Meleagris gallopavo

• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Preferred habitats include mature forests , open woodlands, and farm areas.

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine-oak forests, tropical lowland evergreen forest, pine forests • Minimum Elevation: 1,200 meters • Maximum Elevation: 2,500 meters • Foraging Strata: Terrestrial • Center of Abundance: Middle montane: mountains, middle range, 1,600-2,600 m. • Sensitivity to Disturbancet: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,998 meters (0 to 9,836 feet).[2]

Ecology: List of Habitats : 1.9 Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane

Biology

Diet

During the non-breeding season , the birds forage in flocks on the ground for acorns , seeds, some leaves, salamanders, worms, snails, and insects. Food items are swallowed whole and ground up in the bird's gizzard . Adults and poults succumb to predation by Raccoon, foxes, and Bobcats. Nests may be attacked by Raccoons, Opossums, skunks, foxes, snakes , and rodents. Wild populations sometimes become infected by diseases transmitted by domesticated fowl such as chickens and domestic turkeys.

Turkeys eat a variety of foods, including pine and pinon nuts and other mast in the winter, and berries , grass , insects, and fruits when available. Green vegetation is important in their diet in the spring . In the wintertime, juniper berries and tall grass are usually available to turkeys. The birds move to lower elevations to escape severe winter in higher elevations.[1]

Reproduction

The Wild Turkey is a non-territorial, polygynous bird. Males perform courtship displays by strutting and gobbling. Females mate with them and then nest by themselves. Nests are shallow depressions scratched into the ground . Common habitat for nesting is open woodland. Nests are often concealed under brush , grass , or shrubs . Egg-laying begins in late March; 10 to 12 eggs are laid. Eggs are white with light brown spots. Incubation lasts 28 days. Within one day of hatching , the precocial young birds, called poults, are able to walk. By day two, the hen and poults form an organized feeding line . Hen and young remain together and may join other brood flocks through the summer and fall . Male young leave the brood hen in late fall to join other males. Female young leave the following spring . At this time the female flocks break up, forming smaller groups of females attended by 1 - 4 adult males.

After mating in March and April, females make their nests, usually shallow depressions in pine needles and grass. Hens lay from nine to 12 eggs over a period of two to three weeks. The hen does not protect the eggs during this time, and freezing weather in late spring can kill many of the eggs. Nests are usually at the base of a tree and have deadfall or blowndown wood . There is usually a long, narrow opening where hens lead poults after they hatch . Here they find insects that comprise their diet for the first few months. These openings are called brood lanes. The average distance from water to a nest is a third of a mile . About 35 percent of mature hens are successful in producing eggs.[1]

Most hens begin incubating their Merriam's subspecies Rio Grande subspecies Gould's subspecies eggs by late May. After an incubation of about 28 days, poults hatch and are soon able to forage for food with their mother. She often joins up with two or three other hens, and they raise their families together. Young turkeys grow rapidly, and as soon as they are able, they roost in trees at night, where they are much safer than on the ground. Roost trees, usually mature ponderosa pines, are tall and have horizontal branches. They are used over and over, and may sometimes be recognized by accumulated droppings. By late September, poults are nearly the size of hens. Large groups of hens and poults stay together in the winter, and young birds become completely independent only when hens leave them to start the breeding cycle again.[1]

Breeding Habitat: Woodland Clutch Size: 8-15 Length of Incubation: 27-28 days Days to Fledge : 6-10 Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Nonmigratory

Behavior

Predators:

Predators take a large toll on turkey populations, with bobcats and coyotes being the most efficient in late winter and early spring . Other predators include skunks, bears, and raccoons. Poults are susceptible to predation by hawks and owls for the first few weeks.[1]

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: 06-Aug-2005.

Similar Species

The Wild Turkey is much larger than other wild fowl birds.

