Nucifraga columbiana

• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine forests • Minimum Elevation: 2,000 meters • Maximum Elevation: 3,100 meters • Foraging Strata: Canopy • Center of Abundance: Upper montaine: mountains, upper range, above 3,600 m. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,632 meters (0 to 11,916 feet).[1]

Ecology:
List of Habitats :1.9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane

Biology

Diet

Primarily: Seeds. Lesser Quantities of: Insects.

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Woodland
• Nest Location: Mid-story/canopy nesting
• Nest Type: Open-cup
• Clutch Size: 2-3
• Length of Incubation : 16-18 days
• Days to Fledge : 18-21
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Nonmigratory

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001.

Similar Species

Gray Jay

Members of the genus Nucifraga

There are approximately 17 species in this genus:

N. caryocatactes (Eurasian Nutcracker) · N. caryocatactes caryocatactes (Eurasian Nutcracker) · N. caryocatactes hemispila · N. caryocatactes interdicta · N. caryocatactes japonica · N. caryocatactes macella · N. caryocatactes macrorhynchos · N. caryocatactes macrorhynchus · N. caryocatactes multipunctata · N. caryocatactes owstoni · N. caryocatactes rothschildi · N. columbiana (Clark's Nutcracker) · N. hemispila · N. hemispila interdictus · N. kamchatkensis · N. multipunctata · N. relicta

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby & co., 1912. ENG url p. 295.
• A systematic list of the birds of California / by Joseph Grinnell. Hollywood: Cooper Ornithological Club, 1912. ENG url p. 18.
• Alsop, Fred J. III. Birds of North America - Eastern Region. First American Edition. Smithsonian Handbooks. DK Publishing, Inc. 2001.
• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. ENG url p. 460.
• Animal life in the Yosemite; an account of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in a cross-section of the Sierra Nevada, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy Irwin Storer Berkeley, Calif., University of California Press, 1924. ENG url p. 393, p. 747.
• Archiv f�r Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 39, p. 39, p. 51, p. 72.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes 2003. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C., USA. 79.
• Bird-lore. New York, National Association of Audubon Societies. ENG url p. 355.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds of the Rockies, by Leander S. Keyser... with eight full-page plates [four in color] by Louis Agassiz Fuertes; many illustrations in the text by Bruce Horsfall, and eight views of localities from photographs; with a c Chicago, A. C. McClurg and co., 1902. ENG url p. 330.
• Birds of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains; a manual for the identification of species in hand or in the bush, by Austin C. Apgar. New York, American book company[c1898] ENG url p. 407.
• Birds. With the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Washington, D.C., 1858. ENG url p. 989.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 280, p. 281, p. 310, p. 370.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 170.
• Camp-fires in the Canadian Rockies / by William T. Hornaday; illustrations by John M. Phillips. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1906. ENG url p. 351.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. by Charles E. Hellmayr. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1934. ENG url p. 9.
• Color key to North American birds, by Frank M. Chapman with upward of 800 drawings by Chester A. Reed, B. S. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1903. ENG url p. 302.
• Ehrlich, P., Dobkin, D., and Wheye, D. (1988). The Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. (info on clutch size, length of incubation, days to fledge and number of broods.)
• Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula, by Olaus J. Murie. Invertebrates and fishes collected in the Aleutians, 1936-38, by Victor B. Scheffer. [Washington, Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1959] ENG url p. 217.
• Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. ENG url p. 88.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 222, p. 266, p. 78.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. ENG url p. 282.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 450.
• Jahresbericht �ber die Neuerungen und Leistungen auf dem Gebiete der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin: P. Parey, 1903-1905. GER url p. 395.
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931- ENG url p. 252, p. 272.
• North American birds eggs, by Chester A. Reed...illustrating the eggs of nearly every species of North American birds. New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1904. ENG url p. 346.
• Occasional papers - San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, The Society. ENG url p. 26, p. 46.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 118, p. 190, p. 29, p. 33, p. 46, p. 46, p. 68, p. 69, p. 86, p. 90, p. 97.
• Point Lobos Reseerve; State Park, California. Interpretation of a primitive landscape. Sacramento, [State Print. Off., 1954] ENG url p. 96.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 10, p. 843.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. [Washington, Biological Society of Washington] ENG url p. 260.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 272, p. 277, p. 279, p. 312, p. 50, p. 512, p. 786.
• Proceedings of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union. Lincoln, [1900-15] ENG url p. 38.
• Results of a biological reconnoisance of the Yukon river region. General account of the region. Annotated list of mammals. By Wilfred H. Osgood. Annotated list of birds. By Louis B. Bishop. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1900. ENG url p. 53.
• Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc. (Length and wingspan info.)
• Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1961. ENG url p. 1359, p. 1569.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 324, p. 33, p. 47, p. 9.
• The Ottawa naturalist. Ottawa, Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. ENG url p. 157, p. 86.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 150.
• The bird book: illustrating in natural colors more than seven hundred North American birds; also several hundred photographs of their nests and eggs / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page & company, 1915. ENG url p. 313, p. 462.
• The birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. Chicago, 1909. ENG url p. 178, p. 549, p. 549, p. 758, p. 758.
• The birds of Washington: a complete, scientific and popular account of the 372 species of birds found in the state / by William Leon Dawson, assisted by John Hooper Bowles. Illustrated by more than 300 original half-tones of birds in life, nests, eggs, Seattle: Occidental Pub. Co., 1909. ENG url p. 18.
• The birds of Wyoming / By Wilbur C. Knight. Laramie, Wyo.: Wyoming Experiment Station, 1902. ENG url p. 225, p. 369.
• The birds of Wyoming, with an explanation of recent changes in their distribution; economic aspect also considered. By B. H. Grave and Ernest P. Walker. [Laramie]University of Wyoming, 1913. ENG url p. 56.
• The transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. St. Louis: The Academy, 1860-1958. ENG url p. 279.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. [St. Louis, Academy of Science of St. Louis] ENG url p. 279.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 664.
• Verhandlungen der Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Bayern. M: E. Reinhardt, 1904-1989. GER url p. 221.
• Western birds, by Harriet Williams Myers. New York, The Macmillan company, 1922. ENG url p. 112, p. 388.
• Zoology of Colorado, by Theodore D.A. Cockerell Boulder, Col., University of Colorado, 1927. ENG url p. 82.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed October 4, 2006.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 10, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 9 providers.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 10, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UCLA-Dickey Bird Collection (UCLA-Dickey): Bird specimens
• University of Colorado Museum: Zoological specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3847157
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179750
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13533439
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179750
• IUCN ID: 51142
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPAV08010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13082

Footnotes

1. Mean = 1,765.510 meters (5,792.356 feet), Standard Deviation = 547.210 based on 9,897 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.