
Protostomia
(
)
- Grobben, 1908
- Infrakingdom:
Ecdysozoa
(
)
- A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997 ex T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Superphylum:
Panarthropoda
(
)
- Cuvier
- Phylum:
Arthropoda
(
)
- Latreille, 1829
- Arthropods
- Subphylum:
Mandibulata
(
)
- Snodgrass, 1938
- Infraphylum:
Atelocerata
(
)
- Heymons, 1901
- Superclass:
Panhexapoda
(
)
- Epiclass:
Hexapoda
(
)
- Subclass:
Dicondylia
(
)
- Infraclass:
Pterygota
(
)
- Cohort:
Myoglossata
(
)
- Order:
Lepidoptera
(
)
- Linnaeus, 1758
- Butterflies and Moths
- Infraorder:
Heteroneura
(
)
- Family:
Papilionidae
(
)
- P.A. Latreille, [1802]
- Swallowtails
- Subfamily:
Papilioninae
(
)
- Swallowtails
- Tribe:
Papilionini
(
)
- Genus:
Papilio
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- Specific name:
polyxenes
- Fabricius, 1775
- Scientific name: - Papilio polyxenes Fabricius, 1775
- Specific name:
polyxenes
- Fabricius, 1775
- Genus:
Papilio
(
- Tribe:
Papilionini
(
- Subfamily:
Papilioninae
(
- Family:
Papilionidae
(
- Infraorder:
Heteroneura
(
- Order:
Lepidoptera
(
- Cohort:
Myoglossata
(
- Infraclass:
Pterygota
(
- Subclass:
Dicondylia
(
- Epiclass:
Hexapoda
(
- Superclass:
Panhexapoda
(
- Infraphylum:
Atelocerata
(
- Subphylum:
Mandibulata
(
- Phylum:
Arthropoda
(
- Superphylum:
Panarthropoda
(
- Infrakingdom:
Ecdysozoa
(
- Branch:
Protostomia
(
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
Synonyms
Papilio Polyxenes Americus
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 20-Jan-2007
Similar Species
Members of the genus Papilio
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 81 species and subspecies in this genus:
P. aegus (Citrus Swallowtail) · P. anchisiades (Ruby-Spotted Swallowtail) · P. andraemon (Bahaman Swallowtail) · P. androgeus (Androgeus Swallowtail) · P. antimachus (African Giant Swallowtail) · P. appalachiensis (Appalachian Tiger Swallowtail) · P. aristodemus (Schaus' Swallowtail) · P. aristodemus ponceanus (Papilio Aristodemus) · P. aristor (Scarce Haitian Swallowtail) · P. astyalus (Broad-Banded Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda bretonensis (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda brevicauda (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. brevicauda gaspeensis (Short-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. caiguanabus (Poey's Black Swallowtail) · P. canadensis (Canadian Tiger Swallowtail) · P. chikae (Luzon Peacock Swallowtail) · P. cresphontes (Giant Swallowtail) · P. cyproeofila (Common White-Banded Swallowtail) · P. demodocus (Citrus Swallowtail) · P. demodocus demodocus (Citrus Swallowtail Butterfly) · P. demoleus (Checkered Swallowtail Butterfly) · P. echerioides (White-Banded Swallowtail) · P. eurymedon (Pale Swallowtail) · P. garamas abderus (Abderus Swallowtail) · P. garamus (Magnificent Swallowtail) · P. glaucus (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus australis (Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus canadensis (Canadian Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus garcia (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail) · P. glaucus glaucus (Eastern Tiger Swallowtail) · P. homerus (Homerus Swallowtail) · P. hospiton (Corsican Swallowtail) · P. hyppason (Hyppason Swallowtail) · P. indra (Indra Swallowtail) · P. indra calcicola (Indra Swallowtail) · P. indra fordi (Ford's Swallowtail) · P. indra kaibabensis (Grand Canyon Swallowtail) · P. indra martini (Martin's Swallowtail) · P. indra minori (Minor's