Oncorhynchus mykiss

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Endangered

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,822 meters (0 to 12,539 feet).[1]

Biome: Marine .

Biology

Diet

Generally feeds close to the bottom [2]. Adults feed on aquatic and terrestrial insects, mollusks, crustaceans, fish eggs , minnows , and other small fishes (including other trout); young feed predominantly on zooplankton [3].

Migration

The natural habitat of the species is fresh water with about 12¦C in summer. It is unclear whether its anadromy is a truly genetic adaptation or simply an opportunistic behavior. It seems that any stock of rainbow trout is capable of migrating , or at least adapting to sea water, if the need or opportunity arises. They require moderate to fast flowing, well oxygenated waters for breeding, but they also live in cold lakes [4]. Rainbow trout survive better in lakes than in streams [5]. Enters the rivers of Kamchatka from September to October, spawns in spring , not far from the sea, and migrates back to the sea in May-June[6].

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Fario gairdneri (Richardson • Onchorrhychus mykiss (Walbaum • Onchorynchus mykiss • Onchorynchus mykiss (Walbaum • Onchorynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) • Oncorhynchus kamloops Jordan • Oncorhynchus mykiss • Oncorhynchus mykiss nelsoni Evermann • Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792 • Oncorhynchus myskis • Oncorhynchus myskis (Walbaum • Oncorhynchus myskis (Walbaum, 1792) • Parasalmo mykiss (Walbaum • Parasalmo penshinensis (Pallas • Salmo gairdneri irideus Gibbons • Salmo gairdneri Richardson • Salmo gairdneri shasta Jordan • Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii Richardson • Salmo gairdnerii irideus Gibbons • Salmo gairdnerii Richardson • Salmo gilberti Jordan • Salmo iridea Gibbons • Salmo irideus argentatus Bajkov • Salmo irideus Gibbons • Salmo kamloops (Jordan • Salmo kamloops whitehousei Dymond • Salmo masoni Suckley • Salmo mykiss Walbaum, 1792 • Salmo nelsoni Evermann • Salmo purpuratus Pallas • Salmo rivularis Ayres • Salmo rivularis kamloops (Jordan • Salmo truncatus Suckley • Trutta iridea (Gibbons

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Comment: Also Ref. 4706

Last scrutiny: Data last modified by FishBase 11-Feb-1994

Similar Species

Fish Name Spot Characteristics Tail Spots Principal Anal Rays Lateral Line Scales Inside of Mouth in Breeders Other Features Similarity Index Comments Atlantic Salmon Usually few, covering upper sides; black & sometimes red present; nearly as large as pupil of eye; round, irregular ovals, or “X” shaped Few or none, usually limited to base of tail 7-12, usually 9-11 109-121 White Branchiostegal rays usually 11-12, principal dorsal rays 11-12, adipose fin not edged in red, pyloric caecae 40-74, gill rakers 15-20, vomerine teeth poorly developed, dorsal fin with few or no spots Very similar Not native; stocked in the past without estabishing a population. Occurs only in the Great Lakes as a rare stray from other states and Ontario. Brook Trout Moderate to numerous; covering sides; cream, light, olive, yellow, red, sometimes with bluish halo; much smaller than pupil of eye; round Few and lighter 7-13, usually 9 210-244 White on the teeth, tongue, and inside of mouth, but black on the gums Branchiostegal rays usually 9-13, principal dorsal rays 10-14; adipose fin not edged in red, but dark margin in young; pyloric caecae 23-55; gill rakers 9-12; vomerine teeth well developed; dorsal fin spotted Moderately similar Brown Trout Few to many, covering most of sides; both black and red present; nearly as large as pupil of eye; round or irregular ovals in shape Few or none, usually limited to base of tail 8-12, usually 9-11 120-130 White Branchiostegal rays usually 10, principal dorsal rays 9-11, adipose fin often edged in red, pyloric caecae 30-60, gill rakers 14-17, vomerine teeth well developed, dorsal fin spotted Very similar Chinook Salmon Moderate to numerous, limited to upper half of sides; black only; much smaller than pupil of eye; round or irregular in shape Moderate to numerous and on both lobes 14-19 130-165 Black or dark gray Branchiostegal rays usually 13-19, principal dorsal rays 10-14, adipose fin not edged in red, pyloric caecae 140-185, gill rakers 16-26, vomerine teeth well developed, dorsal fin spotted Very similar Coho Salmon Usually few, and limited to back and upper sides; black only; much smaller than pupil of eye; round or irregular in shape Few, limited to top of upper lobe 12-17, 1st ray elongated; fin distinctly falcate in YOY 112-148 Black or gray; gums white Branchiostegal rays usually 11-15, principal dorsal rays 9-12, adipose fin not edged in red, pyloric caecae 45-114, gill rakers 18-25, vomerine teeth well developed, dorsal fin with few or no spots Very similar Lake Trout Many; covering sides; cream to light olive; much smaller than pupil of eye; irregular shape, much smaller than pupil of eye Numerous and on both lobes 8-10 185-210 White Branchiostegal rays usually 10-14, principal dorsal rays 8-10, adipose fin not edged in red, pyloric caecae 93-208, gill rakers 16-26, vomerine teeth well developed, dorsal fin spotted Moderately similar Pink Salmon Numerous and on both lobes, forming lines of elongated oval spots along rays Numerous and on both lobes, forming lines of elongated oval spots along rays 13-19 147-205 Tongue and tip of jaw black or gray; gums white Branchiostegal rays usually 9-15, principal dorsal rays 10-15, adipose fin not edged in red, pyloric caecae 95-224, gill rakers 24-35, vomerine teeth well developed, dorsal fin with few or no spots Very similar Rainbow Trout Many, covering most of sides; black only; much smaller than pupil of eye; round or irregular in shape Numerous and on both lobes 8-12 100-150 White Branchiostegal rays usually 9-13, principal dorsal rays 10-12, adipose fin not edged in red, pyloric caecae 27-80, gill rakers 16-22, vomerine teeth well developed, dorsal fin heavily spotted N/A Kokanee Salmon Almost none, limited to upper back; black only; much smaller than pupil of eye; round to slightly oval in shape None 11-16, usually 13-14 121-140 Dark gray with white mottling Branchiostegal rays usually 13-14, principal dorsal rays 11-13, adipose fin not edged in red, pyloric caecae 50-87, gill rakers 29-43, vomerine teeth well developed, dorsal fin with few or no spots Very similar