Members of the genus Meleagris

There are approximately 22 species in this genus:

M. altus · M. antiquus · M. californica · M. californicus · M. crassipes · M. gallapavo · M. gallopavo (Common Wild Turkey) · M. gallopavo domestica · M. gallopavo ellioti (Rio Grande Turkey) · M. gallopavo fera · M. gallopavo gallopavo (South Mexican Turkey) · M. gallopavo intermedia (Rio Grande Turkey) · M. gallopavo merriami (Meriam's Turkey) · M. gallopavo mexicana (Gould's Turkey) · M. gallopavo onusta (Moore's Turkey) · M. gallopavo osceola (Florida Turkey) · M. gallopavo silvestris (Eastern Wild Turkey) · M. gallopavo sylvestris · M. leopoldi · M. mexicana · M. ocellata (Occelated Turkey) · M. progenes

More Info

• Search for Pictures: images.google.com
• Search for Scholarly Articles: Google Scholar
• Search using Scientific Name and Vernacular Names: All the Web | AltaVista Canada | AltaVista | Excite | Google | HotBot | Lycos
• Search using Specialized Databases: GenBank | Medline | Scirus | CISTI/CAL | Agricola Periodicals | Agricola Books

Further Reading

• A bibliography of birds: with special reference to anatomy, behavior, biochemistry --. by Reuben Myron Strong Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1959 UND url p. 111, p. 225, p. 51, p. 59.
• A dictionary of birds, by Alfred Newton, assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker Charles S. Roy and Robert W. Shufeldt London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. ENG url p. 996.
• A hand-book to the game-birds / by W.R. Ogilvie-Grant. London: W.H. Allen and Co., 1895-1897. ENG url p. 103, p. 103, p. 105, p. 105, p. 106.
• A history of North American birds, by S.F. Baird, T.M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway. Land birds, illustrated by 64 chromo-lithographic plates and 593 woodcuts. Boston, Little, Brown, 1875. ENG url p. 25, p. 403, p. 404, p. 410, p. 412.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, by William Lutley Sclater London, Witherby and co., 1912. ENG url p. 570.
• A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen. Manchester, N.H., Nature Study press, 1903. ENG url p. 214, p. 30, p. 41.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1887. ENG url p. 614.
• A manual of the anatomy of vertebrated animals / by Thomas H. Huxley. New York: D. Appleton, 1886. ENG url p. 259.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada, by Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, 1903. ENG url p. 15, p. 424.
• A popular handbook of the ornithology of eastern North America. By Thomas Nuttall. Boston, Little, Brown, and Company, 1896. ENG url p. 15, p. 424.
• A popular zoology / by J. Dorman Steele and J.W.P. Jenks. New York: A.S. Barnes and Company, c 1887. ENG url p. 150.
• A review of the birds of Connecticut. By C. Hart Merriam. New Haven, Tuttle, Morehouse and Taylor, Printers, 1877. ENG url p. 144, p. 147, p. 158, p. 98.
• Abhandlungen. Berlin, W. de Gruyter [etc.] GER url p. 82.
• Abstract of proceedings of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia]Delaware Valley Ornithological Club. ENG url p. 42, p. 6.
• American ornithology, or, The natural history of the birds of the United States: illustrated with plates engraved from drawings from nature / by Alexander Wilson and Charles Lucian Bonaparte. Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, [1878?] ENG url p. 201.
• Anatomische Hefte, München [etc.]J.F. Bergmann. GER url p. 106.
• Animal Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1961. ENG url p. 466.
• Annali di storia naturale. Bologna. url p. 427.
• Annual report / Entomological Society of Ontario. Toronto, The Society. ENG url p. 24.
• Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, -1965. ENG url p. 102, p. 105, p. 107, p. 119, p. 137, p. 148, p. 150, p. 151, p. 419, p. 419, p. 441, p. 64, p. 67, p. 74, p. 74, p. 75, p. 75, p. 794, p. 91.
• Aquila. Budapest: A Magyar Ornithologiai Knt Kiadva, 1894- HUN url p. 298, p. 47, p. 49, p. 50, p. 51, p. 52.
• Archiv für Naturgeschichte. Berlin: Nicolai, 1835- GER url p. 189, p. 27, p. 279, p. 357, p. 50, p. 56, p. 64, p. 86.
• Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale. Paris, Centre national de la recherche scientifique [etc.] FRE url p. 219.
• Arkiv för zoologi / utgivet af K. Svenska vetenskaps-akademien. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt and soner, 1903-1974. SWE url p. 273.
• Asteroid notes. Northfield, Minn, Goodsell Observatory of Carleton College, 1934-1950. ENG url p. 64, p. 65.
