Microtus pennsylvanicus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Ecology: It is found in a wide variety of habitats from dry pastures and wooded swamps to marshes and orchards. Needs loose organic soils for tunneling. Builds extensive underground tunnels. Nests in these tunnels under rocks or logs , and in self-constructed grassy clumps . Breeds throughout year. Peak breeding activity occurs April-October. Gestation lasts about 21 days. Litter size is 1-9 (average 4-5). Litter size is smaller in fall than in spring/summer, there may be 5-10 litters per year.

Home range seldom exceeds 0.25 acres (Banfield 1974). Successful homing of 11 of 848 voles displaced 1.2 km indicates that dispersal distance probably is more than 1 km (Ostfeld and Manson 1996). Diet consists mainly of vegetable matter, such as grasses, roots and seeds. Active day and night throughout the year.

This species can an affect old-field succession through seedling predation (Ostfeld and Canham 1993). It may inflict serious damage on apple trees by feeding on bark and vascular tissues of lower trunks and roots (Tobin and Richmond 1993). Expanding populations apparently are displacing the southern bog lemming via competitive exclusion in southeastern Kentucky (Krupa and Haskins 1996).[1].

List of Habitats:

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     2     Savanna   
  
•     2.1     Savanna - Dry   
  
•     3     Shrubland   
  
•     3.4     Shrubland - Temperate   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.3     Wetlands (inland) - Shrub Dominated Wetlands   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
  
•     14.3     Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations   
[more info]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Microtus nesophilus V. Bailey

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 09-Jun-2004

Includes M. nesophilus and M. provectus, island populations that previously were regarded as distinct species (see Modi 1986; Musser and Carleton, in Wilson and Reeder 1993, 2005). Microtus breweri from Muskeget Island, Massachusetts, sometimes has been included in this species but is here considered distinct; see Moyer et al. (1988) for recent study of relationships between these two taxa. Microtus pennsylvanicus has been proposed as conspecific with Old World M. agrestis, but chromosome differences support their recognition as distinct species (see Musser and Carleton 2005). [1].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Microtus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 121 species and subspecies in this genus. Here are just 100 of them:

M. abbreviatus (St. Matthews Island Vole) · M. abbreviatus abbreviatus (Hall Island Insular Vole) · M. abbreviatus fisheri (Insular Vole) · M. agrestis (Short-Tailed Field Vole) · M. arvalis (Common Vole) · M. bavaricus (Bavarian Pine Vole) · M. brachycercus (CALABRIA PINE VOLE) · M. breweri (Beach Vole) · M. cabrerae (Cabrera's Vole) · M. californicus (California Vole) · M. californicus californicus (California Vole) · M. californicus mohavensis (Amargosa Vole) · M. californicus sanpabloensis (San Pablo Vole) · M. californicus scirpensis (Amargosa Vole) · M. californicus stephensi (Stephen's California Vole) · M. californicus vallicola (Amargosa Vole) · M. canicaudus (Gray-Tailed Vole) · M. chrotorrhinus (Southern Rock Vole) · M. chrotorrhinus carolinensis (Southern Rock Vole) · M. chrotorrhinus chrotorrhinus (Rock Vole) · M. chrotorrhinus ravus (Labrador Rock Vole) · M. clarkei (Clarke's Vole) · M. daghestanicus (Daghestan Pine Vole) · M. duodecimcostatus (Mediterranean Pine Vole) · M. evoronensis (Evoron Vole) · M. felteni (BALKAN PINE VOLE) · M. fortis (Reed Vole) · M. gerbei (Pyrenean Pine Vole) · M. gregalis (Narrow-Headed Vole) · M. gregalis brevicauda (Narrow-Headed Vole) · M. guatemalensis (Guatemalan Vole) · M. guentheri (G?nther's Vole) · M. hyperboreus (North Siberian Vole) · M. ilaeus (Kazakhstan Vole) · M. irani (Persian Vole) · M. irene (Chinese Scrub Vole) · M. juldaschi (Juniper Vole) · M. kermanensis (Baluchistan Vole) · M. kikuchii (Taiwan Vole) · M. kirgisorum (Tien Shan Vole) · M. leucurus (Blyth's Vole) · M. levis (East European Vole) · M. liechtensteini (Liechtensteins Pine Vole) · M. limnophilus (Lacustrine Vole) · M. longicaudus (San Bernardino Long-Tailed Vole) · M. longicaudus coronarius (Alexander Islands Long-Tailed Vole) · M. longicaudus leucophaeus (Mount Graham Long-Tailed Vole) · M. longicaudus longicaudus (Coronation Island Vole) · M. lusitanicus (Lusitanian Pine Vole) · M. majori (Major's Pine Vole) · M. maximowiczii (Maximowicz's Vole) · M. mexicanus (Mexican Vole) · M. mexicanus hualpaiensis (Haulapai Mexican Vole) · M. mexicanus mexicanus (Mexican Vole) · M. middendorffi (Middendorf's Vole) · M. middendorffii (Middendorff's Vole) · M. miurus (Singing Vole) · M. mogollonensis (Mogollon Vole) · M. mogollonensis hualpaiensis (Hualapai Vole) · M. mogollonensis navaho (Navajo Vole) · M. mongolicus (Mongolian Vole) · M. montanus (Pahranagat Valley Montane Vole) · M. montanus arizonensis (Arizona Montane Vole) · M. montanus codiensis (Cody Mountain Vole) · M. montanus fucosus (Pahranagat Valley Montane Vole) · M. montanus nevadensis (Amargosa Vole) · M. montanus rivularis (Virgin River Montane Vole) · M. montanus zygomaticus (Big Horn Montane Vole) · M. montebelli (Japanese Grass Vole) · M. montebelli montebelli (Japanese Grass Vole) · M. mujanensis (Muisk Vole) · M. multiplex (Alpine Pine Vole) · M. nasarovi (Nasarov's Vole) · M. oaxacensis (Tarabundi Vole) · M. obscurus (Altai Vole) · M. ochrogaster (Prairie Vole) · M. ochrogaster ludovicianus (Louisiana Vole) · M. ochrogaster ochrogaster (Prairie Vole) · M. ochrogaster taylori (Prairie Vole) · M. oeconomus (Root Vole) · M. oeconomus amakensis (Amak Island Tundra Vole) · M. oeconomus elymocetes (Montague Island Tundra Vole) · M. oeconomus innuitus (St Lawrence Island Tundra Vole) · M. oeconomus popofensis (Shumagin Island Tundra Vole) · M. oeconomus punukensis (Punuk Island Tundra Vole) · M. oeconomus sitkensis (Alexander Islands Tundra Vole) · M. oeconomus unalascensis (Unalaska Tundra Vole) · M. oeconomus yakutatensis (Yakatat Tundra Vole) · M. oregoni (Creeping Vole) · M. oregoni oregoni (Creeping Vole) · M. paradoxus (Kopetdag Pine Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus (Chihuahua Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus admiraltiae (Admiralty Island Meadow Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli (Florida Salt Marsh Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus kincaidi (Kincaid Meadow Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus nesophilus (Gull Island Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus nigrans (Dismal Swamp Meadow Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus (Gull Island Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus provectus (Block Island Meadow Vole) · M. pennsylvanicus shattucki (Penobscot Meadow Vole)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 3.
• A comparison of small mammals of the deciduous forest and old field habitats of Sweet Briar, Virginia / by Catherine E. Harold. 1979. url , , .
• A faunal investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario / Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941. url p. 20.
• A faunal investigation of the Sault Ste. Marie region, Ontario / [Toronto]: Royal Ontario Museum, 1942. url p. 113.
• A faunal investigation of western Rainy River District, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1938. url p. 174, p. 175.
• A faunal survey of the Centennial Valley Sandhills, Beaverhead County, Montana / [prepared by Paul Hendricks and Michael Roedel]. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, [2001] url , p. 12.
• A manual of land and fresh water vertebrate animals of the United States (exclusive of birds) by Henry Sherring Pratt. .. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's Son & Co., inc.[c1935] url p. 305, p. 306, p. 395, p. 403, p. 404, p. 407.
• A naturalist in the Great Lakes region, by Elliot Rowland Downing. .. Chicago, Ill.: The University of Chicago Press, [c1922] url p. 256.
• A survey of natural areas in Brunswick County, North Carolina: for The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Coastal Natural Area Inventory Project / Raleigh: North Carolina Coastal Energy Impact Program, Office of Coastal Management, North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, [1982?] url , .
• Advances in the study of mammalian behavior / edited by John F. Eisenberg and Devra G. Kleiman. [Stillwater, Okla.]: American Society of Mammalogists; 1983. url p. 704, p. 705, p. 708, p. 717.
• Aggression and familiarity as factors in mate selection in Peromyscus polionotus and Peromyscus maniculatus / by Daniel George Webster. 1983. url p. 127, p. 154.
• American animals; a popular guide to the mammals of North America north of Mexico, with intimate biographies of the more familiar species, by Witmer Stone and William Everett Cram. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1922 [c1902] url p. 112, p. 117.
• Amphibian, reptile and northern bog lemming survey on the Rocky Mountain Front: 1996 / submitted by James D. Reichel; a report to Lewis and Clark National Forest, Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Region 4, [and] BLM-Great Falls Resource Area. Helena, Mont.: Montana Natural Heritage Program, c1997. url , p. 42, p. 54.
• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. url p. 384.
• Annotated bibliography of bog lemmings / compiled by James Reichel, Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 2003, c1997. url p. 1, p. 11, p. 12, p. 14, p. 15, p. 16, p. 18, p. 19, p. 4, p. 7.
• Beach grass, by Charles Wendell Townsend. Boston, Marshall Jones Co., 1923. url p. 159.
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Notes

Contributors

• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed February 4, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. 2008. Microtus pennsylvanicus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 02February2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 26, 2007:

• Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Mammal specimens
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Michigan State University Museum, Vertebrate specimens
• Museum of Texas Tech University
• , Mammal specimens
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• Royal Ontario Museum, Mammal specimens
• Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Mammal Collection
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNMA/Coleccion Nacional de Mamiferos
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Museum Mammal Collection
• University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of New Mexico Division of Genomic Resources Mammal Collection
• University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History, Mammal specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 107984
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-202372
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13853322
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 180297
• IUCN ID: 223681
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AMAFF11010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 178826

Footnotes

1. Linzey, A.V. & Hammerson, G. 2008. Microtus pennsylvanicus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.