Swallowtail) · P. indra panamintensis (Panamint Swallowtail) · P. indra pergamus (Edwards' Swallowtail) · P. indra phyllisae (Indra Swallowtail) · P. indra pygmaeus (Indra Swallowtail) · P. joanae (Ozark Swallowtail) · P. jordani (Jordan's Swallowtail) · P. leucotaenia (Cream-Banded Swallowtail) · P. machaon (Old World Swallowtail) · P. machaon aliaska (Alaskan Old World Swallowtail) · P. machaon bairdii (Baird's Swallowtail) · P. machaon hudsonianus (Hudsonian Old World Swallowtail) · P. machaon oregonius (Oregon Swallowtail) · P. memnon (Great Mormon Butterfly) · P. menatius (Menatius Swallowtail) · P. morondavana (Madagascan Emperor Swallowtail) · P. multicaudata (Two-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. multicaudata multicaudata (Two-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. multicaudatus (Two-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. ornythion (Ornythion Swallowtail) · P. palamedes (Palamedes Swallowtail) · P. palinurus (Emerald Swallowtail) · P. phorbanta (Papillon La Pature) · P. pilumnus (Three-Tailed Swallowtail) · P. polytes (Common Mormon) · P. polyxenes (Black Swallowtail) · P. polyxenes asterius (Black Swallowtail) · P. polyxenes coloro (Desert Black Swallowtail) · P. polyxenes asterius f. pseudoamericus (Black Swallowtail) · P. rogeri (Pink-Spotted Swallowtail) · P. rogeri pharnaces (Pink-Spotted Swallowtail) · P. rumanzovia (Scarlet Mormon Swallowtail) · P. rutulus (Western Tiger Swallowtail) · P. sjoestedti (Kilimanjaro Swallowtail) · P. thoas (Thoas Swallowtail) · P. torquatus (Torquatus Swallowtail) · P. troilus (Coastal Spicebush Swallowtail) · P. victorine (Victorine Swallowtail) · P. victorinus (Victorine Swallowtail) · P. xuthus (Xuthus Swallowtail) · P. zelicaon (Anise Swallowtail) · P. zelicaon nitra (Nitra Swallowtail)
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- ...Butterflies worth knowing, by Clarence M. Weed... illustrated by forty-eight plates, thirty-two in color. 1917 Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company[c1917] url p. 285, p. 59, p. 81.
- A manual for the study of insects / by John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock. Ithaca, N.Y.: The Comstock Pub. Co., 1920. url p. 376, p. 377, p. 693.
- A manual for the study of insects, by John Henry Comstock. .. and Anna Botsford Comstock. .. Ithaca, N.Y., Comstock Publishing Company, 1916 [c1895] url p. 376, p. 377, p. 693.
- A manual of the study of insects, Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock publishing company, 1895. url p. 377, p. 693.
- Agriculture of Maine: . .. annual report of the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Maine. Augusta: [State of Maine, Dept. of Agriculture, 1903-1940.] url , p. 176, p. 225, p. 230.
- American insects / by Vernon L. Kellogg. New York: Holt, 1904. url p. 440.
- American insects, by Vernon L. Kellogg. .. with many original illustrations by Mary Wellman. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1908. url p. 440, p. 450.
- American insects, ill. by Mary Wellman. New York, Holt, 1914. url p. 440, p. 450.
- An ecological study of prairie and forest invertebrates / by Charles C. Adams. Urbana, Ill.: Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 1915. url p. 162, p. 46.
- An introduction to entomology, by John Henry Comstock. Ithaca, New York, The Comstock publishing co., inc., 1933. url p. 740.
- An introduction to entomology. Ithaca, N.Y., Comstock, 1949. url p. 740.
- Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url p. 29.