• Atlante ornitologico: uccelli europei: con notizie d'indole generale e particolare / del dr. E. Arrigoni Degli Oddi. Milano: U. Hoepli, 1902. ITA url p. 354, p. 558.
• Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. Venezia. url p. 1067.
• Atti dell'Accademia di Scienze, Lettere e Arti di Palermo. ITA url p. 44.
• Audubon the naturalist; a history of his life and time, by Francis Hobart Herrick New YorkD. Appleton-Century Company, incorporated, 1938. ENG url p. 498.
• Bericht ©ber die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt a.M.: Die Gesellschaft, 1870-1896. GER url p. 27.
• Biblioteca Italiana. Milan. url p. 214.
• Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig [etc.]VEB Georg Thieme [etc.] GER url p. 511.
• Biology code of the Chemical-Biological Coordination Center... Washington, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1960. ENG url p. 51.
• Bird homes: the nests, eggs, and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / by A. Radclyffe Dugmore; illustrated with photographs from nature by the author. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905. ENG url p. 55.
• BirdLife International. 2000. Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, U.K.
• BirdLife International. 2004 Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
• Birds in Kansas / Max C. Thompson and Charles Ely. Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History: c1989- ENG url p. 180, p. 400.
• Birds of America; editor-in-chief, T. Gilbert Pearson; consulting editor, John Burroughs; artists, R.I. Brasher, R. Bruce Horsfall [and] Henry Thurston. New York, The University Society, 1923. ENG url p. 31.
• Birds of New York / by Elon Howard Eaton. Albany: University of the State of New York, 1910-1914. ENG url p. 697.
• Birds of Washington and vicinity, including adjacent parts of Maryland and Virginia, by Mrs. L. W. Maynard, with introduction by Florence A. Merriam Washington, D. C., 1898. ENG url p. 151, p. 200.
• Birds of eastern Canada, by P. A. Taverner. Ottawa, J. de L. Tachprinter, 1919. ENG url p. 111, p. 285.
• Birds of the Colorado Valley: a repository of scientific and popular information concerning North American ornithology / by Elliott Coues. Washington: G.P.O., 1878. ENG url p. 609, p. 698, p. 718.
• Birds of the Rockies, by Leander S. Keyser... with eight full-page plates [four in color] by Louis Agassiz Fuertes; many illustrations in the text by Bruce Horsfall, and eight views of localities from photographs; with a c Chicago, A. C. McClurg and co., 1902. ENG url p. 320.
• Birds of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains; a manual for the identification of species in hand or in the bush, by Austin C. Apgar. New York, American book company[c1898] ENG url p. 406.
• Birds. With the co-operation of John Cassin and George N. Lawrence. Washington, D.C., 1858. ENG url p. 613, p. 615, p. 617.
• Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortenet, 1901-1937. SPA url p. 416, p. 495, p. 568.
• Bollettino della Società dei naturalisti in Napoli. Napoli, Giannini [etc.] ITA url p. 126.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. ENG url p. 112, p. 116, p. 130, p. 185, p. 226, p. 243, p. 323, p. 326, p. 328, p. 34, p. 340, p. 341, p. 342, p. 343, p. 410, p. 437, p. 439, p. 440, p. 443, p. 444, p. 445, p. 447, p. 448, p. 449, p. 451, p. 453, p. 453, p. 454, p. 455, p. 456, p. 457, p. 458, p. 465, p. 470, p. 471, p. 471, p. 472, p. 475, p. 476, p. 477, p. 481, p. 484, p. 486, p. 488, p. 53, p. 60, p. 64, p. 72.
• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. New Haven: The Museum, ENG url p. 110, p. 112, p. 42.
• Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Montreuil [etc.]Gauther-Villars [etc.] FRE url p. 121, p. 23.
• Bulletin de la Société Imperiale Zoologique d'Acclimatation. url p. 254.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) ENG url p. 214, p. 215.
• Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Salem, Mass., Essex Institute. ENG url p. 121, p. 153, p. 169, p. 186, p. 195, p. 43, p. 48, p. 59, p. 63.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, ENG url p. 100, p. 141, p. 144, p. 146, p. 158, p. 181, p. 342, p. 348, p. 365, p. 397, p. 412.
• Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Andover: Intercept. ENG url p. 47, p. 48.
• Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, [1876-1883] ENG url p. 147.
• Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British Museum / by G.R. Gray. London, 1863. ENG url p. 125.
• Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History and including all species and subspecies known to occur in North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, the West Indies, and islands of the Caribbean Chicago, 1918- ENG url p. 292, p. 293, p. 294.
• Catalogue of scientific papers, 1800-1900. Compiled by the Royal Society of London. London, C.J. Clay and Sons, 1867-1902 [etc.] Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1914-25. ENG url p. 1025, p. 715.
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. ENG url p. 386, p. 387, p. 388, p. 389, p. 390.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. ENG url p. 64, p. 65.
• Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British museum (Natural history) By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. London, Printed by order of the Trustees [by Taylor and Francis]1909-16. ENG url p. 14, p. 72.
• Catalogue of the specimens illustrating the osteology of vertebrated animals, recent and extinct, contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London, 1891. ENG url p. 406.
• Check-list and bibliography on the occurrence of insects in birds' nests. Ames, Iowa State College Press[1959] ENG url p. 409.
• Check-list of North American birds / prepared by a committee of the American ornithologists' union. Lancaster, Pa.: The Union, 1931. ENG url p. 412, p. 443, p. 504, p. 508, p. 520, p. 92.
• Check-list of North American birds: according to the canons of nomenclature of the American Ornithologists' Union. [s.l.]: The Union, 1889. ENG url p. 27.
• Chemical embryology. New York:The MacMillan Co., 1931. ENG url p. 268.
• Cochise and Mogollon sites, Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico / Paul S. Martin, John B. Rinaldo [and] Ernst Antevs. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum Press, 1949. ENG url p. 176.
• Compendium der Helminthologie. Ein Verzeichniss der bekannten Helminthen, die frei oder in thierischen Körpern leben, geordnet nach ihren Wohnthieren, unter Angabe der Organe, in denen sie gefunden sind, und mit Beifügung der Litte von O. von Linstow. Hannover: Hahn'sche Buchhandlung, 1878. GER url p. 124.
• Dansk ornithologisk forenings tidsskrift. [Kavn]: Den Forening, [1907- DAN url p. 143, p. 280, p. 286, p. 78, p. 9.
• Der Gesang der Vögel: seine anatomischen und biologischen Grundlagen / Von Dr. Valentin Hacker. Mit 13 Abbild. im Text. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1900. GER url p. 101, p. 99.
• Distribution and origin of life in America, by Robert Francis Scharff. New York: Macmillan, 1912. ENG url p. 159.
• Dr. H.G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs: wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Leipzig: C.F. Winter, 1880- GER url p. 1019, p. 172, p. 975.
• Elementary textbook of economic zoology and entomology, by Vernon Lyman Kellogg and Rennie Wilbur Doane. New York, H. Holt and company[c1915] ENG url p. 525.
• Entomologische berichten. Amsterdam. MUL url p. 278.
• Ethnographic collections from the Assiniboine and Yanktonai Sioux in the Field Museum of Natural History / James W. VanStone. Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, 1996. ENG url p. 11.
• Excavations in the upper Little Colorado drainage, eastern Arizona / [by] Paul S. Martin [and] John B. Rinaldo. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum Press, 1960. ENG url p. 93.
• FWS/0BS. [Washington]Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. ENG url p. 442.
• Fauna och flora: populr tidskrift fr biologi. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksells, 1906-1967; SWE url p. 46.
• Fauna of New England, 11: list of the aves / by Glover M. Allen. Boston: Society of Natural History, 1909. ENG url p. 93.
• Field ornithology. Comprising a manual of instruction for procuring, preparing and preserving birds, and a check list of North American birds, by Elliott Coues. Salem [Mass.]Naturalists' Agency, 1874. ENG url p. 75.
• First report of the state zoist: accompanied with Notes on the birds of Minnesota / by P.L. Hatch, Henry F. Nachtrieb, state zoist. Minneapolis: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota: 1892. ENG url p. 458, p. 477.
• Fishery circular / U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries. [Washington]: The Bureau, 1931-1939. ENG url p. 22, p. 23.
