Motacilla alba

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 437 meters (1,435 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.5     Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     8     Desert   
  
•     8.1     Desert - Hot   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.1     Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline   
  
•     12.2     Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars , Spits , Etc   
  
•     12.3     Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches   
  
•     12.6     Marine Intertidal - Tidepools   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
  
•     14.4     Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Mostly: Insects Snails

Reproduction

• Clutch Size: 5-6
• Length of Incubation : 12-14 days
• Days to Fledge : 14-15

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Motacilla alba Linnaeus

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 24-Jun-1996

Similar Species

Black-Backed Wagtail

Members of the genus Motacilla

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 40 species and subspecies in this genus:

M. aguimp (African Pied Wagtail) · M. aguimp aguimp (African Pied Wagtail) · M. aguimp vidua (African Pied Wagtail) · M. alba (Pied Wagtail and White Wagtail) · M. alba alba (White Wagtail) · M. alba dukhuensis (Indian White Wagtail) · M. alba lugens (White Wagtail) · M. alba ocularis (White Wagtail) · M. alba persica (Persian White Wagtail) · M. alboides (Himalayan Wagtail) · M. baicalensis (Baikal Wagtail) · M. capensa (Cape Wagtail) · M. capensis (Cape Wagtail) · M. capensis capensis (Cape Wagtail) · M. cinerea (Grey Wagtail) · M. cinerea cinerea (Gray Wagtail) · M. cinerea robustus (Gray Wagtail) · M. citreola (Yellow-Hooded Wagtail) · M. citreola citreola (Yellow-Hooded Wagtail) · M. citreola pallas (Yellow-Hooded Wagtail) · M. clara (Long-Tailed Wagtail) · M. flava (Western Yellow Wagtail) · M. flava flava (Yellow Wagtail) · M. flava flavissima (Yellow Wagtail) · M. flava iberiae (Yellow Wagtail) · M. flava melanogrisea (Yellow Wagtail) · M. flava simillima (Yellow Wagtail) · M. flava tschutschensis (Yellow Wagtail) · M. flaviventris (Madagascar Wagtail) · M. grandis (Japanese Pied Wagtail) · M. leucopsis (Amur Wagtail) · M. lugens (Black Backed Wagtail) · M. madaraspatensis (Whitebrowed Wagtail) · M. maderaspatensis (Large Pied Wagtail) · M. ocularis (East Siberian Wagtail) · M. personata (Central Asian White Wagtail) · M. samveasnae (Mekong Wagtail) · M. subpersonata (Moroccan Wagtail) · M. tschutschensis (Eastern Yellow Wagtail) · M. yarrellii (British Isles White Wagtail)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url , , .
• A bird calendar for northern India, by Douglas Dewar. London, W. Thacker & co.; [etc., etc.]1916. url p. 158, p. 210.
• A book of birds. 1908 London, Sidney Appleton, 1908. url p. 146, p. 155.
• A chapter on birds: rare British birds / London: E. & J.B. Young, 1895. url .
• A dictionary of English and folk-names of British birds; with their history, meaning, and first usage, and the folk-lore, weather-lore, legends, etc., relating to the more familiar species. By H. Kirke Swann. London, Witherby & co., 1913. url p. 252, p. 252, p. 252.
• A dictionary of birds, London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. url p. 559.
• A dictionary of birds, by Alfred Newton, assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker. .. Charles S. Roy. .. and Robert W. Shufeldt. .. London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. url p. 1018, p. 1018, p. 559, p. 559.
• A geographical bibliography of British ornithology from the earliest time to the end of 1918, arranged under counties, being a record of printed books, published articles, notes and records relating to local avifauna, by W. H. Mullens, H. Kirke Swann, F. C. R. Jourdain. London, Witherby, 1920. url p. 495, p. 495, p. 495.
• A glossary of popular, local and old-fashioned names, of British birds; London: H. Sotheran & Co., 1902. url p. 26.
• A guide to the birds of Nepal Christopher Helm (Publishers) Ltd. url p. 59.
• A guide to the natural history of the Isle of Wight: a series of contributions by specialists relating to the various branches of natural history and kindred subjects / edited by Frank Morey. Newport, Isle of Wight: The County Press, 1909. url p. 503.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain / by R. Bowdler Sharpe. London: E. Lloyd, 1896-1897. url p. 92, p. 95.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 39, p. 40.
• A hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian empire, by E. C. Stuart Baker. .. Bombay, Printed by order of the committee of the Bombay natural history society[1923] url p. 110.
• A handbook of British birds, showing the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants, by J.E. Harting. .. London, J.C. Nimmo, 1901. url p. 67.
• A handbook of European birds for the use of field naturalists and collectors. By James Backhouse. London, Gurney and Jackson, 1890. url p. 326, p. 58, p. 59.