- Annals of the Entomological Society of America. [College Park, Md., etc.]: Entomological Society of America. url p. 394, p. 67, p. 69, p. 70, p. 76, p. 83.
- Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 216, p. 64.
- Annual report / Entomological Society of Ontario. Toronto, The Society. url p. 14, p. 152, p. 188.
- Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 390, p. 395, p. 408, p. 419, p. 441, p. 445.
- Annual report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. [Orono, Me.: Maine State College, 1885-1953. url p. 239, p. 259.
- Annual report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants from Insects and Fungous Diseases. Quebec: The Society, 1909-1920. url p. 10, p. 29.
- Annual report of the Regents / Albany: J.B. Lyon, State Printer, 1890-1903. url p. 416, p. 530.
- Annual report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan. .. Lansing: The Board, 1862- url p. 179, p. 190.
- Applied entomology; an introductory text-book of insects in their relations to man, New York [etc.]McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1921. url p. 298, p. 382.
- Bibliography (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) / Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, Ill.: C.A. Bridges, c1993. url p. 147, p. 25, p. 262, p. 342, p. 344, p. 35, p. 375, p. 43, p. 73.
- Biological survey of the Mount Desert Region, conducted by William Procter... From the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Mount Desert Island, Maine. Philadelphia, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1927-1946. url p. 147, p. 394, p. 469.
- Brief guide to the commoner butterflies of the northern United States and Canada; being an introduction to a knowledge of their life-histories, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1893. url , .
- British journal of entomology and natural history. [London]: British Entomological and Natural History Society, 1988- url p. 161.
- Bulletin - New York State Museum. Albany: New York State Education Dept. url p. 530, p. 608, p. 625, p. 626, p. 807, p. 815, p. 882, p. 893, p. 917.
- Bulletin - State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. [Hartford]State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 1904- url p. 192, p. 343.
- Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url , , , , p. 12, p. 179, p. 189, p. 191, p. 199, p. 21, p. 23, p. 238, p. 27, p. 31, p. 324, p. 35, p. 37, p. 43, p. 44, p. 45, p. 6, p. 7.
- Bulletin / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. Washington: G.P.O., 1904-1916. url , , , , , , p. 100, p. 100, p. 101, p. 101, p. 103, p. 103, p. 104, p. 104, p. 107, p. 107, p. 20, p. 205, p. 21, p. 70, p. 95, p. 95, p. 97, p. 97, p. 98, p. 98.
- Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. Brooklyn, N.Y.: The Society, url p. 149, p. 152, p. 31.
- Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Bloomington, Ill.: The Laboratory, 1876-1918. url p. 162, p. 182, p. 182, p. 45, p. 46.
- Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 78 1935 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 108.
- Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. St. John, N. B., Natural History Society of New Brunswick. url p. 121.
- Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. [Washington, D.C.?]: Supt. of Docs., Govt. Print. Off., 1913-1923. url p. 22, p. 24, p. 24.
- Bulletin of the Wisconsin Natural History Society. Milwaukee, The Society, [1900-1920] url p. 26.
- Butterflies worth knowing / by Clarence M. Weed; illustrated by forty-eight plates, thirty-two in color. [Garden City, N.Y.]Pub. by Doubleday, Page & Company for Nelson Doubleday, 1923 [c1917] url p. 285, p. 59, p. 81.
- Catalog of hymenoptera in America north of Mexico / prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein. .. [et al.]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979- url p. 249, p. 405, p. 809.
- Catalogue of the books, manuscripts, maps and drawings in the British Museum (Natural History) London: BM(NH), 1903-1940. url p. 203, p. 203.
- Catalogue of the described Lepidoptera of North America. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution / By John G. Morris. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1860. url , .
- Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the Riodinidae & Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the world / Charles A. Bridges. Urbana, Ill.: C.A. Bridges, c1994. url p. 45.
- Circular / United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. Washington, D.C.: The Bureau, 1904-1913. url p. 14.