• General embryological information service. Utrecht, Hubrecht Laboratory. ENG url p. 10, p. 10, p. 11, p. 113, p. 121, p. 129, p. 13, p. 14, p. 14, p. 14, p. 16, p. 16, p. 160, p. 22, p. 23, p. 23, p. 24, p. 25, p. 27, p. 29, p. 53, p. 61, p. 62, p. 63, p. 63, p. 77, p. 85, p. 85, p. 90, p. 95, p. 96, p. 98, p. 99, p. 99.
• Great Basin naturalist memoirs. [Provo, Utah]Brigham Young University, 1976-1992. ENG url p. 221.
• Grundzüge der Zoologie. Zum wissenschaftlichen Gebrauche. Marburg, Elwert, 1880. GER url p. 364.
• Handbook of birds of the western United States, including the great plains, great basin, Pacific slope, and lower Rio Grande valley, by Florence Merriam Bailey, with thirty-three full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and over six hundred cuts in the Boston, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. ENG url p. 136.
• Handbuch der vergleichenden Physiologie / bearb. von E. Babák [et al.]. Jena: Fischer, 1910-24. GER url p. 1532, p. 2022.
• Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften / hrsg. von prof. dr. E. Korschelt (zoologie) prof. dr. G. Linck (mineralogie und geologie) prof. dr. F. Oltmanns (botanik) prof. dr. K. Schaum (chemie) prof. dr. H. Th. Simon (physi Jena: G. Fischer, 1912-1915. GER url p. 320, p. 322.
• History of the birds of Kansas. By N. S. Goss. Illustrating 529 birds. Topeka, Kan., G. W. Crane, 1891. ENG url p. 230, p. 687.
• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. ENG url p. 129, p. 158, p. 161, p. 171, p. 200, p. 235, p. 262, p. 399, p. 434, p. 494, p. 516.
• International catalogue of scientific literature. London, : Published for the International Council by the Royal Society of London, 1904-1916. ENG url p. 1355.
• Jahrbücher des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde. Wiesbaden: J.F. Bergmann, GER url p. 111.
• Jenaische Zeitschrift f©r Naturwissenschaft. Jena, Gustav Fischer [etc.]. ENG url p. 143.
• Journal of economic entomology. [College Park, Md., etc.]Entomological Society of America [etc.] ENG url p. 83.
• Katalog der Eiersammlung, nebst Beschreibungeh der aussereuropchen Eier. Berlin, R. Friedler and Sohn, 1910. GER url p. 19.
• Katalog der Vogelsammlung in Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, von Ernst Hartert. Abgeschlossen Mitte Januar 1891. Frankfurt a.M., Knauer, 1891. GER url p. 198.
• Key to North American birds. Containing a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known from the continent north of the Mexican and United States boundary, inclusive of Greenland and lower California By Elliot Coues. Boston, D. Estes and Company, 1903. ENG url p. 1151, p. 139, p. 728.
• Le Naturaliste canadien. Neufchâtel, QC: Éditions, l'Ardoise [etc.] FRE url p. 247, p. 387.
• Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée, par M. le cher, Cuvier Avec figures, dessinées d'après nature. Paris, Deterville, 1817. FRE url p. 439.
• Lehrbuch der vergleichenden anatomie der wirbelthiere; auf grundlage der entwicklungsgeschichte bearb. von prof. dr. Robert Wiedersheim Mit 607 holzschnitten. Jena, G. Fischer, 1883. GER url p. 70.
• Lehrbuch der zoologie / von Dr. C. Claus. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1883. GER url p. 769.
• Lehrbuch der zoologie, von Dr. C. Claus. Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1891. GER url p. 863.
• Les oiseaux / par Julien Salmon; 63 planches en couleurs et nombreuses photogravures d'aprdes aquarelles et dessins originaux de W. Kuhnert. Paris: J.B. Bailli, [1904-1906]. FRE url p. 145, p. 147.
• Meddelanden af Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Helsingfors[Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica] SWE url p. 29.
• Memoirs of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Cambridge, Mass.: The Club, 1886- ENG url p. 343, p. 348.
• Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. San Diego, Calif.: The Society, 1931- ENG url p. 237, p. 258, p. 271.
• Memoirs read before the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston[Boston Society of Natural History]1862-1878. ENG url p. 306, p. 500, p. 565.
• Michigan bird life: a list of all the bird species known to occur in the State together with an outline of their classification and an account of the life history of each species, with special reference to its relation t by Walter Bradford Barrows. Lansing: Michigan Agricultural College, 1912. ENG url p. 236.
• Miscellaneous publication - University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas, 1946-1996. ENG url p. 19, p. 20.
• Mittheilungen des Ornithologischen Vereines in Wien. Wien, 1877-1895. GER url p. 389, p. 626.
