Merluccius bilinearis

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Family : Merluccid hakes ; Abundant on sandy grounds and strays into shallower waters. A voracious predator with cannibalistic habits. Individuals over 40 cm TL prey on fishes such as gadoids and herring , while smaller ones feed on crustaceans, i.e. euphausiids and pandalids. Exhibits seasonal onshore-offshore migration. Marketed fresh, smoked and frozen; fresh fish are exported to European markets; eaten fried, broiled, microwaved and baked[1].

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found in water with a depth of 0 to -5,427 meters (0 to -17,805 feet).[2]

Biome: Marine .

Biology

Sound types : knocks (very weak). Sound organ: swim bladder (possibly opercula).

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Merluccius vulgaris (Non Fleming • Stomodon bilinearis Mitchill

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Similar Species

Members of the genus Merluccius

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 21 species and subspecies in this genus:

M. albidus (Offshore Hake) · M. angustimanus (Panama Hake) · M. argentatus (Deep-Water Cape Hake) · M. australis (New Zealand Hake) · M. bilinearis (Atlantic Hake) · M. capensis (Shallow-Water Cape Hake) · M. capensis capensis (Shallow-Water Cape Hake) · M. capensis paradoxus (Deep-Water Cape Hake) · M. gayi (Peruvian Hake) · M. gayi gayi (Chilean Hake) · M. gayi peruanus (Hake) · M. hernandezi (Cortez Hake) · M. hubbsi (Southwest Atlantic Hake) · M. merluccius (Atlantic Hake) · M. merluccius capensis (Shallow-Water Cape Hake) · M. merluccius paradoxus (Deep-Water Cape Hake) · M. paradoxus (Deep-Water Bristlemouth) · M. patagonicus (Patagonian Hake) · M. polli (Benguela Hake) · M. productus (North Pacific Hake) · M. senegalensis (Merluza Senegalesa)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A bibliography of fishes, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 1916-1923. url .
• A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity / By Francis B. Sumner, Raymond C. Osburn, and Leon J. Cole. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1913 url p. 163, p. 168, p. 584, p. 585, p. 587, p. 588, p. 594, p. 849.
• A checklist of Canadian Atlantic fishes with keys for identification / Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum, 1965 url p. 62.
• A guide book to the marine fishes of Rhode Island. Photos by the author. Watch Hill, R. I., Book and Tackle Shop[1960] url p. 102.
• A guide to the study of fishes, by David Starr Jordan. .. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1905. url p. 540.
• A manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States: including the district north and east of the Ozark mountains, south of the Laurentian hills, north of the southern boundary of Virginia, and east of the Missouri river, inclusive of marine species / Chicago:A. C. McClurg, 1916. url .
• A plan for an educational exhibit of fishes. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1910. url p. 1339.
• Abstract of the proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York. [New York]: The Society, [1889-1932]. url p. 104, p. 117.
• Allan Hancock Pacific expeditions. [Reports] Los Angeles, University of Southern California Press. url p. 533, p. 553.
• American food and game fishes. A popular account of all the species found in America north of the equator, with keys for ready identification, life histories and methods of capture, . by David Starr Jordan...and Barton Warren Evermann...illustrated with colored plates and text drawings, and with photographs from life, by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Page & Co., 1908. url p. 507.
• American food and game fishes: A popular account of all the species found in America north of the equator, with keys of ready identification, life histories and methods of capture New York: Doubleday, Page & co., 1902. url .
• American food and game fishes: a popular account of all the species found in America, north of the equator, with keys for ready identification, life histories and methods of capture, by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann; with photos. from life by A. Radclyffe Dugmore. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1908, c1902. url p. 507.
• An annotated catalogue of the fishes of Maine. Portland, Me., 1914. url p. 105, p. 129, p. 131, p. 133, p. 135, p. 144, p. 163, p. 171, p. 195, p. 73.
• An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. url , , .
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. url , .
• Annual report of the Commissioner of Fisheries to the Secretary of Commerce for the fiscal year ended. .. Washington: G.P.O., 1914-1940. url p. 122.
• Annual report of the Commissioners of Inland Fisheries made to the General Assembly / State of Rhode Island. Providence: The Commissioners. url p. 52, p. 86, p. 95, p. 97.
• Annual report of the New Jersey State Museum: including a list of the specimens received during the year: financial report, with a report of the mammals of New Jersey and a supplement to former reports, 1907. Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish & Quigley, 1908. url p. 188, p. 208.
• Annual report of the New York Zoological Society. New York: The Society, 1897- url p. 119, p. 119, p. 127.
• Annual report of the Regents / Albany: J.B. Lyon, State Printer, 1890-1903. url p. 109, p. 32, p. 693.
