Oryctolagus cuniculus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Mammal. Native to southern Europe and North Africa, rabbits have been introduced to all continents except Antarctica and Asia. Often they were introduced by Acclimatisation Societies. In many countries they cause serious erosion of soils by overgrazing and burrowing.

Near Threatened

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Rabbits thrive best where rainfalls are less than 1000 mm and where the vegetation is short, preferably grazed. Although usually an animal of open country, in New Zealand rabbits have survived in low numbers on a few forested islands where the forest is low and not very dense (Source: SPREP).

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 5,239 meters (0 to 17,188 feet).[1]

Ecology: Oryctolagus cuniculus prefers a mixed habitat of Mediterranean oak savanna or scrub-forest, or areas with around 40% cover for shelter from predators and open areas that support their diet of grasses and cereals (Thompson and King 1994; Ward 2005). O. cuniculus builds warrens in soft soil, but find shelter in scrub in rocky areas, though predation risk is higher in above ground dwellings. The natural range of the Iberian peninsula and northern Africa is warm and dry (Angulo 2003), rarely occurring above 1,500 m (Fa et al. 1999). The rabbits are territorial and tend to live and forage in colony groups of up to 20 adults (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999), and are crepuscular (Ward 2005).

O. cuniculus can breed throughout the year (uncommon in lagomorphs), though this is limited by climate and resource availability (Bell and Webb 1991). They raise altricial young between three and six at a time, which leave the warren in under a month (Gibb 1990). Females reach sexual maturity on average in 3.5 months, males 4 months, and can live up to 9 years (Macdonald and Barrett 1993), though many succumb to predation and other perils much earlier. Up to 75% of young rabbits are killed by predators before they establish a territory (Chapman and Flux 1990, Angulo 2004). Annual mortality was 30% in a studied island population (Macdonald and Barrett 1993). The head-body length of O. cuniculus is 34-50 mm (Macdonald and Barrett 1993).

O. cuniculus is a keystone species, composing the diet of over forty species, several of which specialize in O. cuniculus (Delibes and Hiraldo 1981). The diet of the Iberian lynx consists of 80-100% rabbits (Delibes et al. 2000), the Imperial eagle consumes 40-80% of its diet in rabbits, and the decline of O. cuniculus has been linked to the near extinction of these two predators (Zofio and Vega 2000).

O. cuniculus is responsible for landscape modelling that supports vegetation growth typical to Spain and Portugal and creates habitat for invertebrate species (Virgos et al. 2005), increases species richness , and increase soil fertility (Willott et al. 2000).[2].

List of Habitats:

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.5     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     2     Savanna   
  
•     2.1     Savanna - Dry   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.4     Shrubland - Temperate   
  
•     3.5     Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     3.8     Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     4.5     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
[more info]

Biology

Reproduction

Placental . Sexual. Rabbits have an endogenous reproductive cycle mainly modulated by day length and nutrition.18-30 young per female adult per year. Females as young as 3 months can breed .

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 15-Aug-2007

Two recognized subspecies occur on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus occupies the southwest peninsula (roughly Portugal and southern Spain). Some overlap of ranges exists with O. c. algirus and O. c. cuniculus, which occupies all points north and west of O. c. algirus (Biju-Duval et al. 1991). O. c. cuniculus is thought to be the descendant of early domestic rabbits released into the wild (Gibb 1990), and is now the subspecies that has been introduced throughout Europe and worldwide (Angulo 2004). O. c. algirus is also found in North Africa, Mediterranean and Atlantic islands (Branco et al. 2000).[2].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Oryctolagus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 1 species and subspecies in this genus:

O. cuniculus (Japanese White Rabbit)

More Info

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Further Reading

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• Advances in the study of mammalian behavior / edited by John F. Eisenberg and Devra G. Kleiman. [Stillwater, Okla.]: American Society of Mammalogists; 1983. url p. 107, p. 159, p. 183, p. 192, p. 193, p. 277.
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• Zoology of Colorado, by Theodore D.A. Cockerell. .. Boulder, Col., University of Colorado, 1927. url p. 54.

Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Smith, A.T. & Boyer, A.F. 2008. Oryctolagus cuniculus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 03February2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 18, 2007:

• Mammal Research Institute PAS, Mammal Collection
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Michigan State University Museum, Vertebrate specimens
• Museum of Texas Tech University
• , Mammal specimens
• OZCAM
• Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
• Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Mammal Collection
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Mammal records from Britain from the Atlas of Mammals
• , with some subsequent records
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 107274
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-727919
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5744187
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 180129
• IUCN ID: 228898
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AMAEB02010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 10183

Footnotes

1. Mean = 274.600 meters (900.919 feet), Standard Deviation = 621.390 based on 13,318 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Smith, A.T. & Boyer, A.F. 2008. Oryctolagus cuniculus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.