Leuciscus leuciscus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Family : Minnows or carps ; href="http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?termenglish=gregarious">Gregarious fish which swims near the surface[1]. Prefers upper reach of rivers and clear, cool lakes . Feeds on insects, worms, snails, and rarely plants . Enters brackish water in the eastern Baltic. Reproduction occurs in March and April[1]. Pale yellow eggs are found attached to gravel and stones in shallow, flowing water [2].

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Habitat

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 2,911 meters (0 to 9,551 feet).[3]

Ecology: Habitat :
Moderate to fast-flowing large streams to large rivers with rock or gravel bottom . Spawns in fast-flowing water on shallow gravel beds, often in small tributaries.

Biology :
Lives up to 10 years. Spawns for the first time at three years. Usually spawns only 1-2 seasons during life. Migrates often some tens of km to spawning sites, which are often situated in tributaries. Spawns in March-April when temperature reaches 9°C. Males form large aggregations, each male defending a small territory. Females spawn only once a year and, in some populations, during a very short period (3-5 days). Females deposit the sticky eggs into excavations made in gravel. Feeding larvae live along shores . Early juveniles are benthic and inhabit very shallow shoreline habitats. When growing, they leave the shores for faster-flowing waters. They reach up to 85 mm SL during first year. Year class strength is closely related to high spring temperatures and absence of spring floods. Juveniles overwinter in cavities along the shores. Adults form dense swarms during winter in lower parts of rivers or in backwaters . Often migrates to spawning streams in autumn and overwinter there. Feeds on small invertebrates .[4].

List of Habitats:

•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.1     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls )   
  
•     5.5     Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)   
[more info]

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Alestes leuciscus Günther • Brycinus leuciscus< /i> (Günther • Cyprinus dobula Linnaeus • Cyprinus graining Walbaum • Cyprinus grislagine Linnaeus • Cyprinus lancastriensis Shaw • Cyprinus leuciscus Linnaeus • Cyprinus leuciscus Linnaeus, 1758 • Cyprinus mugilis Vallot • Cyprinus salax Gronow • Cyprinus simus Römer-Büchner • Cyprinus squalus Walbaum • Cyprinus umbra Walbaum • Idus stagnalis Dubalen • Leuciscus argenteus Fitzinger • Leuciscus dobula (Linnaeus • Leuciscus leuciscus • Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis Johansen • Leuciscus leuciscus roulei Bertin & Estève • Leuciscus majalis Agassiz • Leuciscus rodens Agassiz • Leuciscus rostratus Agassiz • Leuciscus rostratus Valenciennes • Leuciscus saltator Bonaparte • Leuciscus vulgaris Fleming • Squalidus baicalensis (Non Dybowski • Squalius chalybeius Heckel • Squalius lepusculus Heckel • Squalius leuciscus elata Fatio • Squalius leuciscus elongata Fatio • Squalius leuciscus lateristriga Fatio • Squalius mehdem Warpachowski • Squalius suworzewi Warpachowski • Squalius vulgaris argenteus Walecki • Squalius vulgaris leptorhinus Walecki • Squalius vulgaris minor Walecki • Squalius vulgaris robustior Walecki

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: Data last modified by FishBase 08-Aug-1994

Siberian and East Asian populations usually referred to L. leuciscus are distinct species, L. baicalensis and L. dzungaricus. Recent molecular data suggest that this species is restricted to the Danube and rivers west of Odra and populations east of this border might belong to other species. More data are needed to test this hypotheses.[4].

Similar Species

Members of the genus Leuciscus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 67 species and subspecies in this genus:

