Panthera tigris

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Endangered

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Dense Forest and Lush Grasslands

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,382 meters (0 to 7,815 feet).[1]

Ecology: Tigers are found mainly in the forests of tropical Asia, although they historically occurred more widely in drier and colder climes. One subspecies , the Amur Tiger P.t. altaica, persists in the Russian Far East. Photos of Tigers up to 4,500 m have been obtained in Bhutan (Wang 2008).Availability of a sufficient prey base of large ungulates is the Tiger's major habitat requirement: "wild pigs and deer of various species are the two prey types that make up the bulk of the Tiger's diet , and in general Tigers require a good population of these species in order to survive and reproduce" (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002). Based on studies, Karanth et al. (2004) estimate that Tigers need to kill 50 large prey animals per year. Tigers are opportunistic predators , however, and their diet includes birds, fish, rodents, insects, amphibians , reptiles in addition to other mammals such as primates and porcupines. Tigers can also take ungulate prey much larger than themselves, including large bovids (water buffalo, gaur, banteng), elephants and rhinos (Nowell and Jackson 1996).Tigers are generally solitary, with adults maintaining exclusive territories, or home ranges . Adult female home ranges seldom overlap, whereas male ranges typically overlap from 13 females, a typical felid pattern of social organization. Tiger home ranges are small where prey is abundant - e.g. , female home ranges in Chitwan averaged 20 km , while in the Russian Far East they are much larger at 450 km (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002). Similarly, reported Tiger densities range from 11.65 adult Tigers per 100 km where prey is abundant (India's Nagarhole National Park) to as low as 0.130.45 per 100 km where prey is more thinly distributed, as in Russia's Sikhote Alin Mountains (Nowell and Jackson 1996).[2].

List of Habitats:

• 1 Forest
• 1.1 Forest - Boreal
• 1.4 Forest - Temperate
• 1.5 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
• 1.6 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
• 1.7 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level
• 1.9 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
• 3 Shrubland
• 3.5 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
• 3.6 Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist
• 4 Grassland
• 4.5 Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
• 4.6 Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded

Biology

Diet

Diet in the wild: water buffalo, goat,deer, wild boar.

Diet in the zoo: Chicken, horsemeat or kangaroo meat five days a week. Fast on bones twice a week.

Taxonomy

Similar Species

Members of the genus Panthera

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 33 species and subspecies in this genus:

P. leo (African Lion) · P. leo atrox (Lion) · P. leo leo (African Lion) · P. leo persica (Asiatic Lion) · P. leo spelaea (Eurasian Cave Lion) · P. onca (Jaguar) · P. onca onca (Jaguar) · P. pardus (Leopard) · P. pardus adersi (Zanzibar Leopard) · P. pardus delacouri (Leopard) · P. pardus japonensis (North Chinese Leopard) · P. pardus jarvisi (Sinaï Leopard) · P. pardus kotiya (Sri Lankan Leopard) · P. pardus leopardus (Leopard) · P. pardus melas (Javan Leopard) · P. pardus nimr (Arabian Leopard) · P. pardus orientalis (Amur Leopard) · P. pardus panthera (North African Leopard) · P. pardus saxicolor (Persian Leopard) · P. pardus sindica (Leopard) · P. pardus tulliana (Anatolian Leopard) · P. tigris (Tiger) · P. tigris altaica (Amur Tiger) · P. tigris amoyensis (South China Tiger) · P. tigris balica (Bali Tiger) · P. tigris corbetti (Indochinese Tiger) · P. tigris jacksoni (Malayan Tiger) · P. tigris longipilis (Siberian Tiger) · P. tigris sondaica (Javan Tiger) · P. tigris sumatrae (Sumatran Tiger) · P. tigris tigris (Bengal Tiger) · P. tigris virgata (Caspian Tiger) · P. uncia (Snow Leopard)

