Limosa limosa

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Near Threatened

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Typically found in a lake at a mean distance from sea level of 45 meters (147 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is highly gregarious and migrates on a broad front, making long-distance flights,often overland between relatively few staging and wintering areas1. It breeds from April to mid-June in loose , semi-colonial groups of up to 3 pairs per ha15. Non-breeding birds remain in flocks, often near to the breeding colonies18. As soon as the young fledge , breeding birds begin to congregate in loose flocks of up to 500 individuals18. The species migrates southwards between late-June and October1. During the autumn migration it may roost in flocks of tens of thousands in favoured sites1, and many adults pause in North Morocco in July to moult18. Huge flocks occur at some wintering sites, particularly in the floodplains of Lake Chad18. Elsewhere (eg Morocco) flocks are smaller18. The return passage occurs between February and April1, and birds arrive at the breeding grounds in groups of 5-30 individuals17. Many one-year-old birds remain in the wintering range during the summer1. During the winter and migration the species usually forages gregariously1. Habitat Breeding In its breeding range it mostly inhabits areas with high grass and soft soil1,17, occasionally using sandy areas17. Its preferred habitats include cattle pastures, hayfields17, lowland wet grasslands, grassy marshland, raised bogs and moorland, lake margins and damp grassy depressions in steppe1. Subspecies islandica shows a distinct preference for large patches of dwarf-birch bog and marsh , particularly with abundant sedge-pools1,15. Extensive farmland habitats are of critical importance for breeding Western European populations1. After the young have fledged, adults and fledgelings often move to secondary habitat which more closely resembles that of their non-breeding range , including wet damp areas around fish-ponds and sewage farms , tidal marshes, mud flats and salt-water lagoons2,18. Non-breeding Subspecies limosa tends to winter in freshwater habitats1, including swampy lake shores, pools , flooded grassland and irrigated rice fields1. Subspecies islandica and melanuroides, however, often winter in brackish habitats1 such as sheltered estuaries and lagoons with large intertidal mudflats17, sandy beaches, salt-marshes and salt-flats1. Diet Its diet consists of adult and larval insects (especially beetles), annelid and polychaete worms, molluscs , ragworms, crustaceans, spiders, fish eggs , and the spawn and tadpoles of frogs1,17. On the breeding grounds grasshoppers and other orthopterans are often prevalent in the diet17. Particularly during the winter and on migration it will also take plant material including berries , seeds and rice grains1,18. On its wintering grounds in Portugal, the bivalve Scrobicularia plana has been found to represent its primary food source23. Breeding site The nest is placed on the ground in short, often luxurious vegetation1,17,18. It consists of a shallow scrape 12-15cm in diameter, lined with a thick mat of stem grass, leaves and other available vegetation18. Breeding birds show a high degree of nest site fidelity1 and some degree of natal philopatry24. .

[2].

List of Habitats:

•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     5.6     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
  
•     5.8     Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.10     Marine Neritic - Estuaries   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.4     Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats   
  
•     12.5     Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.1     Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Land   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
  
•     14.5     Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas   
[more info]

Biology

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Acetosella limosa (Progel) Kuntze • Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) • Oxalis Limosa

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 17-Oct-2001

Similar Species

Hudsonian Godwit, Bar-Tailed Godwit

Members of the genus Limosa

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 10 species and subspecies in this genus:

L. fedoa (Straight-Billed Curlew) · L. fedoa beringiae (Beringian Marbled Godwit) · L. fedoa fedoa (Straight-Billed Curlew) · L. haemastica (American Black-Tailed Godwit) · L. lapponica (White-Rumped Godwit) · L. lapponica baueri (Bar-Tailed Godwit) · L. lapponica lapponica (Bar-Tailed Godwit) · L. limosa (Black-Tailed Godwit) · L. limosa islandica (Black-Tailed Godwit) · L. limosa limosa (Black-Tailed Godwit)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url , , .
• A concise handbook of British birds / H. Kirke Swann. London: J. Wheldon, 1896. url p. 187.
• A guide to the birds of Nepal Christopher Helm (Publishers) Ltd. url p. 153.
• A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain / by R. Bowdler Sharpe. London: E. Lloyd, 1896-1897. url p. 309, p. 313.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 186.
• A hand-list of the birds of the Malay Peninsula, south of the Isthmus of Kra. By Herbert C. Robinson. .. Kuala LumpurF. M. S. government printing office, 1910. url p. 3.
• A handbook to the vertebrate fauna of north Wales. London, Witherby & Co., 1919. url p. 67.
• A history of British birds, with coloured illustrations of their eggs. By Henry Seebohm. London, Pub. for the author by R. H. Porter [etc.]1883-85. url p. 162.
• A key to the birds of the lower Yangtse Valley, with popular descriptions of the species commonly seen. By N. Gist Gee. .. and Lacy I. Moffett. Shanghai, Shanghai Mercury Limited, Print., 1917. url p. 77.
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url , p. 235, p. 391.
• A list of the birds of Australia: containing the names and synonyms connected with each genus, species, and subspecies of birds found in Australia, at present known to the author / London: Witherby, 1913. url p. 64.
• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 17.
• A manual of Philippine birds / by Richard C. McGregor. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1909. url p. 121, p. 121.
• A manual of Philippine birds, by Richard C. McGregor. .. Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1909. url p. 121.
• A manual of palæarctic birds, by H. E. Dresser. London, The author, 1902-03. url p. 798.
• A manual of the birds of Australia / by Gregory M. Mathews. .. and. .. Tom Iredale; illus. with coloured and monochrome plates by Lilian Medland. London: Witherby, 1921. url , , p. 147.
• A manual of the birds of Australia, by Gregory M. Mathews. .. and Tom Iredale. .. Illustrated with coloured and monochrome plates by Lilian Medland. Vol. I. Orders Casuarii to Columbæ. London, H.F. & G. Witherby, 1921. url , p. 147.
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada / Boston: Little, Brown, 1921. url .
• A popular handbook of the ornithology of the United States and Canada: based on Nuttall's Manual / by Montague Chamberlain. Boston: Little, B., & Co., 1903. url p. 169.
• An Australian bird book: a pocket book for field use / by J. A. Leach; with introduction by Frank Tate; [photos by Ralph L. Miller; paintings by Ethel M. Paterson]. Melbourne: Whitcombe & Tombs, 1911. url p. 47, p. 47.
• An environmental profile of the Black Sea Coast WCMC url p. 102, p. 36.
• Analysis and Synthesis of National Reports. Prepared by UNEP and CMS Secretariat CMS url p. 22, p. 29.
• Anatomischer Anzeiger. Jena: G. Fischer, 1886- url p. 14.
• Ardea. Amsterdam, etc., Nederlandse Ornithlogische Unie, etc. url p. 121, p. 29, p. 30, p. 34.
• Austral avian record; a scientific journal devoted primarily to the study of the Australian avifauna. London: Witherby. url .
• Biodiversity trends and threats in Europe: development and test of a species trend indicator RIVM, UNEP-WCMC url p. 45, p. 46.
• Biosphere Reserves, Compilation 4, October 1986: programme on man and the biosphere (MAB) IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre url p. 209, p. 447, p. 458.
• Birds of America; editor-in-chief, T. Gilbert Pearson; consulting editor, John Burroughs; artists, R.I. Brasher, R. Bruce Horsfall [and] Henry Thurston. 1 1923 New York, The University Society, 1923. url p. 240, p. 277.
• Birds of the Chukchi Peninsula and Wrangel Island = (Ptitsy Chukotskogo poluostrova i ostrova Vrangelya) / L.A. Portenko; translated from Russian [by P.M. Rao]. New Delhi: Published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1981- url p. 317, p. 349.
• Birds. By Eugene W. Oates. London: Taylor and Francis; [etc., etc.], 1889-98. url p. 254.
• Birds. London, Taylor and Francis, 1889-1898. url .
• Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cie?ncias Naturais. Lisboa, Sociedade Portuguesa de Cie?ncias Naturais, 1908- url p. 208, p. 211.
• British birds. London, Witherby & Co. url p. 119, p. 120, p. 120, p. 128, p. 141, p. 142, p. 144, p. 186, p. 189, p. 193, p. 204, p. 204, p. 212, p. 212, p. 221, p. 227, p. 235, p. 240, p. 243, p. 265, p. 27, p. 273, p. 275, p. 284, p. 316, p. 47, p. 64, p. 75, p. 76, p. 86.
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• Bulletin / Peabody Museum of Natural History. 1972 New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, url p. 141, fig. 21.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: The Museum, 1950-1977. url p. 224, p. 226.
• Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. London: The Club, 1893- url , p. 10, p. 104, p. 110.
• Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 63 1919 Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1863- url p. 180, p. 180.
• Catalogue of Canadian birds / by John Macoun and James M. Macoun. Ottawa: Canada Dept. of Mines, Geological Survey Branch, 1909. url p. 185.
• Catalogue of Canadian birds, Ottawa, Government Printing Bureau, 1909. url .
• Catalogue of Canadian birds, by John Macoun. .. and James M. Macoun. .. Ottawa, Government printing bureau, 1909. url p. 185.
• Catalogue of Canadian birds. .. Ottawa, Printed by S. E. Dawson, 1900-04. url .
• Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. London, 1874-98. url p. 381, p. 384, p. 755, p. 756.
• Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum / By E. W. Oates [and afterwards] by S. G. Reid [and] W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. London, 1901-12. url p. 353, p. 40.
• Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British museum (Natural history). London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1901-12. url p. 40.
• Check-list of North American birds, New York, American ornithologists' union, 1910. url .
• Check-list of North American birds. [Ithaca, N.Y.]1957. url p. 206, p. 207, p. 673.
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• Coastal Sensitivity Overview of the Strait of Malacca. Compiled for International Maritime Organisation (IMO) IMO url , , , .
• Collection of Australian birds' eggs and nests in the possession of D. Le Souef, Director, Zoological Gardens, Melbourne. Melbourne: [1900?]. url p. 19.
• Crustacea of Lake Titicaca. Cambridge, the Museum, 1876 url p. 356.
• Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. IUCN url p. 141, p. 144, p. 167, p. 213, p. 216, p. 227, p. 229, p. 230, p. 233, p. 281, p. 282, p. 285, p. 287, p. 292, p. 341, p. 373, p. 390, p. 434, p. 451, p. 456, p. 460, p. 464, p. 488, p. 490, p. 533, p. 54, p. 543, p. 562, p. 563, p. 57, p. 582, p. 585, p. 586, p. 589, p. 593, p. 594, p. 597, p. 609, p. 63, p. 638, p. 654, p. 665, p. 669, p. 67, p. 681, p. 692, p. 696, p. 698, p. 701, p. 703, p. 750, p. 770.
• Distribution and migration of North American shorebirds. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1912. url , .
• Ecologically sensitive sites in Africa / Washington, DC, USA: World Bank, 1993. url p. 18, p. 49, p. 57.
• Eggs of North American birds by Chas. J. Maynard. Boston: De Wolfe, Fiske, 1890. url .
• Entomological news. [Philadelphia]American Entomological Society, 1925- url p. 275.
• Guide to taxidermy, by Chas. K. Reed and Chester A. Reed. Illustrated by drawings and photographs of mounted specimens by the authors and Mr. N. F. Stone. Worcester, Mass., C.K. Reed, 1914. url p. 252.
• Guide to the Gallery of Birds in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees [by Taylor and Francis], 1905. url p. 176.
• Guide to the gallery of birds in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) LondonPrinted by order of the Trustees[1921] url p. 40.
• Hand-book to the birds of Great Britain. London, Allen, 1894-97. url p. 309, p. 313, p. 313.
• Handbook of birds of eastern North America; with introductory chapters on the study of birds in nature, by Frank M. Chapman. .. With full-page plates in colors and black and white by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and text-cuts by Tappan Adney and Ernest Thompson Seton. London: D. Appleton and Company, 1912. url p. 256.
• Handlist of the birds of Egypt by M.J. Nicoll. Cairo, Government Press, 1919. url p. 101.
• IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas IUCN, UNEP url p. 1023, p. 524.
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• Ibis. [London]Published for the British Ornithologists' Union by Academic Press. url p. 125, p. 247, p. 258, p. 258, p. 263, p. 286, p. 428, p. 461, p. 513, p. 691, p. 710, p. 73, p. 744, p. 806, p. 811.
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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2008. Limosa limosa. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 27, 2007:

• Biologiezentrum der Oberoesterreichischen Landesmuseen, Biologiezentrum Linz
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
• OZCAM
• Provider, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums
• Senckenberg, Collection Aves
• The Danish Biodiversity Information Facility, Western Palearctic migrants in continental Africa
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
• , Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8110
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176691
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481685
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176691
• IUCN ID: 219625
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 406492

Footnotes

1. Standard Deviation = 177.370 based on 10,544 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2008. Limosa limosa. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.