• Monatsschrift des Deutschen Vereins zum Schutze der Vogelwelt. Zangenberg [etc.] GER url p. 572.
• Monitore zoologico italiano. [Siena]: Instituto anatomico della R. Università di Siena, [1890-1988] ENG url p. 205, p. 209, p. 230, p. 338, p. 70.
• Morphologische Arbeiten. Jena: G. Fischer, 1891- GER url p. 213.
• Nanodelphys, an Oligocene didelphine / by Paul O. McGrew -- Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1939 ENG url p. 403.
• Natur und Museum. Frankfurt am Main. MUL url p. 127.
• Naturalist (Morris) London. url p. 113, p. 251.
• Naturalist's guide to the Americas, prepared by the Committee on the Preservation of Natural Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, with assistance from numerous organizations and individuals, assembled and edited by chairman, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1926. ENG url p. 756.
• Naumannia: Archiv für die Ornithologie Vorzugsweise Europa's: Organ der Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft. Stuttgart. url p. 283, p. 35, p. 383, p. 76.
• Nests and eggs of North American birds; by Oliver Davie. Columbus [O.]Hann and Adair, 1889. ENG url p. 151.
• Official lists and indexes of names and works in zoology / edited by R.V. Melville and J.D.D. Smith. London: ICZN, 1987. ENG url p. 124.
• On the anatomy of vertebrates By Richard Owen. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1866-68. ENG url p. 175.
• Ornis. Vienna, [1885-1907]. GER url p. 498.
• Ornithological bibliography. [Washington: Geological Survey [etc.], 1878-1880. ENG url p. 751, p. 810, p. 811, p. 812, p. 813.
• Ornithologische Monatsschrift. Magdeburg [etc.], Kommissions-Verlag der Creutschen Verlagsbuchhandlung. GER url p. 111, p. 359.
• Ornithologisches Centralblatt. Leipzig. ENG url p. 99.
• Ornithologisches Jahrbuch. Hallein: V. Tschusi, 1890-1918. GER url p. 25.
• Ornithologist and oist. Pawtucket, R.I. ENG url p. 17.
• Our birds in their haunts: a popular treatise on the birds of Eastern North America / by J. Hibbert Langille. Boston, S. E. Cassino, 1884. ENG url p. 608.
• Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems / [edited by], Edward T. LaRoe [et al.]. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Biological Service, 1995. ENG url p. 16, p. 405, p. 508, p. 526.
• Pacific coast avifauna / Cooper Ornithological Club of California. Santa Clara, Calif.: The Club, 1900-1974. ENG url p. 110, p. 127, p. 161, p. 23, p. 28.
• Post-glacial fossil vertebrates from east-central Illinois / by Edwin C. Galbreath. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1938. ENG url p. 311.
• Postilla. New Haven, Peabody Museum of Natural History, 1950-2004. ENG url p. 15.
• Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia] ENG url p. 105, p. 180, p. 24, p. 339, p. 348, p. 349, p. 385, p. 475, p. 51, p. 575, p. 591.
• Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Boston [etc.]Boston Society of Natural History. ENG url p. 116, p. 121, p. 198, p. 415.
• Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th series. San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences. ENG url p. 369.
• Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. Indianapolis, Ind.[s.n.] ENG url p. 182.
• Proceedings of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union. Lincoln, [1900-15] ENG url p. 38.
• Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. [San Diego, Calif.]: San Diego Society of Natural History, 1990- ENG url p. 84.
• Proceedings of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.] ENG url p. 10, p. 159, p. 184, p. 489, p. 505, p. 577, p. 657, p. 755.
• Protozoan parasites of domestic animals and of man. Minneapolis, Burgess Pub. Co.[1961] ENG url p. 14, p. 397, p. 407, p. 412.
• Radiation biology, edited by Alexander Hollaender with the cooperation of Austin M. Brues [and others]. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1954-56. ENG url p. 490, p. 501.
• Recent advances in cytology, by C. D. Darlington. With a foreword by J. B. S. Haldane. With 16 plates, 160 text-figures and 81 tables. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston's son and co., inc., 1937. ENG url p. 82.
• Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Lansing, Mich.: The Academy, 1900-1904. ENG url p. 172.
• Report of the State Zo©logist. Minneapolis. ENG url p. 458, p. 477.
• Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler [...] under the direction of the chief of engineers, U.S. Army. Published by authority of [...] the secretary of war in accordanc Washington: Govt. print. off., 1875-89. ENG url p. 434, p. 497, p. 983.
• Reports on the fishes, reptiles and birds of Massachusetts / published agreeably to an order of the Legislature, by the commissioners on the Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, State Printers, 1839. ENG url p. 352, p. 421.
• Reports on zoology for 1843, 1844 / Tr. from the German by George Busk, Alfred Tulk, esq., and Alexander H. Haliday, esq. London: Printed for the Ray society, 1847. ENG url p. 455.
• Sex and internal secretions. Contributors: A. Albert [and others] Foreword by George W. Corner. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1961. ENG url p. 1089, p. 1096, p. 1254, p. 1360, p. 1562.
• Sites of the reserve phase: Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico / [by] Paul S. Martin [and] John B. Rinaldo. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1950. ENG url p. 492.
• Smithsonian contributions to knowledge. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1848-1916. ENG url p. 112, p. 113, p. 116, p. 420.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. ENG url p. 12, p. 159, p. 18, p. 216, p. 278, p. 32, p. 33, p. 458, p. 505, p. 57, p. 58, p. 655, p. 8, p. 95.
• The Avicultural magazine. [Ascot, Berkshire, etc., Avicultural Society, etc.] ENG url p. 40.
• The Bayou Goula site, Iberville Parish, Louisiana / George I. Quimby, Curator, North American Archaeology and Ethnology. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1957. ENG url p. 132.
• The Canadian entomologist. Ottawa [etc.]Entomological Society of Canada [etc.] ENG url p. 65.
• The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa, The Ottawa-Field-Naturalists Club. ENG url p. 120, p. 68.
• The Great Basin naturalist. Provo, Utah, M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. ENG url p. 131, p. 220, p. 258, p. 40, p. 56, p. 602, p. 731.
• The Literary record and journal of the Linnaean Association of Pennsylvania College. [Gettysburg, Pa.: The Association, 1844- ENG url p. 254.
• The Museum. Albion, N.Y.: W.F. Webb, [1894- ENG url p. 45.
• The Review of applied entomology. Farnham Royal, Eng. [etc.]: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux [etc.] ENG url p. 137, p. 226, p. 233.
• The SU site excavations at a Mogollon Village, western New Mexico, 1939 / by Paul S. Martin with reports on pottery and artifacts, by John Rinaldo, and appendix on skeletal material, by Marjorie Kelly. Chicago:Field Museum Press, 1940. ENG url p. 76.
• The University of Kansas science bulletin. [Lawrence]: University of Kansas, 1902-1996. ENG url p. 98.
• The Wilson bulletin. Columbus, Ohio: Wilson Ornithological Society, 1894- ENG url p. 10.
• The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization, by the Baron Cuvier The Crustacea, Arachnides and Insecta, by P.A. Latreille Translated from the French, with notes and additions, by H. M'Murtrie. New York, G. and C. and H. Carvill, 1831. ENG url p. 446.
• The birds of Ontario; being a concise account of every species of bird known to have been found in Ontario with a description of their nests and eggs and instructions for collecting birds and preparing and preserving skins By Thomas McIlwraith. London, T. F. Unwin, 1894. ENG url p. 422.
• The birds of eastern North America known to occur east of the ninetieth meridian by Charles B. Cory Chicago, Special edition printed for the Field Columbian museum, 1899. ENG url p. 154.
• The code of nomenclature and check-list of North American birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union; being the report of the Committee of the Union on Classification and Nomenclature. New York, 1886. ENG url p. 177.
• The fundus oculi of birds, especially as viewed by the ophthalmoscope; a study in the comparative anatomy and physiology, by Casey Albert Wood. Illustrated by 145 drawings in the text; also by sixty-one colored paintings prepared for this work by Arthur W Chicago, The Lakeside Press, 1917. ENG url p. 56, p. 59.
• The game birds of California by Joseph Grinnell, Harold Child Bryant and Tracy Irwin Storer. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1918. ENG url p. 36, p. 638.
• The game birds of North America; a descriptive checklist, by Frank A. Bates. Boston, B. Whidden, 1896. ENG url p. 112.
• The lipids, their chemistry and biochemistry. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1951-57. ENG url p. 410, p. 909.