• Benthic productivity and marine resources of the Gulf of Maine / Ivar Babb and Michael De Luca, editors. [Rockville, MD] (6010 Executive Blvd., Suite 805, Rockville 20852): U.S. Dept of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Office of Undersea Research, [1988] url p. 136, p. 211.
• Bulletin - Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Amherst, : Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, 1907-1974. url p. 71, p. 97.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 2530, p. 2531.
• Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. New YorkAmerican Museum of Natural History1881- url p. 371.
• Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries. Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., 1905-1950. url p. 109, p. 111, p. 1339, p. 163, p. 168, p. 386, p. 5, p. 88.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 58 1914 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 109, p. 113, p. 113, p. 205, p. 206, fig. 38, page 229, p. 235, p. 260, p. 274.
• Canadian fisherman. Gardenvale, Que. [etc.]National Business Publications [etc.] url p. 1045, p. 53.
• Check list of the fishes of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. Ottawa, Printed by C. H. Parmelee, 1913. url , , , .
• Commercial fisheries review. [Washington]: National Marine Fisheries Service; [for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.] url , p. 105, p. 11, p. 13, p. 16, p. 2, p. 2, p. 21, p. 24, p. 25, p. 3, p. 33, p. 34, p. 35, p. 35, p. 39, p. 4, p. 4, p. 42, p. 53, p. 6, p. 6, p. 7, p. 95.
• Contributions to Canadian biology. Toronto, Biological Board of Canada. url , p. 67.
• Copeia. [New York, N.Y., etc.]: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. url , , , , p. 43, p. 45.
• Current bibliography for aquatic sciences and fisheries. London, Taylor & Francis ltd. url , , , , p. 1, p. 16, p. 220, p. 325, p. 373, p. 381, p. 6, p. 6, p. 683, p. 697, p. 7, p. 7.
• Davids Island phase I: a short-term ecological survey of western Long Island Sound / by U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center, Ecosystems Investigations, Sandy Hook Laboratory. Highlands, N.J.: The Laboratory, [1972] url p. 14.
• Dean bibliography of fishes. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1971-1973. url p. 135, p. 137, p. 201, p. 203, p. 207, p. 227, p. 229, p. 232, p. 234, p. 236, p. 288, p. 289, p. 291, p. 292, p. 297, p. 307, p. 321, p. 323, p. 493, p. 597, p. 669, p. 711, p. 736.
• Discovery reports. London; Cambridge University Press. url p. 258, p. 308, p. 387, p. 46, p. 47, p. 48.
• Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in North Atlantic estuaries. Silver Spring, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, 1994- url p. 113, p. 156, p. 4, p. 51.
• Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an estuarine profile / by Brian L. Howes and Dale D. Goehringer and Center for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts; Rebecca J. Howard, project officer. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1996. url p. 52, p. 89.
• Fauna of New England, 8. List of the pisces, by William C. Kendall. Boston, Printed for the [Boston] Society [of Natural History] from the G. Saltonstall Fund, 1908. url , p. 137.
• Fish parasites collected at Woods Hole in 1898. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1900 url p. 282.
• Fisheries and fishery resources of New York Bight / J.L. McHugh. [Seattle, WA]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service; 1977. url p. 11.
• Fisheries of the United States / prepared by Resource Statistics Division. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, url p. 31.
• Fisheries of the United States, 1908. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911. url , p. 311, p. 318, p. 9.
• Fishery bulletin / U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service: url , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , p. 1, p. 1, p. 101, p. 1023, p. 107, p. 110, p. 111, p. 112, p. 114, p. 119, p. 1243, p. 1317, p. 140, p. 150, p. 155, p. 156, p. 158, p. 172, p. 173, p. 174, p. 175, p. 178, p. 179, p. 180, p. 186, p. 188, p. 2, p. 20, p. 201, p. 218, p. 219, p. 246, p. 26, p. 30, p. 329, p. 339, p. 382, p. 39, p. 415, p. 422, p. 424, p. 437, p. 449, p. 451, p. 462, p. 47, p. 476, p. 5, p. 509, p. 51, p. 515, p. 574, p. 575, p. 587, p. 594, p. 6, p. 605, p. 608, p. 614, p. 623, p. 636, p. 654, p. 727, p. 745, p. 746, p. 751, p. 759, p. 778, p. 785, p. 813, p. 828, p. 83, p. 830, p. 914, p. 918, p. 919, p. 93, p. 949, p. 95, p. 954, p. 956.
• Fishery bulletin. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, The Service, U.S. Govt Print. Off. url , p. 164, p. 173, p. 174, p. 262, p. 263, p. 342, p. 690.
• Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. url p. 11, p. 169, p. 52, p. 8.
• Fishery statistics of the United States / prepared by Data Management and Statistics Division. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service: url p. 402, p. 437, p. 444, p. 466, p. 519, p. 556.
• Fishes of the Gulf of Maine, by Henry B. Bigelow and William C. Schroeder. Washington, United States Government Printing Office, 1953. url , p. 173, p. 174, p. 320, p. 338.
• Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. By Henry B. Bigelow. .. and William W. Welsh. .. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1925. url p. 386, p. 5.
• Fishes of the vicinity of New York City / by John Treadwell Nichols, with an introduction by William K. Gregory. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1918. url p. 117.
• Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Editorial board: editor-in-chief John Tee-Van [and others] New Haven, Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Univ., 1948- url p. 285, p. 286, p. 621.