• A history of North American birds / by S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. 1 1905 Boston: Little, Brown, 1905. url figure , figure , p. 165, p. 166, pl. X.
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url , p. 359, p. 40.
• A list of European birds, including all those found in the western palaearctic area, with a supplement containing species said to have occurred, but which, for various reasons, are inadmissible. London, R.H. Porter, 1898. url p. 18.
• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 39.
• A manual of North American birds by Robert Ridgway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1887. url .
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 533.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1900. url p. 533.
• A manual of palæarctic birds, by H. E. Dresser. London, The author, 1902-03. url p. 198, p. 200, p. 201, p. 202.
• A natural history of the nests and eggs of British birds / by the Rev. F.O. Morris. London: John C. Nimmo, 1896. url .
• A pocket-book of British birds, by E.F.M. Elms. London: West, Newman & co. [etc.], 1906. url p. 28.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada / Boston: Little, Brown, 1921. url , .
• A popular handbook of the ornithology of the United States and Canada: based on Nuttall's Manual / by Montague Chamberlain. Boston: Little, B., & Co., 1903. url p. 293, p. 424.
• A practical handbook of British birds, edited by H.F. Witherby. .. London, Witherby, 1920-24. url p. 191, p. 191, p. 206, p. 206, p. 209, p. 209, p. 525, p. 525, p. 528, p. 528.
• A student's text-book of zoology / by Adam Sedgwick. London: S. Sonnenschein and co.; 1898-1909. url p. 475.
• A student's text-book of zoology, by Adam Sedgwick. .. London, Macmillan Co., 1898-1909. url p. 475.
• A study of the incubation periods of birds; what determines their lengths, Denver, Col., The Kendrick-Bellamy Co., 1917. url .
• A supplementary list of the marine fishes of India: with descriptions of 2 new genera and 8 new species / Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1897. url p. 567, p. 581.
• A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 242.
• A text-book of agricultural zoology, Edinburgh and London, W. Blackwood and Sons, 1899. url , .
• A treatise on zoology / edited by E. Ray Lankester. London: A. & C. Black, 1900-1909. url p. 349.
• A treatise on zoology. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1900-1909 url p. 349.
• A year with the birds / by W. Warde Fowler; with illustrations by Bryan Hook. London: Macmillan, 1891. url p. 265.
• A year with the birds, by W. Warde Fowler. .. With illustrations by Bryan Hook. London, New York: Macmillan and co., 1891. url p. 265.
• A year with the birds; by W. Warde Fowler. .. illustrations by Bryan Hook. London, Macmillan and co., limited, 1914. url p. 265.
• American bird magazine, ornithology. Worcester, Mass.: C.K. Reed, 1903-1906. url p. 226.
• American ornithology, for home and school. [Worcester, Mass.: Charles K. Reed], 1901-[1906]. url p. 226.
• An illustrated manual of British birds, with 384 illustrations and 3 colored maps. London, Gurney, 1899. url p. 767.
• Animate creation; popular edition of "Our Living World" a natural history, by the Rev. J. G. Wood. Revised and adapted to American zoology, by Joseph B. Holder. New York, S. Hess[1898] url p. 267.
• Ardea. Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc. url p. 11, p. 114, p. 117, p. 12, p. 132, p. 148, p. 158, p. 167, p. 169, p. 171, p. 25, p. 38, p. 41, p. 42, p. 61, p. 68, p. 78, p. 8, p. 87, p. 87, p. 97.
• Aristotle's History of animals. In ten books. London, Bell, 1887. url p. 312.
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• Bird lore. New York City: Macmillan Co., c1899-c1940. url p. 49.
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• Bird studies; an account of the land birds of eastern North America, London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. url , .
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• Birds / by A.H. Evans. London: Macmillan, 1899 (1909 printing). url p. 500, p. 615.
• Birds II. Stockholm, Almqvist & Wiksells, 1916. url .
• Birds in their haunts, by the late C. A. Johns. London, E. P. Dutton, 1909. url .
• Birds of Britain, London, A. and C. Black, 1907. url .
• Birds of Britain, by J. Lewis Bonhote. .. with 100 illustrations in colour selected by H.E. Dresser from his Birds of Europe.' London: A. and C. Black, 1907. url p. 88.
• Birds of Great Britain and Ireland, Order Passeres, complete in two volumes, by Arthur G. Butler. Illustrated by H. Grönvold and F.W. Frohawk. London: Caxton Pub. Co., [1907-08] url , p. 181.
• Birds of Great Britain and Ireland. by Arthur G. Butler; illustrated by H. Gro?nvold and F.W. Frohawk. Hull; Brumby & Clarke, [1907?-1908?]. url p. 181, p. 214.
• Birds of Labrador / Boston: Boston Society of Natural History, 1907. url .
• Birds of Labrador / by Charles W. Townsend and Glover M. Allen. Boston: Printed for the Society, 1907. url p. 411.
• Birds of the British Empire / by Dr. W. T. Greene. London: Imperial Press, 1898. url p. 22.
