Mergus merganser

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Usually seen in brackish marshes and freshwater ponds , rarely in salt water.

Vegetation: rivers • Minimum Elevation: 1,900 meters • Maximum Elevation: 1,900 meters • Foraging Strata: Water • Center of Abundance: Upper subtropical: higher slopes, 500-1,600 m.; subtropics. • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 487 meters (1,597 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour Northern breeding populations of this species are fully migratory6 although breeders in temperate regions are sedentary or only travel short distances1, 5. The species arrives on its breeding areas between March and May5, actually breeding as early as late-March (although often considerably later in more northerly regions)3. It breeds in solitary pairs or loose groups1 of up to 8-10 individuals7 (especially on islands that provide suitable nesting sites in lacustrine or coastal locations)4. The males gather to moult after mating, often undertaking considerable moult migrations to flock on key waters3. Females also undergo a post-breeding moult on the breeding grounds during which they become flightless for around 1 month4. The main migration to wintering areas largely occurs from October through to December5, mass departures being linked to the freezing of breeding and moulting areas6. Outside of the breeding season the species is typically found in small parties, with groups of up to 70 individuals feeding together on shoals of fish during the winter2. Large flocks may also form on roosting waters3, the largest gatherings occurring during the autumn migration and winter months and numbering up to several thousands of individuals3 (1,000 to 10,000 on suitable waters)6. On passage in the spring flocks are usually small however, breeding pairs remaining in flocks until they reach the breeding grounds6. Habitat Breeding The species breeds on large clear freshwater lakes1, 2, pools1, the upper reaches of rivers1, 2 and streams2 in the boreal, montane2 and temperate forest zones4. It requires waters with a fairly high productivity of fish2 surrounded by mature hard-wood trees with holes excavated by woodpeckers or natural cavities for nesting in2. Non-breeding The species winters on large unfrozen lakes , rivers , lagoons , brackish waters and marshes1, 3, generally avoiding highly saline waters3 although it may move to estuaries, coastal lagoons and sheltered sea coasts with waters less than 10 m deep in particularly harsh winters5. Diet Its diet consists predominantly of fish1 less than 10 cm long2, but may also include aquatic invertebrates (such as molluscs , crustaceans, worms, and adult and larval insects), amphibians , small mammals and birds1. Breeding site The species nests in holes excavated by large woodpeckers or natural cavities in mature hardwood trees1, 2 with entry holes more than 15 m above the ground2. It shows a preference for cavities with openings c.12 cm wide and internal diameters of c.25 cm4 in trees close to or up to 1 km away from water6. When natural tree-nesting sites are not available4 the species will use artificial nestboxes1, 2 or may nest among tree roots in undercut banks, on cliff ledges2, in rock clefts7 or in dense scrub or loose boulders on islands2. Sometimes several females may nest in the same tree3, especially on islands that provide suitable nesting sites in lacustrine or coastal locations4. Management information Artificial nestboxes commonly used are 85-100 cm high with openings 50-60 cm from the base4.

[2].

List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.1     Forest - Boreal   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.14     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.2     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs   
  
•     9.3     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel   
  
•     9.4     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy   
  
•     9.5     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud   
  
•     9.7     Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp   
  
•     9.9     Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)   
  
•     9.10     Marine Neritic - Estuaries   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Mostly: Fish. Lesser Quantities of: Aquatic Invertebrates

Reproduction

• Breeding Habitat : Wetland-open water
• Nest Type : Cavity
• Clutch Size: 6-17
• Length of Incubation : 28-35 days
• Days to Fledge : 65-85
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 23-Jan-2007

Similar Species

Red-Breasted Merganser

Members of the genus Mergus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 11 species and subspecies in this genus:

M. albellus (Zwergsaeger) · M. australis (Auckland Island Merganser) · M. cucullatus (Hooded Merganser) · M. merganser (Buff-Breasted Sheldrake) · M. merganser americanus (Common Merganser) · M. octosetaceus (Brazilian Merganser) · M. serrator (Red-Breasted Goosander) · M. serrator linnaeus (Red-Breasted Merganser) · M. serrator schioleri (Red-Breasted Merganser) · M. serrator serrator (Red-Breasted Merganser) · M. squamatus (Scaly-Sided Merganser)

More Info

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Mergus merganser. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 02February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 06, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Scottish Borders Biological Records Centre - SWT Scottish Borders Local Wildlife Site Survey data 1996-2000 - species information
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens
• Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom, Upper Silesian Museum, Bird Observations

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 11766
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-714746
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 3085810
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 175185
• IUCN ID: 222791
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNJB21010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 6872

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 572.530 based on 18,527 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Mergus merganser. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 02 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.