• Fishes, New York, H. Holt and Company, 1907. url .
• Fishes, by David Starr Jordan. .. with 18 colored plates and 673 illustrations. .. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1907. url p. 745.
• Food of northwest Atlantic fishes and two common species of squid / Ray E. Bowman. .. [et al.]. Woods Hole, Mass.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Region, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 2000] url p. 70.
• Gadiformes (Treskoobraznye). Translated from Russian [by Walter J. Walters with Vladimir Walters] Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1962. url , p. 135, p. 136, p. 273, p. 32.
• Guide to marine fishes; [a new method for identification of marine fishes. New York]New York University Press[1961] url p. 277, p. 314.
• Ichthyoplankton from the RV DOLPHIN survey of continental shelf waters between Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66 / by P. L. Berrien. .. [et al.]. Highlands, N.J.: Sandy Hook Laboratory, Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Serice, 1978. url p. 2, p. 8.
• Illinois biological monographs. Urbana, Univ. of Illinois Press. url p. 113, p. 155, p. 170, p. 238.
• Marine and estuarine environments, organisms, and geology of the Cape Cod region; an indexed bibliography, 1665-1965 [by] Anne E. Yentsch [and others. Woods Hole, Mass., Systematics Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory[c1966] url p. 124, p. 95.
• Monitoring the marine environment of Long Island Sound at Millstone Nuclear Power Station, Waterford, Connecticut: three operational studies, 1986-1987 / [prepared by the Environmental Laboratory staff of Northeast Utilities Service Company]. Waterford, Connecticut: Northeast Utilities, [1988] url p. 265, p. 297.
• NOAA technical report NMFS SSRF. Seattle, Wash.: National Marine Fisheries Service; url , p. 13, p. 138, p. 2, p. 3, p. 6, p. 8.
• National overview and evolution of NOAA's Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) Program / David M. Nelson and Mark E. Monaco. Silver Spring. Md.: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, 2000. url p. 17.
• New Haven Harbor ecological studies summary report, 1970-1977 / prepared for the United Illuminating Company, New Haven, Connecticut by Normandeau Associates, inc., Bedford, New Hampshire; edited by Andrew J. McCusker, Weldon S. Bosworth. Bedford, N.H.: Normandeau, 1979. url p. 12, p. 40.
• North American pseudophyllidean cestodes from fishes. [UrbanaUniversity of Illinois][c1919] url p. 112, p. 170, p. 264.
• Occasional papers of the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston, Boston Society of Natural History, 1869-1941. url .
• Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1913- url p. 8.
• Ocean dumping in the New York Bight: an assessment of environmental studies / by George Pararas-Carayannis. Fort Belvoir, Va.: Available from NTIS, 1973. url p. 90.
• Oceanus. Woods Hole, Mass., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution url p. 11.
• Ontogeny and systematics of fishes: based on an international symposium dedicated to the memory of Elbert Halvor Ahlstrom / sponsored by the National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Dept. of Commerce. [New York?]: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, c1984. url p. 262.
• Our living oceans: the first annual report on the status of U.S. living marine resources. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 1991. url p. 116.
• Oxygen depletion and associated benthic mortalities in New York Bight, 1976 / editors, R. Lawrence Swanson, Carl J. Sindermann. Rockville, Md.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; 1979. url p. 298, p. 303, p. 309, p. 310.
• Pamphlets on forestry. Fish and game. [1900?- url p. 2530.
• Papers in marine biology and oceanography, dedicated to Henry Bryant Bigelow by his former students and associates on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1955. London, Pergamon Press, 1955. url p. 368.
• Parasites of fishes of the Woods Hole region. By Edwin Linton. .. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1901. url , p. 473.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 168, p. 190, p. 212, p. 259.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] url , p. 113, p. 418, p. 427, p. 436, p. 437, p. 570, p. 602, p. 76.
• Report of the Commissioner for. .. / United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Washington: G.P.O., 1874-1905. url p. 493, p. 493.
• Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries for the fiscal year. .. with appendixes Washington: G.P.O., 1914- url , p. 1062, p. 122, p. 197, p. 214, p. 275, p. 328, p. 346, p. 432, p. 465, p. 492, p. 546, p. 553, p. 553, p. 66, p. 79.
• Soft-rayed Bony fishes: class Osteichthyes, order Acipenseroidei, order Lepisostei, order Isospondyli, suborder Elopoidea, suborder Clupeoidea, suborder Salmonoidea / Henry B. Bigelow. .. [et al.]. New Haven, Conn.: Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, 1963. url p. 285, p. 286, p. 537, p. 621.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 6.
• Special scientific report. Seattle, National Marine Fisheries Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949-1971. url p. 13, p. 18, p. 3, p. 54, p. 6, p. 7.
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• The birds of New Jersey / by Witmer Stone. Trenton: J.L. Murphy Pub. Co., 1909. url p. 392, p. 426.
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Notes