- Class book of economic entomology, Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[c1919] url p. 174.
- Contents and index of the reports of the State entomologist of Illinois. Stephen A. Forbes. [Urbana?]: The State, 1909. url p. 32.
- Cooperative economic insect report. Hyattsville, MD. [etc.]Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service. url p. 34.
- Elementary entomology, Boston, Ginn and company[c1912] url p. 175, p. 176, p. 317, p. 369, p. 49.
- Elementary entomology, by E. Dwight Sanderson. .. and C.F. Jackson. Boston, Ginn and Company[c1912] url p. 176, p. 369, p. 49.
- Elementary studies in insect life, by Samuel J. Hunter. Topeka, Kan., Crane & company, 1902. url p. 13, p. 340.
- Entomological contributions in memory of Byron A. Alexander / edited by George W. Byers, Robert H. Hagen and Robert W. Brooks. Lawrence, Kan.: Natural History Museum, the University of Kansas, 1999. url p. 250.
- Entomological news, and proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia[Entomological Rooms of the Academy of Natural Sciences] url p. 143, p. 143, p. 183, p. 183, p. 196, p. 196, p. 297, p. 297, p. 330, p. 330, p. 346, p. 348, p. 348, p. 364, p. 364, p. 405, p. 98, p. 98.
- Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- url , , p. 12, p. 182, p. 273, p. 306, p. 79, p. 9.
- Entomology, with special reference to its biological and economic aspects, by Justus Watson Folsom. .. with five plates (one colored) and 300 text-figures. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son & co.[1906] url p. 168.
- Entomology: with special reference to its biological and economic aspects / by Justus Watson Folsom. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son, 1906. url p. 168.
- Evolution and adaptation, London, The Macmillan Company, 1908 url .
- Evolution and adaptation, by Thomas Hunter Morgan, Ph. D. New York, The Macmillan company;1903. url p. 3.
- Experiment station record. Washington: G.P.O., 1889-1946. url p. 874.
- Familiar features of the roadside; the flowers, shrubs, birds, and insects. New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1897. url , .
- Farm and garden rule-book; New York, The Macmillan company, 1911. url p. 313.
- Farm and garden rule-book; a manual of ready rules and reference with recipes, precepts, formulas, and tabular information for the use of general farmers, gardeners, fruit-growers, stockmen, dairymen, poultrymen, foresters, rur New York, Macmillan, 1919. url p. 313.
- Field book of insects, with special reference to those of northeastern United States, aiming to answer common questions, by Frank E. Lutz. New York, G. P. Putnam, c1921. url .
- Field book of insects: with special reference to those of north-eastern United States, aiming to answer common questions / London: G. P. Putnam, 1921. url .
- Foraging selectivity in adult butterflies: morphological, ecological, and physiological factors affecting flower choice / by Peter Gregory May. 1985. url p. 168.
- Frail children of the air; excursions into the world of butterflies, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1897. url p. 159, p. 219, p. 278.
- Garden farming, by Lee Cleveland Corbett. .. Boston, Ginn and company[c1913] url p. 211.
- General index to reports of the State Entomologist of Connecticut, 1901-1925 / New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1926. url p. 669, p. 677, p. 686.
- General zoology / by H. L. Wieman. New York; McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1938. url p. 431.
- Guide to the insects of Connecticut, prepared under the direction of Wilton Everett Britton. .. Hartford, Printed for The State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1911-27. url p. 192, p. 343.
- How to know the butterflies; a manual of the butterflies of the eastern United States, New York, D. Appleton, 1904. url .
- Hymenoptera Orientalis: or contributions to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental zoological region. Manchester: Literary and Philosophical Society, 1889-1903. url p. 66, p. 80.
- I. Notes on insects bred from the bark and wood of the American larch. By M. W. Blackman and Harry H. Stage. II. On the insect visitors to the blossoms of wild blackberry and wild spiraea --a study in seasonable distribution. By M. W. Blackman. Syracuse, The University, [1918] url p. 138.
- Index to the literature of American economic entomology. Melrose Highlands, Mass. [etc.], American Association of Economic Entomologists [etc.], 1917-62. url p. 230, p. 264, p. 68.
- Injurious and beneficial insects of California. / By E. O. Essig. Sacramento, California state printing office, 1915 url , , p. 25, p. 454, p. 454, p. 59.
- Injurious insects and useful birds, successful control of farm pests, by F. L. Washburn.. 414 illustrations in text and four colored plates. London, J. B. Lippincott, [1918] url p. 247.
- Injurious insects; how to recognize and control them, by Walter C. O'Kane. .. illustrated with 600 original photographs. New York, The Macmillan company, 1912. url p. 170, p. 170, p. 387, p. 387, p. 406, p. 406.
- Insect life: an introduction to nature-study and a guide for teachers, students, and others interested in out-of-door life. New YorkD. Appleton1897 url p. 243, p. 347.
- Insect life; an introduction to nature study and a guide for teachers, students and others interested in out-of-door life, New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1901. url , , , p. 243, p. 347.
- Insect pests of farm, garden and orchard / by E. Dwight Sanderson. New York: Wiley, 1915, c1912. url .
- Insects injurious to vegetables, New York, O. Judd Co., 1907. url p. 256, p. 261.
- Insects of New Jersey; a list of the species occurring in New Jersey, with notes on those of economic importance, by John B. Smith. Trenton, N. J., MacCrellish & Quigley, state printers, 1900. url p. 379, p. 379.
- Insects of economic importance, outlines of lectures in economic entomology, New York, N.Y., The Macmillan company, 1920. url p. 169.
- Insects of economic importance; outlines of lectures in economic entomology, by Glenn W. Herrick. New York, N. Y., The Macmillan company, 1920. url p. 108, p. 169.
- Introduction to evolution. New York, Harper[1962] url p. 374.
- Journal of Hymenoptera research. Washington, D.C.: International Society of Hymenopterists, [1992- url p. 163, p. 211.
- Journal of morphology. Boston: Ginn & Co., [1887-1924] url p. 44.
- Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 15 1912 Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1817-1918. url .
- Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Lawrence, Kan.: Allen Press [etc.] url p. 141.
- Lake Maxinkuckee. A physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. [Indianapolis]Dept. of Conservation, State of Indiana [Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 38.
- Lake Maxinkuckee. a physical and biological survey by Barton Warren Evermann and Howard Walton Clark. [Indianapolis, Wm. B. Burford, printer]1920. url p. 38.
- Lectures in biological science, presented by Norman G. Anderson [and others] A symposium held December 3-5, 1959, sponsored jointly by the University of Tennessee Chapter of Sigma Xi and the Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press, 1963. url p. 61.
- Manual of vegetable-garden insects, by Cyril Richard Crosby and Mortimer Demarest Leonard. .. New York, The Macmillan company, 1918. url p. 186, p. 186, p. 388, p. 388.
- Memoir / Ithaca, N.Y. url p. 13.
- Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. 17 1918 Durham, N.C.: Published for the Club by the Seeman Printery, 1889- url p. 479, p. 491.
- Memorial of life and entomologic work of Joseph Albert Lintner, state entomologist, 1874-98, by Ephraim Porter Felt. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1899. url p. 416, p. 530.
- Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. 1965 Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1946-1996. url p. 55.
- Museum bulletin / New York State Museum. Albany, N.Y.: University of the State of New York, 1908-1916. url p. 64.
- Nature study. Manchester, N.H.: [Nature Study Press], 1900-1904. url .
- Nature. London, Macmillan. url p. 318.
- Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, url p. 6.
- Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. London, Printed by order of the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. url p. 40.
- Plant pest handbook for Connecticut / New Haven: Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 1933-1934. url , p. 137, p. 92, p. 93.
