Mustela erminea

• Overview
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Mammal. The stoat is an intelligent, versatile predator specialising in small mammals and birds. Fearless in attacking animals larger than itself, and adapted to surviving periodic shortages by storage of surplus kills. Mustela erminea has been used to exterminate pest rodents and rabbits on small islands with few alternative prey (King 1989), but only in certain conditions which are hard to meet. Belief that they could control rabbits was the reason for bringing them to New Zealand, but the islands were too large and alternative prey too abundant. Formerly an important source of white fur (ermine) harvested by trappers in Russia and Canada.

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Lives anywhere it can find prey , but vulnerable to attack by raptors , so keeps under cover and prefers forest or patches of bush or hedgerows to open pasture. Habitat choices similar in native and introduced ranges .

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,180 meters (0 to 10,433 feet).[1]

Biome: agricultural areas, coastland, disturbed areas, natural forest , planted forests, riparian zones, scrub/shrublands, tundra , wetlands

Ecology: Introduced to New Zealand later than most other introduced predators (King 1984), after serious damage to native birds had already been done, stoats contributed to the collective toll, especially in more remote areas of South Island. However, Mustela erminea has recently been shown to be responsible for catastrophic losses of kiwi chicks in most years (Basse et al 1999), and of hole-nesting forest birds in southern beech forests during periodic mouse irruptions (O'Donnell 1996). Cost of research and management of stoats in New Zealand runs into millions of dollars a year.

Biology

Reproduction

Placental , with 9-10 month compulsory delay in implantation which divides gestation into two, 2-week periods in different calendar years. Ovulation induced by coitus; ovulation rate averages 8-10 every year, range 1-18, but litter size cut down by progressive intra-uterine mortality when food scarce, to zero in extreme conditions (King et al 2003). Stoats of both sexes must survive to about 14 months old to leave surviving offspring.

Females have extreme juvenile precocity, mated as nestlings but do not produce the young until following season . Males mature at 10-11 months. Limited to a single litter a year, but in optimal conditions it can be large (10-13 young born). Average life span

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 28-Oct-2003

Similar Species

Members of the genus Mustela

There are approximately 187 species in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

M. (Putorius) putorius · M. africana (Tropical Weasel) · M. africana africana · M. africana stolzmanni · M. allegheniensis · M. altaica (Mountain Weasel) · M. altaica raddei · M. altaica temon · M. americana · M. americanus · M. arizonensis · M. aureoventris · M. barbara · M. brasiliensis · M. buwaldi · M. canadensis · M. canigula · M. cicognanii · M. cicognanii cicognanii · M. erminea (Short-Tailed Weasel) · M. erminea aestiva · M. erminea alascensis · M. erminea anguinae (Vancouver Island Ermine) · M. erminea arctica · M. erminea bangsi · M. erminea celenda (Prince of Wales Island Ermine) · M. erminea cicognanii · M. erminea cicognanni · M. erminea cocognanii · M. erminea erminea (Short-Tailed Weasel) · M. erminea fallenda · M. erminea ferghanae · M. erminea gulosa · M. erminea haidarum (Queen Charlotte Islands Ermine) · M. erminea hibernica · M. erminea initis · M. erminea invicta · M. erminea kadiacensis (Kodiak Island Ermine) · M. erminea minima · M. erminea muricus · M. erminea nippon · M. erminea olympica · M. erminea polaris · M. erminea richardsonii · M. erminea salva · M. erminea seclusa (Suemez Island Ermine) · M. erminea semplei · M. erminea stabilis · M. erminea streatori · M. erminea transbaikalica · M. erminia cicognanii · M. eversmanii · M. eversmanii hungarica · M. eversmanni · M. eversmannii (Steppe Polecat) · M. eversmannii amurensis · M. eversmanni pallidus · M. felipei (Colombian Weasel) · M. felipeide la (Colombian Weasel) · M. foina · M. frenata (Long-Tailed Weasel) · M. frenata agilis · M. frenata alleni · M. frenata altifrontalis (Washington Long-Tailed Weasel) · M. frenata arthuri · M. frenata boliviensis · M. frenata costaricensis · M. frenata effera · M. frenata frenata (Long-Tailed Weasel) · M. frenata goldmani · M. frenata inyoensis · M. frenata latirostra · M. frenata latriostra (Long-Tailed Weasel) · M. frenata leucoparia · M. frenata longicauda (Prairie Long-Tailed Weasel) · M. frenata longicuda · M. frenata macrophonius · M. frenata munda · M. frenata neomexicana · M. frenata neomexicanus · M. frenata nevadensis · M. frenata nicaraguae · M. frenata nigriauris · M. frenata novaboracensis · M. frenata noveboracensis · M. frenata occisor · M. frenata olivacea (Southeastern Weasel) · M. frenata oregonensis · M. frenata oribasus · M. frenata panamensis · M. frenata peninsulae (Long-Tailed Florida Weasel) · M. frenata perda · M. frenata perotae · M. frenata primulina (Long-Tailed Weasel) · M. frenata pulchra · M. frenata spadix · M. frenata tropicalis · M. frenata washingtoni · M. frenata xanthogenys · M. furo

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Further Reading

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• Zoologische Briefe: Naturgeschichte lebenden und untergegangenen Thiere, für Lehrer, höhere Schulen und Gebildete aller Stände / von Carl Vogt. Frankfurt a.M.: Literarische Anstalt, 1851. GER url p. 582.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Jena [Germany]: G. Fischer, GER url p. 189, p. 465.
• Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 101, p. 129, p. 131, p. 134, p. 15, p. 154, p. 161, p. 195, p. 204, p. 213, p. 24, p. 252, p. 26, p. 290, p. 290, p. 296, p. 303, p. 330, p. 349, p. 359, p. 454, p. 474, p. 512, p. 526, p. 54, p. 546, p. 82.
• Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 153, p. 184, p. 245, p. 266, p. 277, p. 284, p. 308, p. 337.
• Zoologisches Centralblatt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, [1894-1902] GER url p. 336, p. 516, p. 580, p. 640.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 12, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 21 providers.
• Mustelid Specialist Group 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 20, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Mammal specimens
• Mammal Research Institute PAS, Mammal Collection
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Michigan State University Museum, Vertebrate specimens
• Museum of Texas Tech University
• , Mammal specimens
• Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Mammal Collection
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Mammal records from Britain from the Atlas of Mammals
• , with some subsequent records
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 2478328
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-180555
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13837086
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 180555
• IUCN ID: 29674
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AMAJF02010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 14924

Footnotes

1. Mean = 210.200 meters (689.633 feet), Standard Deviation = 349.250 based on 9,463 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

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