Contributors

• American Fisheries Society. Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United states, Canada, and Mexico Sixth Edition. Special Publication 29.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 15, 2012.
• FishBase
• FishBase. Release date: January 5, 2010
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed March 02, 2008. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 8 providers.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Smith-Vaniz, William F. (from FishBase).

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 02, 2008:

• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Fish Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Fish Collection
• FishBase: FishBase DiGIR Provider - Philippine Server
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: A Biological Survey of the Waters of Woods Hole and Vacinity
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Atlantic Reference Centre (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Bay of Fundy Species List (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Canadian Museum of Nature - Fish Collection (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: DFO Maritimes Research Vessel Trawl Surveys Fish Observations (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: ECNASAP - East Coast North America Strategic Assessment (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Electronic Atlas of Ichthyoplankton on the Scotian Shelf of North America (OBIS Canada)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Gulf of Maine Bottom Trawl Survey Data (NEFSC,NMFS,NOAA)(USOBIS)
• Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University: Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History - Marine Birds, Mammals, and Fishes (OBIS Canada)
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB: Paleobiology Database
• Museum national d'histoire naturelle: Ichtyologie
• Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: MCZ Fish Collection
• Royal Ontario Museum: Fish specimens
• University of Kansas Biodiversity Research Center: Fish Collection

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3864255
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-22906
• Fishbase Species ID: 323
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13760427
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 164791
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: AFCMA10010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 116535

Footnotes

1. Frimodt, C. (1995). Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p. [back]
2. Mean = 280.690 meters (920.899 feet), Standard Deviation = 1,096.740 based on 4,959 observations. Ocean depth information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.