• The morphology and evolutional significance of the pineal body: being part I of a contribution to the study of the epiphysis cerebri with an interpretation of the morphological, physiological and clinical evidence / [by] Frederick Tilney and Luther F. Wa Philadelphia: The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1919. ENG url p. 149, p. 153.
• The ornithology of Illinois / [by Robert Ridgway and S.A. Forbes]. Springfield, Ill., H.W. Rokker, printer, 1889-1895. ENG url p. 27, p. 4, p. 5.
• The ornithology of Illinois. Part I. Descriptive catalogue. By Robert Ridgway. Part II. Economic ornithology. By S. A. Forbes. Pub. by the authority of the state Legislature. Springfield, Ill., H. W. Rokker, printer, 1889-95. ENG url p. 24, p. 27, p. 4, p. 5.
• The primary factors of organic evolution / by E. D. Cope. Chicago: Open Court, 1904, c1896. ENG url p. 21.
• The transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. St. Louis: The Academy, 1860-1958. ENG url p. 278, p. 35, p. 83.
• Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging. Leiden, Brill. DUT url p. 140, p. 54, p. 55.
• Tijdschrift voor entomologie. [Amsterdam]: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. MUL url p. 199.
• Transactions - The Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Haven: Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences; distributed by Archon Books, Hamden, Conn. [etc.], 1866- ENG url p. 144, p. 147, p. 349, p. 66, p. 68.
• Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. [St. Louis, Academy of Science of St. Louis] ENG url p. 278, p. 35, p. 83.
• Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. Topeka, Kan.: Geo. W. Martin, ENG url p. 110, p. 157, p. 168, p. 27.
• Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. London, Printed for the Society by W. Lewis at the Cambridge University Press [etc.] ENG url p. 468.
• Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature. Baltimore: The Academy, 1837. ENG url p. 296, p. 378.
• Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. [San Diego]: The Society, 1905- ENG url p. 43, p. 43, p. 49.
• Tulane studies in zoology. New Orleans, Tulane University. ENG url p. 90, p. 98.
• Turkey Foot Ridge site, a Mogollon village: Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico / [by] Paul S. Martin [and] John B. Rinaldo. [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1950. ENG url p. 350.
• University of Kansas publications, Museum of Natural History. Lawrence, University of Kansas. ENG url p. 101, p. 321, p. 610, p. 670, p. 685, p. 688.
• Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. GER url p. 117, p. 153, p. 271, p. 281, p. 284, p. 307, p. 365, p. 415, p. 606, p. 720.
• Zoologischer Jahresbericht. Berlin, R. Friedlander. GER url p. 180, p. 251, p. 79, p. 86, p. 88, p. 995.
• Zoologisches Centralblatt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, [1894-1902] GER url p. 641.
• Zoologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, [1903-1912] GER url p. 138, p. 652.
• Zoology of New York; or, The New York Fauna; comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the state of New York, with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and accompa by James E. De Kay. Albany: W. and A. White and J. Visscher: 1842-44. ENG url p. 199, p. 366, p. 375.

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2007. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed March 17, 2007.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed October 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 04, 2007:

• Avian Knowledge Network, eBird
• Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data
• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Ontario Nest Records
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM, CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3854610
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-677664
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14379098
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176136
• IUCN ID: 47092
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNLC14010
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 910

Footnotes

1. New Mexico Wildlife. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Version of April 24, 2009. [back]
2. Mean = 367.040 meters (1,204.199 feet), Standard Deviation = 461.840 based on 19,986 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2009 the BayScience Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.