More Info

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Further Reading

• 1994 IUCN red list of threatened animals Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 1993 url p. 16.
• Advances in the study of mammalian behavior / edited by John F. Eisenberg and Devra G. Kleiman. [Stillwater, Okla.]: American Society of Mammalogists; 1983. url p. 166.
• Analysis and Synthesis of National Reports. Prepared by UNEP and CMS Secretariat CMS url p. 5.
• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. url p. 466.
• Annotated CITES Appendices and Reservations CITES url p. 53.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url p. 118, p. 124, p. 143, p. 145, p. 146.
• Asiatic herpetological research. 6 1995 Berkeley, Calif.: Asiatic Herpetological Research Society; c1990- url p. 180.
• Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 5, October 1990: programme on man and the biosphere (MAB) IUCN url p. 45.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 181.
• Catalogue of the Genus Felis / By R.I. Pocock, F.R.S. London, 1951. url p. 4.
• Checklist of CITES Species CITES, WCMC url p. 194, p. 228, p. 48.
• Checklist of CITES Species: a reference to the appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES url p. 184, p. 227.
• Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 / by J.R. Ellerman and T.C.S. Morrison-Scott. London: BM(NH), 1966. url p. 315, p. 318.
• Checklist of mammals listed in the CITES appendices and in EC Regulation 338/97 JNCC url p. 110, p. 126, p. 78.
• Coastal Sensitivity Overview of the Strait of Malacca. Compiled for International Maritime Organisation (IMO) IMO url .
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 441.
• Directory of the proposed Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: draft WCMC url .
• Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. Illus. by Earl L. Poole. New York, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, 1945. url p. 299, p. 301, p. 304, p. 309, p. 310, p. 812, p. 814, p. 820, p. 831, p. 832, p. 845, p. 846, p. 847, p. 848.
• Field Museum of Natural History bulletin. Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History, [1930]-c1990. url p. 12.
• Global Biodiversity: status of the Earth's living resources WCMC url p. 324.
• IUCN Directory of South Asian Protected Areas IUCN url p. 13, p. 21, p. 24, p. 29, p. 290, p. 33, p. 37, p. 38, p. 5.
• Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Protected Areas: principles, guidelines and case studies IUCN url p. 99.
• Industrial reliance on biodiversity. WCMC Biodiversity Series 7 WCMC url p. 32.
• Joy of nature: how to observe and appreciate the great outdoors / [editor, Alma E. Guinness]. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Reader's Digest Association, c1977. url p. 344.
• MAB Biosphere Reserves: Site Descriptions, post compilation 5 (October 1990) UNESCO MAB Programme url .
• MAB Information System: Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: Supplement January 1988 UNESCO, IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url .
• Mammalian masticatory apparatus / [by] William D. Turnbull -- [Chicago]: Field Museum Press, 1970. url p. 254, p. 354.
• Mammals of Eastern Asia / by G.H.H. Tate. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1947. url p. 193.
• Mammals of the Kelley-Roosevelts and Delacour Asiatic expedition, by Wilfred H. Osgood. 18 1932 Chicago, 1932. url p. 252.
• Mammals of the Soviet Union / V.G. Heptner, A.A. Nasimovich, and A.G. Bannikov; scientific editor, Robert S. Hoffmann. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, 1988- url p. 130, p. 63, p. 66, p. 69, p. 95.
• Marine mammals. Hearings, Ninety-second Congress--first session. .. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1971. url p. 360.
• Nature Reserves of the Himalaya and the Mountains of Central Asia IUCN url p. 133, p. 165, p. 167, p. 183, p. 216, p. 254, p. 263, p. 272, p. 29, p. 302, p. 308, p. 310, p. 313, p. 341, p. 35, p. 358, p. 365, p. 371, p. 372, p. 41, p. 467, p. 57, p. 61, p. 66, p. 68, p. 70, p. 72, p. 74.
• Nature et faune: revue internationale pour la conservation de la nature en Afrique = Wildlife and nature: international journal on nature conservation in Africa. Accra, Ghana: Bureau rgional de la F.A.O. pour l'Afrique, url p. 18.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 117.
• Protected Areas Systems Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm World Bank url p. 173.
• Protected Areas of the World: a review of National Systems. Vol 1: Indomalaya, Oceania, Australia and Antarctic IUCN url p. 3.
• Protected Landscapes: experience around the world. Prepared for the International Symposium on Protected Landscapes, Grange-over-Sands, England 5-10 October 1987 IUCN url p. 200, p. 203.
• Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ending June 30. .. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1933-1965. url p. 118, p. 124, p. 143, p. 145, p. 146, p. 162.