L. acinaces (Silver Razorbelly Minnow) · L. albidus (Italian Bleak) · L. alburnoides (Calandino) · L. argyrotaenia (Silver Rasbora) · L. baicalensis (Siberian Dace) · L. bambusa (Yellowcheek) · Esomus thermoicos (South Indian Flying Barb) · L. bearnensis (Bearn Beaked Dace) · L. belangeri (Manipur Osteobrama) · L. bergi (Issyk-Kul Dace) · L. bibie (Lake Turkana Sardine) · L. borysthenicus (Dneiper Carp) · L. burdigalensis (Beaked Dace) · L. carolitertii (Bordallo) · L. cavedanus (Cauveri Rasbora) · L. cephalus (Mediterranean Chub) · L. cephalus cavadanus (Chub) · L. cephalus pirenaicus (Chub) · L. cephalus pyraenaicus (Chub) · L. curriculus (Barbel Chub) · L. danilewskii (Don Dace) · L. dusonensis (Yellow Tail Rasbora) · L. einthovenii (Blue Line Rasbora) · L. filamentosus (Indian Tiger Barb) · L. frigidus (Black Sea Roach) · L. gatensis (River-Carp Baril) · L. genei (South European Nase) · L. hakuensis (Big-Scaled Redfin) · L. hypselopterus (Sailfin Shiner) · L. idella (Pa Kin Gnia) · L. idus (Silver Orfe) · L. idus idus (Silver Orfe) · L. jouyi (Iridescent Rasbora) · L. lateristriatus (Sidestrap Rasbora) · L. lehmanni (Zeravshan Dace) · L. leptosoma (Copper-Striped Rasbora) · L. leuciscus (Eurasian Dace) · L. leuciscus baicalensis (Siberian Dace) · L. lutrensis (Red Shiner) · L. macrochirus (Long Pectoral-Fin Minnow) · L. melettina (Veli Lake Carplet) · L. melettinus (Sacramento Blackfish) · L. merzbacheri (Zhungarian Ide) · L. molitorella (White Lady Carp) · L. molitrix (Chinese Schemer) · L. niloticus (Nile Minnow) · L. nobilis (Big Head Carp) · L. oxygastroides (Glass Barb) · L. oxyrrhis (Long-Snout Dace) · L. parvus (Topmouth Gudgeon) · L. piceus (Black Chinese Roach) · L. platypus (Freshwater Minnow) · L. pygmaeus (American Mud-Minnow) · L. rutilus (Roach Minnow) · L. sandkhol (Sandkhol Carp) · L. sardinella (Sardinella Razorbelly Minnow) · L. schmidti (Schmidt's Dace) · L. souffia (Stroemling) · L. spurius (Syr-Darya Dace) · L. storerianus (Silver Chub) · L. stymphalicus (Dáska) · L. temminckii (Dark Chub) · L. thynnoides (Pa Keum) · L. tincella (Spottail Chub) · L. uncirostris (Amur Three-Lips) · L. waleckii (Amur Ide) · L. zambezensis (Manchurian Gudgeon)

More Info

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Further Reading

• ... Catalogue of the fishes of New York. By Tarleton H. Bean. .. Albany, University of the state of New York, 1903. url p. 128.
• A bibliography of fishes, by Bashford Dean. .. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1916-1923. url p. 427, p. 427.
• A catalog of the fishes known from the waters of Korea / by David Starr Jordan and Charles William Metz. Pittsburgh, : Published by the authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, [1913] url p. 18.
• A guide to the study of fishes, New York, H. Holt, 1905. url .
• A guide to the study of fishes, by David Starr Jordan. .. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1905. url p. 168.
• A revision of the cestode family, Proteocephalidae, by George Roger La Rue. Urbana, University of Illinois, 1914 url p. 125.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url p. 477, p. 86.
• Bulletin - New York State Museum. Albany: New York State Education Dept. url p. 128.
• Bulletin - United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, [etc.];1877-1971. url p. 239.
• Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). London: BM(NH) url p. 173, p. 193, p. 283, p. 285, p. 286, p. 287, p. 288, p. 297.
• Camallanata of animals and man and diseases caused by them = Kamallanaty zhivotnykh i cheloveka i vyzyvaemye ime zabolevaniya / V. M. Ivashkin, A. A. Sobolev, and L. A. Khromova; translated from Russian [by Hilary Hardin]. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1977. url p. 293, p. 38.
• Current bibliography for aquatic sciences and fisheries. London, Taylor & Francis ltd. url p. 246, p. 252, p. 279, p. 299, p. 621, p. 68, p. 729.
• Dean bibliography of fishes. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1971-1973. url p. 119, p. 200, p. 220, p. 227, p. 234, p. 26, p. 267, p. 272, p. 278, p. 291, p. 298, p. 304, p. 311, p. 315, p. 318, p. 365, p. 397, p. 399, p. 531, p. 551, p. 558, p. 559, p. 565, p. 571, p. 625, p. 626, p. 628, p. 633, p. 660, p. 693, p. 73, p. 741.
• Ecological animal geography; an authorized, rewritten edition based on Tiergeographie auf ockologischer grundlage / by Richard Hesse. .. prepared by W. C. Allee. .. and Karl P. Schmidt. .. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1937. url p. 577.
• Fish and fisheries of New South Wales. Sydney, T. Richards, 1882. url .
• Fishes of the world, by Edouard Le Danois, with the collaboration of Jacques Millot, Theodore Monod [and] Paul Budker. With 80 photogravure plates, 30 colour photos., and text illus. Woodstock, Vt., Countryman Press[1957] url p. 187.
• Fishes, New York, H. Holt and Company, 1907. url .
• Fishes, by David Starr Jordan. .. with 18 colored plates and 673 illustrations. .. New York, H. Holt and Company, 1907. url p. 387.
• Fleas, flukes & cuckoos; a study of bird parasites, by Miriam Rothschild and Theresa Clay. New York, Macmillan, 1957. url p. 287.
• Guide to the British fresh-water fishes exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 1917. url p. 27.
• Illinois biological monographs. Urbana, