Overview
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Endangered |
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Interesting Facts
- Bengal tigers are also called as Indian tiger, they are the most numerous in population than any other tiger subspecies. They were killed as a part of sport carried out by Indian and British royalties. There number declined at a fast rate. They are one of the only two species of cats that like water. At full running speed they reach speed of up to 60 kilometers per hour. They do not possess great stamina. The average tiger sleeps between 16 to 18 hours per day.
- All white Bengal tigers are the descendants of four cubs of a white tiger originally killed in India.
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Chinese:
Hu, Lao Hu
Common Names in Dutch:
Tijger
Common Names in English:
Tiger
Common Names in French:
Tigre
Description
Physical Description
Species Panthera tigris
Bengal Tigers are fully grown at 2-3 years of age. Male reach weights of 200-230 kilograms and up to three metres in length . The females are 130-170 kilograms and up to 2.5 meters long. They have stripes all over their body. Their stripes are like fingerprints. No two are the same. The stripes are not only in the tigers fur, but are a pigmentation of the skin . They have a white spot on the back of their ears,whick looks like eyes.
Habitat
Dense Forest and Lush Grasslands
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,382 meters (0 to 7,815 feet).[1]
Ecology: The tiger
is found in a variety of habitats
: from the tropical
evergreen
and deciduous forests
of southern Asia to the coniferous
, scrub
oak, and birch woodlands of Siberia. It also thrives in the mangrove swamps of the Sunderbans, the dry thorn forests of north-western India, and the tall grass
jungles at the foot
of Himalayas (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Tigers are found in the Himalayan valleys, and tracks have been recorded in winter snow at 3,000 m
(Prater 1971). The extinct
Caspian tiger frequented seasonally flooded riverine
land
known as tugai, consisting of trees
, shrubs
, and dense stands of tall reeds and grass up to six metres
in height
. The tiger and rsquo;s habitat requirements can be summarized as: some form of dense vegetative
cover
, sufficient large ungulate prey
(Sunquist and Sunquist 1989), and access
to water.[2]
List of Habitats: 1.4 Forest - Temperate
1.5 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 1.7 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove
Vegetation Above High Tide
Level 2.1 Savanna
- Dry 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry 3.6 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist
Biology
Diet
Diet
in the wild: water buffalo,goat,deer,wild boar.
Diet in the zoo: Chicken,horsemeat or kangaroo meat five days a week. Fast on bones twice a week.
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Animalia
()
- Linnaeus, 1758
- animals
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
()
- (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
()
- Grobben, 1908
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
()
- (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum:
Chordata
()
- Bateson, 1885
- Chordates
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
()
- Cuvier, 1812
- Vertebrates
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
()
- Auct.
- Jawed Vertebrates
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
()
- Goodrich, 1930
- Class:
Mammalia
()
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- Mammals
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
()
- (Rowe, 1988) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
()
- (Wible Et Al., 1995) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
()
- Mckenna, 1975
- Legion:
Cladotheria
()
- Mckenna, 1975
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
()
- Mckenna, 1975
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
()
- (Mckenna, 1975) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Supercohort:
Theria
()
- (Parker & Haswell, 1897) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Cohort:
Placentalia
()
- (Owen, 1837) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
()
- (Mckenna, 1975) M.c. Mckenna & S.k. Bell, 1997
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
()
- (Mckenna, 1975) Mckenna, in Stucky & Mckenna, in Benton, Ed., 1993
- Grandorder:
Ferae
()
- (Linnaeus, 1758) Mckenna, 1975:41
- Order:
Carnivora
()
- Bowdich, 1821
- Suborder:
Feliformia
()
- Kretzoi, 1945
- Family:
Felidae
()
- (Fischer De Waldheim, 1817) Gray, 1821:302
- Subfamily:
Pantherinae
()
- Genus:
Panthera
()
- Oken, 1816, nom. cons.
- Specific name:
tigris
- (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Scientific name: - Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Specific name:
tigris
- (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Genus:
Panthera
(
- Subfamily:
Pantherinae
(
- Family:
Felidae
(
- Suborder:
Feliformia
(
- Order:
Carnivora
(
- Grandorder:
Ferae
(
- Superorder:
Preptotheria
(
- Magnorder:
Epitheria
(
- Cohort:
Placentalia
(
- Supercohort:
Theria
(
- Infralegion:
Tribosphenida
(
- Sublegion:
Zatheria
(
- Legion:
Cladotheria
(
- Superlegion:
Trechnotheria
(
- Infraclass:
Holotheria
(
- Subclass:
Theriiformes
(
- Class:
Mammalia
(
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
Notes
Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 28-Oct-2003.
Similar Species
Members of the genus Panthera
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 79 species and subspecies in this genus:
P. atrox · P. crassidens · P. gombaszoegensis · P. leo (African Lion) · P. leo atrox (Lion) · P. leo bleyenberghi · P. leo goojratensis · P. leo krugeri · P. leo leo (African Lion) · P. leo massaica · P. leo massaicus · P. leo melanochaita · P. leo nyanzae · P. leo persica (Asiatic Lion) · P. leo senegalensis · P. leo somaliensis · P. leo spelaea (Eurasian Cave Lion) · P. leo vernayi · P. onca (Jaguar) · P. onca ariconensis · P. onca arizonensis · P. onca centralis · P. onca goldmani · P. onca hernandesi · P. onca hernandesii · P. onca onca (Jaguar) · P. onca palustris · P. onca paraguensis · P. onca peruviana · P. onca peruvianus · P. onca veracrucensis · P. onca veraecrucis · P. pardus (Leopard) · P. pardus adersi (Zanzibar Leopard) · P. pardus adusta · P. pardus antinorii · P. pardus bedfordi · P. pardus chui · P. pardus ciscaucasica · P. pardus dathei · P. pardus delacouri (Leopard) · P. pardus fusca · P. pardus ituriensis · P. pardus japonensis (North Chinese Leopard) · P. pardus jarvisi (Sinaï Leopard) · P. pardus kotiya (Sri Lankan Leopard) · P. pardus leopardus (Leopard) · P. pardus melanotica · P. pardus melas (Javan Leopard) · P. pardus millardi · P. pardus nanopardus · P. pardus nimr (South Arabian Leopard) · P. pardus orientalis (Amur Leopard) · P. pardus panthera (North African Leopard) · P. pardus pardus · P. pardus pernigra · P. pardus reichenowi · P. pardus saxicolor (North Persian Leopard) · P. pardus shortridgei · P. pardus sindica (Leopard) · P. pardus suahelica · P. pardus tulliana (Anatolian Leopard) · P. platensis · P. schaubi · P. schreuderi · P. spelaea · P. tigris (Tiger) · P. tigris altaica (Siberian Tiger) · P. tigris amoyensis (South China Tiger) · P. tigris balica (Balinese Tiger) · P. tigris corbetti (Indochinese Tiger) · P. tigris longipilis (Siberian Tiger) · P. tigris sondaica (Javan Tiger) · P. tigris styani · P. tigris sumatrae (Sumatran Tiger) · P. tigris tigris (Bengal Tiger) · P. tigris virgata (Hyrcanian Tiger) · P. toscana · P. uncia
More Info
- Search for Pictures: images.google.com
- Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
- Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
- Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books
Further Reading
- Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. ENG url p. 466.
- Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 118, p. 124, p. 143, p. 145, p. 146.
- Asiatic herpetological research. Berkeley, Calif.: Asiatic Herpetological Research Society: c1990- ENG url p. 180.
- Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (compilers and editors) 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
- Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 130.
- Cat Specialist Group. For more information, see the Specialist Group website
- Catalogue of the Genus Felis / By R.I. Pocock, F.R.S. London, 1951. ENG url p. 4.
- Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 / by J.R. Ellerman and T.C.S. Morrison-Scott. London: BM(NH), 1966. ENG url p. 315, p. 315, p. 318, p. 318.
- Field Museum of Natural History bulletin. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, [1930]-c1990. ENG url p. 12.
- Groombridge, B. (ed.) 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
- Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler). 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- IUCN. 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- IUCN. 2002. 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Downloaded on 8 October 2002.
- Mammalian masticatory apparatus / [by] William D. Turnbull -- [Chicago]: Field Museum Press, 1970. ENG url p. 254, p. 354.
- Mammals of Eastern Asia / by G.H.H. Tate. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947. ENG url p. 193.
- Mammals of the Kelley-Roosevelts and Delacour Asiatic expedition, by Wilfred H. Osgood. Chicago, 1932. ENG url p. 252.
- Nowell, K. 2000. Far from a cure: the tiger trade revisited. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK.
- Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (compilers and editors) 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. (online version)
- Prater, S.H. 1971. The book of Indian mammals, 3rd edition. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay.
- Seidensticker, J., Christie, S. and Jackson, P. (eds) 1999. Riding the tiger: Tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Smith, J.L.D. and McDougal, C. 1991. The contribution of variance in lifetime reproduction to effective population size in tigers. Conservation Biology 5(4): 484-490.
- Sunquist, M.E. and Sunquist, F.C. 1989. Ecological constraints on predation by large felids. In: J.L. Gittleman (ed.). Carnivore behavior, ecology and evolution. Chapman and Hall, London. pp 283-301.
- Systematic review of the rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) / Jack Fooden. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 2000. ENG url p. 99.
- Taxonomy and evolution of the Sinica group of macaques: Jack Fooden. [Chicago]: Field Museum of Natural History, 1986. ENG url p. 4.
- W. Christopher Wozencraft: Status: CITES - Appendix I; U.S. ESA - Endangered (except in Africa, in the wild, south of, and including Gabon, Congo, Zaire, Uganda, and Kenya, where this species is Threatened). IUCN - Threatened
- Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. 1993. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. xviii + 1207. ISBN: 1-56098-217-9.
Notes
Contributors
- Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
- Cat Specialist Group 2002. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
- Clark, M. A. WhoZoo.
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 26, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 13 providers.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:
- Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Vertebrate specimens
- Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
- Michigan State University Museum, Vertebrate specimens
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
- Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
- Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
- Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Mammal Collection
- University of Washington Burke Museum, Mammal Specimens
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2478188
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-183807
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13808252
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 183805
- IUCN ID: 15955
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: A043
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 180016
Footnotes
- Mean = 472.050 meters (1,548.720 feet), Standard Deviation = 716.570 based on 22 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
- Cat Specialist Group 2002. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008. [back]