- Postilla. 1968 New Haven, Conn.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, [1950?]-c2004. url p. 1, p. 29, p. 31, p. 33, p. 5.
- Proceedings - Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. Staten Island, N.Y., Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. url p. 9.
- Proceedings and transactions of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London: The Society. url p. 109.
- Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 177, p. 179, p. 217.
- Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 30 1928 Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 44.
- Proceedings of the Manchester Institute of Arts and Sciences. Manchester, N.H.: The Institute, 1900-1911. url p. 32.
- Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London [Eng]: South London Entomological and Natural history Society, [1897-1933] url p. 2, p. 75.
- Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url p. 4, p. 573.
- Psyche. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge Entomological Club url p. 126, p. 13, p. 150, p. 277, p. 433, p. 435, p. 45.
- Report of the State Entomologist of Connecticut for the year. .. New Haven, [1902- url , p. 158, p. 204, p. 404.
- Report of the State Entomologist on injurious and other insects of the state of New York. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co.; University of the State of New York, 1882- url p. 216, p. 570, p. 575, p. 625, p. 626, p. 640, p. 815, p. 893, p. 917.
- School entomology: an elementary textbook of entomology. New York, Wiley, 1917. url p. 97.
- School entomology; an elementary textbook of entomology for secondary schools and agricultural short courses, by E. Dwight Sanderson and L. M. Peairs. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc.; [etc., etc.]1917. url p. 97, p. 97.
- Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 3 1862 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 1, p. 144, p. 15, p. 15, p. 229, p. 230, p. 231, p. 290, p. 295, fig. 7, Plate Text.
- Technical publication / New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, N.Y.: The College, 1914- url p. 138.
- The American midland naturalist. 1 1909-1910 Notre Dame, Ind., University of Notre Dame. url p. 179, p. 284.
- The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, url p. 8.
- The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. url p. 27, p. 349.
- The Canadian entomologist. Ottawa [etc.]Entomological Society of Canada [etc.] url p. 118, p. 167, p. 167, p. 202, p. 202, p. 292, p. 31, p. 31, p. 311, p. 311, p. 34, p. 34, p. 36, p. 36, p. 426.
- The Canadian field-naturalist. 34 1920 Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url mousley , dymond , dymond , p. 142, p. 142, p. 173, p. 182, p. 9, p. 9, p. 97.
- The Entomologist's record and journal of variation. s.l., s.n. url p. 1, p. 109, p. 200, p. 201, p. 228, p. 266, p. 268, p. 308, p. 65, p. 70, p. 76, p. 76.
- The Entomologist. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., [1877- url , , p. 106.
- The Lepidopteras of New York and neighboring states, primitive forms Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell Univ., 1920. url p. 13.
- The Lepidopterists' news: the monthly newsletter of the Lepidopterists' Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Lepidopterists' Society, 1947-1958. url p. 26, p. 86, p. 97, p. 98.
- The Monthly bulletin of the State Commission of Horticulture. Sacramento, Calif.: The Commission, 1911-1919. url , , .
- The Ohio journal of science. Columbus, Ohio, The Ohio State University and the Ohio Academy of Science url p. 223.
- The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng., etc.: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, etc. url p. 119, p. 291, p. 306, p. 429, p. 551, p. 587, p. 652, p. 666, p. 668, p. 671, p. 705, p. 763, p. 765.
- The University of Kansas science bulletin. 39 1958 [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. url p. 311.
- The Wilder quarter-century book: a collection of original papers dedicated to professor Burt Green Wilder at the close of his twenty-fifth year of service in Cornell University (1868-1893) / by some of his former students. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Co., 1893. url .
- The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada: with special reference to New England / By Samuel Hubbard Scudder. Cambridge: The author, 1889. url , , , , , , , p. 1145, p. 1294, p. 1352, p. 1353, p. 1355, p. 1361, p. 1363, p. 1398, p. 1759, p. 1760, p. 1851, p. 1871, p. 1878, p. 1879, p. 1903, p. 1936, p. 1942, p. 1947, p. 287, p. 532, p. 6, p. 747.