• Seventy-five years of mammalogy, 1919-1994 / edited by Elmer C. Birney, Jerry R. Choate. [Provo, Utah]: American Society of Mammalogists, c1994. url p. 419.
• Smithsonian year. 1965 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1965-1976. url p. 172.
• Smithsonian year: annual report of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ended Sept. 30. .. 1982 City of Washington: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1980-2001. url p. 423, p. 433.
• Sourcebook on Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indicators. Convention on Biological Diversity Technical Series 32 CBD url p. 135.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 18, p. 19.
• Systematic review of the rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) / Jack Fooden. 96 2000 Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 2000. url p. 99.
• Taxonomy and evolution of the Sinica group of macaques. 5, Overview of natural history / Jack Fooden. 29 1986 [Chicago]: Field Museum of Natural History, 1986. url p. 4.
• The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology being a continuation of the Annals combined with Loudon and Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural History. London, Taylor and Francis, Ltd. url p. 119, p. 122.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 189, p. 35, p. 36, p. 666.
• The IUCN Amphibia-Reptilia Red Data Book. Part 1 Testudines Crocodylia and Rhynchocephalia IUCN url p. 373.
• The Last Rain Forests Reed International Books Ltd. url p. 152, p. 158, p. 160, p. 168, p. 188, p. 198.
• The Marine Mammal Commission compendium of selected treaties, international agreements, and other relevant documents on marine resources, wildlife, and the environment / compiled by Richard L. Wallace. Washington, D.C.: The Commission; 1994 url p. 623, p. 688.
• The World's Protected Areas. Status, Values and Prospects in the 21st Century UNEP-WCMC url p. 277, p. 352.
• The contribution of archaeology to the zoogeography of Borneo: with the first record of a wild canid of Early Holocene Age; a contribution in celebration of the distinguished scholarship of Robert F. Inger on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday / Earl of Cranbrook. 42 1988 Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1988. url p. 1.
• The mammals of the Caucasus; a history of the evolution of the fauna. (Mlekopitayushchie Kavkaza; istoriya formirovaniya fauny). [By] N. K. Vereskchagin. Chief editor: E. N. Pavlovskii. Editor of this volume: A. A. Strelkov. Translated from Russian [by A. Lerman and B. Rabinovich. Edited by M. Loeb] Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations [available from the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va.], 1967. url p. 467.
• Treaties and other international agreements on fisheries, oceanographic resources, and wildlife to which the United States is party / prepared at the request of Hon. Warren G. Magnuson for the use of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, by the Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1974. url p. 154.
• Verffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Mnchen. Mnchen: Die Staatssammlung, url p. 102, p. 156, p. 159, p. 161, p. 20, p. 220, p. 249, p. 269, p. 67, p. 75, p. 97.
• World Atlas of Biodiversity: earth's living resources in the 21st century UNEP-WCMC url p. 197.
• World Checklist of Threatened Mammals JNCC url p. 110, p. 120, p. 84.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 30, 2012.
• Chundawat, R.S., Habib, B., Karanth, U., Kawanishi, K., Ahmad Khan, J., Lynam, T., Miquelle, D., Nyhus, P., Sunarto, S., Tilson, R. and Sonam Wang 2011. Panthera tigris. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 03February2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:

• Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Vertebrate specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Michigan State University Museum, Vertebrate specimens
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Mammal Collection
• University of Washington Burke Museum, Mammal Specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 1
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-183805
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13808252
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 183805
• IUCN ID: 229706
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: A043
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 180016

Footnotes

1. Mean = 472.050 meters (1,548.720 feet), Standard Deviation = 716.570 based on 22 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Chundawat, R.S., Habib, B., Karanth, U., Kawanishi, K., Ahmad Khan, J., Lynam, T., Miquelle, D., Nyhus, P., Sunarto, S., Tilson, R. & Sonam Wang 2011. Panthera tigris. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.