• Birds of the British Isles / drawn and described by John Duncan; with an introduction by Charles Dixon. London: W. Scott, 1898. url p. 53.
• Birds of the Chukchi Peninsula and Wrangel Island = (Ptitsy Chukotskogo poluostrova i ostrova Vrangelya) / L.A. Portenko; translated from Russian [by P.M. Rao]. New Delhi: Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1981- url p. 173, p. 329, p. 341.
• Birds of the plains, by Douglas Dewar. .. with sixteen illustrations from photographs of living birds, by Captain F. D. S. Fayrer, I. M. S. London, J. Lane;1909 [1908] url p. 242.
• Birds of the world for young people, New York, F.A. Stokes Company[1909] url , .
• Birds of the world; a popular account. With a chapter on the anatomy of birds, by Frederic A. Lucas; the whole edited by Robert Ridgway. New York, Holt, 1909. url p. 862.
• Birds useful and birds harmful, by Ottó Herman. .. and J. A. Owen. Manchester, University press, 1909. url .
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• Birds. London, Taylor and Francis, 1889-1898. url .
• Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cie?ncias Naturais. Lisboa, Sociedade Portuguesa de Cie?ncias Naturais, 1908- url p. 147, p. 199, p. 200, p. 207, p. 208.
• Britain's birds and their nests / described by A. Landsborough Thomson; with introduction by J. Arthur Thomson, illustrated by George Rankin. London: W. & R. Chambers, 1910. url p. 282.
• British birds & their eggs: with a new method of identification / London: W. & R. Chambers, 1909. url .
• British birds in their haunts / edited, revised and annotated, by J.A. Owen; illustrated with 64 coloured plates (256 figures) by William Foster; with a glossary of common and provincial names and of technical terms. London: G. Routledge[1922] url p. 111.
• British birds in their haunts, by the late Rev. C.A. Johns. .. ed., rev., and annotated, by J.A. Owen. .. Illustrated with 64 coloured plates (256 figures) by William Foster. .. With a glossary of common and provincial names and te London, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1909. url p. 111.
• British birds in their haunts. .. Edited, revised, and annotated by J.A. Owen. .. Illustrated with 64 coloured plates by William Foster. With a glossary of common and provincial names and of technical terms. London, Dutton[1922] url p. 111.
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• British birds' nests, how, where, and when to find and identify them, by Richard Kearton, F. Z. S. Illustrated from photographs by Cherry and Richard Kearton, with coloured and Rembrandt plates. London, Cassell and Company, Limited, 1908. url p. 451.
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• British birds. London, Witherby & Co. url p. 111, p. 115, p. 115, p. 130, p. 178, p. 212, p. 216, p. 22, p. 244, p. 28, p. 30, p. 318, p. 346, p. 378, p. 387.
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• Catalogue of Canadian birds. .. Ottawa, Printed by S. E. Dawson, 1900-04. url , .
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• Turner on birds: a short and succinct history of the principal birds noticed by Pliny and Aristotle first published by Doctor William Turner, 1544. Ed. with introduction, translation, notes, and appendix, by A. H. Evans. Cambridge, University press, 1903. url , .
• Turner on birds; a short and succinct history of the principal birds notices by Pliny and Artistotle, Cambridge, University press, 1903. url , .
• Under the African sun; a description of native races in Uganda, sporting adventures and other experiences, by W. J. Ansorge. New York: Longmans, Green, 1899. url p. 348.
• University of California publications in zoology. Berkeley: University Press, 1906- url p. 294.
• Wild life of the world: a descriptive survey of the geographical distribution of animals / London; F. Warne and co., 1916. url p. 292, p. 440, p. 469.
• Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Jena [Germany]:G. Fischer, c -1993. url p. 168, p. 255, p. 280, p. 282.
• Zoology of Egypt / by John Anderson. London: B. Quaritch, 1898-1907. url p. 284.
• [A collection of various papers; mostly on birds of Greenland, Denmark and the North Atlantic Ocean, 1892-1902. url p. 174.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Motacilla alba. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 02February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, GEO Biodiversity Day
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Senckenberg, Collection Aves
• Senckenberg, Collection Aves
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Herts Bird Club - Hertfordshire Breeding Bird Atlas : 1988-1992
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 6976
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-178477
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 5165859
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 178476
• IUCN ID: 224521
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBM01030
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 11510

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 195.300 based on 7,154 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.