- The butterfly book: a popular guide to a knowledge of the butterflies of North America / by W.J. Holland. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1922, c1898. url p. 193, p. 196.
- The principles of vegetable-gardening. New York: Macmillan, [c1921] url , .
- The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States a Illustrated with colored plates, four thousand engravings in the text, and ninety-six full-page cuts. New York, Macmillan, 1919 [c1914] url p. 1050.
- The wings of insects: an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins of insects and a discussion of the more general characteristics of the wings of the several orders of insects / Ithaca, N. Y.: The Comstock Publishing company, 1918. url p. 339, p. 428.
- The wings of insects; an exposition of the uniform terminology of the wing-veins of insects and adiscussion of the more general characteristics of the wings of the several orders of insects, by J ohn Henry Comstock. .. Ithaca, N.Y., The Comstock Publishing Company, 1918. url .
- Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book IUCN url p. 116, p. 176.
- Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. 25 1927 [St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis], 1860-1958. url p. 312.
- Transactions of the American Entomological Society Philadelphia: The Society, 1890- url p. 55, p. 56.
- Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Haven: Published by the Academy, 1866- url p. 760, p. 760.
- Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: W.Y. Morgan, 1903- url p. 137.
- Useful birds and their protection / by Edward Howe Forbush; ill. by the author. .. and others. [Massachusetts]: published under direction of The Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, 1908. url p. 305, p. 432.
- Useful birds and their protection. Containing brief descriptions of the more common and useful species of Massachusetts, with accounts of their food habits, and a chapter on the means of attracting and protecting birds. [Boston, Printed by Wright & Potter]1913. url .
- Useful birds and their protection: containing brief descriptions of the more common and useful species of Massachusetts, with accounts of their food habits, and a chapter on the means of attracting and protecting birds / by Edward Howe Forbush; illustrated by the author, C. Allan Lyford, Chester A. Reed, and others. Boston: Published under direction of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, by authority of the Legislature, [1907]. url p. 305, p. 432.
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed March 27, 2012.
- Butterflies of North Carolina
- GloBIS (GART)
- GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System. Release date: November 23, 2008
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 03, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 3 providers.
- LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index
- Marlin, Bruce. CirrusImage.com.
- Opler, Paul A., Kelly Lotts, and Thomas Naberhaus, coordinators. 2009. Butterflies and Moths of North America. Bozeman, MT: Big Sky Institute. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/ (Version of April 17, 2009).
- Pippen, Jeffrey S. Jeff's Nature Page. Accessed December 2, 2007.
- Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 03, 2008:
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Alan Wormington Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Atlantic Forestry Centre Insect Reference Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Canadian National Collection (CNC) of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Great Lakes Forestry Centre Insect Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Jeff Ogden Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Lepidopterists Society Season Summaries 1973-1997
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Lyman Entomological Museum
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: McMaster University Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: New Brunswick Museum Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Northern Forestry Centre Arthropod Collection, Edmonton
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Subenacadie, NS, Canada
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Point Pelee National Park Collection, Canada
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Ross A. Layberry Observations
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal Ontario Museum: Entomology
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal Saskatchewan Museum Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: University of Guelph, Department of Environmental Biology
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: University of New Brunswick Collection
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: University of Saskatchewan
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: University of Western Ontario Collection
- Illinois Natural History Survey
- National Institute of Genetics, ROIS: Entomological Specimens of Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo Pref., Japan
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2328920
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Gar-312
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13765241
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 188543
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: IILEP94010
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11564
Footnotes
- http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/taxonomy?f=14&sci=Papilionidae&com=Parnassians and Swallowtails [back]
- Mean = 170.390 meters (559.022 feet), Standard Deviation = 86.940 based on 469 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