Members of the genus Oncorhynchus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 51 species and subspecies in this genus:

O. adonis (Grass Rockfish) · O. aguabonita (California Golden Trout) · O. apache (Arizona Trout) · O. chrysogaster (Coastal Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarki (Coastal Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarkii (Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarkii bouvieri (Yellowstone Cutthroat Throat) · O. clarkii clarkii (Clark's Trout) · O. clarkii henshawi (Lahontan Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarkii lewisi (Salmon) · O. clarkii macdonaldi (Yellowfin Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarkii pleuriticus (Colorado River Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarkii seleniris (Paiute Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarkii stomias (Greenback Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarkii utah (Bonneville Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarki clarki (Clark's Trout) · O. clarki henshawi (Lahontan Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarki lewisi (Westslope Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarki macdonaldi (Yellowfin Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarki pleuriticus (Colorado River Cutthroat) · O. clarki seleniris (Paiute Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarki utah (Bonneville Cutthroat Trout) · O. clarki virginalis (Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout) · O. gilae (Gila Or Apache Trout) · O. gilae apache (Apache Trout) · O. gilae gilae (Gila Trout) · O. gorbuscha (Humpbacked Salmon) · O. ishikawai (Satsukimasu Salmon) · O. iwame (Iwame Trout) · O. keta (Calico Salmon) · O. kisutch (Coho Salmon Or Silver Salmon) · O. masou (Japanese Cherry Salmon) · O. masou formosanum (Cherry Salmon) · O. masou formosanus (Cherry Salmon) · O. masou macrostomus (Salmon) · O. masou masou (Cherry Salmon) · O. masu (Baja California Rainbow Trout) · O. mykiss (Baja California Rainbow Trout) · O. mykiss gairdneri (Inland Redband Trout) · O. mykiss gairdnerii (Columbia River Redband Trout) · O. mykiss gilberti (Kern Golden Trout) · O. mykiss irideus (Coastal Rainbow Trout) · O. mykiss mykiss (Kamchatkan Rainbow Trout) · O. mykiss stonei (Baiser) · O. mykiss whitei (Little Kern Golden Trout) · O. nerka (Sockeye Salmon Or Kokanee) · O. nerka nerka (Sockeye Salmon Or Kokanee) · O. masou subsp. masou (Amago) · O. rhodurus (Amago) · O. tschawytscha (Chinook Salmon Or King Salmon) · O. tshawytscha (Chinook Salmon Or King Salmon)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 26.
• An examination of 1995 and 1996 creel survey data for the Madison River, Montana, and evidence of possible effects due to whirling disease prepared for Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks / prepared by Leanne Hennessey Roulson. [Bozeman: Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 2002]. url p. 4.
• Aquatic community classification and ecosystem diversity in Montana's Missouri River watershed / [Helena, Mont.:Montana Natural Heritage Program, c2005. url , .
• Assessment plan: part I, Clark Fork River Basin NPL sites, Montana. [Helena, Mont.]: State of Montana, Natural Resource Damage Program, [1992] url p. 32.
• Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, D.C.: The Society, 1918- url , p. 51.
• Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Los Angeles, Calif.: The Academy, 1971- url p. 107, p. 109, p. 113, p. 114, p. 146, p. 147, p. 153.
• Bulletins of American paleontology. 102 1992 Ithaca, N.Y., Paleontological Research Institution [etc.] url fig. 2 , p. 44, p. 48.
• California fish and game. [San Francisco, etc.]: State of California, Resources Agency, Dept. of Fish and Game. url p. 133, p. 137, p. 162, p. 164, p. 166, p. 168, p. 175, p. 178, p. 43, p. 91, p. 94, p. 97.
• Candidate conservation agreement with assurances for fluvial Arctic grayling in the upper Big Hole River: between Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in cooperation with Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation and USDA Natural Resources Conser Helena, Mont.: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 2005 url .
• Distribution, relative abundance and habitat utilization of the arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) in the Upper Big Hole River Drainage, Montana, June 21 to August 28, 1989: final report / by Geoffrey A. McMichael for the U.S. Forest Service, Beaverhead National Forest, . .. [et al.] Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1990] url , p. 9.
• Draft programmatic environmental assessment for candidate conservation agreement with assurances and associated permit for fluvial Arctic grayling in the upper Big Hole River, Montana. Helena, Mont.: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 2005 url , , .
• Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an estuarine profile / by Brian L. Howes and Dale D. Goehringer and Center for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts; Rebecca J. Howard, project officer. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1996. url p. 90.
• Effects of highways on wildlife and fish with special reference to Montana a ProCite literature collection / Bozeman, Mont.: Fish and Wildlife Management Program, Montana State University, 2001 url .
• Endangered Species Act biennial report, status of recovery program / prepared by U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources. Silver Spring, MD: The Office, 1991- url p. 66.
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- url p. 232, p. 59.
• Fishery bulletin / U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service: url , , p. 1016, p. 171, p. 178, p. 183, p. 24, p. 240, p. 241, p. 242, p. 243, p. 245, p. 255, p. 264, p. 293, p. 403, p. 507, p. 551, p. 553, p. 555, p. 587, p. 657, p. 662, p. 663, p. 69, p. 697, p. 718, p. 738, p. 834, p. 838, p. 872.
• Fishes in Kansas / Frank B. Cross, Joseph T. Collins; foreword by John E. Hayes, Jr. Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas Natural History Museum: c1995. url p. 168, p. 312, p. xvi.
• Impact of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on fish populations near Terrace Bay, Ontario / prepared for Environment Ontario by M.E. McMaster. [Toronto]: Environment Ontario, [1991]. url p. 14, p. 5.
• Increased levels of harvest and habitat law enforcement and public awareness for anadromous salmonids and resident fish in the Columbia River Basin -- demonstration period, 1992-1994: a comprehensive Columbia Basin cooperative law enforcement program comprised of six performance grants and inter-agency agreements, final report / Portland, OR.: Bonneville Power Administration, 1995. url p. 63.
• Journal of ethnobiology. 23 2003 Flagstaff, Ariz.: Center for Western Studies, 1981- url p. 278.
• Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. Lexington, KY: The Academy, 1998- url p. 105.
• Management plan, Robb/Ledford wildlife management area. [Helena]:Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, [1999] url .
• Montana's comprehensive fish and wildlife conservation strategy / Helena, Mont.: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 2005 url , .
• Morphology and development of the postcranial skeleton in the channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) / Terry Grande, Judith D. Shardo. 99 2002 [Chicago, Ill.]: Field Museum of Natural History, c2002. url p. 10.
• National overview and evolution of NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) Program / David M. Nelson and Mark E. Monaco. Silver Spring. Md.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 2000. url p. 42.
• Non-native fishes inhabiting the streams and lakes of Illinois / Champaign, Ill.: Illinois Natural History Survey, [1996] url , p. 2, p. 25, p. 28.
• Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe. .. [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. url p. 320, p. 526.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 381.
• Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Washington, etc.: Entomological Society of Washington url p. 152.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, Linnean Society of New South Wales. url p. 120, p. 182, p. 22, p. 225, p. 246, p. 253, p. 89, p. 95, p. 97.
• Range-wide status of Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri): 2001. Bozeman, Montana?USDA Forest Service?2003 url p. 76.
• Robb/Ledford Wildlife management area: draft management plan. Helena, MT: Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks, 1999 url .
• Salmon spill policy on the Columbia and Snake rivers: hearing before the Subcommittee on Drinking Water, Fisheries, and Wildlife of the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, June 22, Washington: For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1995 [i.e. 1996] url p. 155.
• Select aspects of the life history and ecology of the Montana arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus montanus) [Milner] in the Upper Big Hole River drainage, Montana, June 15 to August 31, 1990: final report / by Jon M. Streu for the U.S. Forest Service, Beaverhead National Forest. .. [et al.]. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [1990] url , p. 5.
• Status of westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) in the United States: 2002. Bozeman, Montana?USDA Forest Service?2003 url p. 85.
• Syllogeus. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1972-1995. url .
• The Big Blackfoot River Fisheries and restoration investigations for 2006 and 2007 / [Missoula, Mont.]: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, [2008] url , , , , , , , , , , .
• The Big Blackfoot River Fisheries restoration report for 2004 and 2005 / by Ron Pierce and Craig Podner. Missoula, MT: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 2006. url p. 110, p. 14, p. 185, p. 66, p. 83.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, url p. 152, p. 203, p. 283, p. 337, p. 338.
• The Bulletin of zoological nomenclature. London, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. url p. 116, p. 252, p. 289, p. 61, p. 63.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. url p. 11, p. 121, p. 122, p. 165, p. 17, p. 243, p. 32, p. 407, p. 422, p. 433, p. 569, p. 636, p. 700, p. 702, p. 79, p. 84, p. 90.
• The Great Basin naturalist. 53 1993 Provo, Utah: M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 1939-1999. url , wurtsbaugh, barnard & pettengill, page 12, p. 13, p. 145, vinson & levesque, page 150, young, wilkison, phelps & griffith, page 238, p. 273, p. 416, p. 542.
• The Marine Mammal Commission compendium of selected treaties, international agreements, and other relevant documents on marine resources, wildlife, and the environment / compiled by Richard L. Wallace. Washington, D.C.: The Commission; 1994 url p. 1368.
• The changing Illinois environment: critical trends: technical report of the Critical Trends Assessment Project. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, 1994. url p. 164.
• The fishes of Champaign County, Illinois: during a century of alterations of a prairie ecosystem / Champaign, IL: Illinois Natural History Survey, 1996. url p. 112.
• Three Creeks timber sale project final environmental impact statement / Kalispell, Mont.: The Dept., 2006. url , .
• Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science. [Lexington, Ky.]Kentucky Academy of Science, 1923-1997. url p. 135, p. 177, p. 200, p. 68, p. 99.
• World fishing fleets: an analysis of distant-water fleet operations, past, present, future. prepared by William B. Folsom, David J. Rovinsky, Dennis M. Weidner. Silver Spring, Md.: National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, [Office of International Affairs, 1993] url p. 203.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• FishBase 2006.
• FishBase. Release date: January 5, 2010
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed June 01, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 5 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• OZCAM
• Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Royal Ontario Museum, Fish specimens
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Database for the Atlas of Freshwater Fishes
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNPE/Coleccion Nacional de Peces

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 133625
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-22919
• Fishbase Species ID: 239
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 4490920
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 161989
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AFCHA02134
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Identifier: E08D
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 14927

Footnotes

1. Mean = 347.760 meters (1,140.945 feet), Standard Deviation = 506.240 based on 9,455 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. Bell-Cross, G. and J.L. Minshull (1988). The fishes of Zimbabwe. National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe, Harare. 294 p. [back]
3. Cadwallader, P.L. and G.N. Backhouse (1983). A guide to the freshwater fish of Victoria. Government Printers. Melbourne. 249 p. [back]
4. Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve (1993). Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Australia. 422 p. [back]
5. McDowall, R.M. and R.D.J. Tilzey (1980). Family Salmonidae, salmons, trouts and chars. p. 72-78. In R.M. McDowall (ed.) Freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia. A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty. Ltd. Sydney. [back]
6. Berg, L.S. (1962). Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. volume 1, 4th edition. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem. (Russian version published 1948). [back]

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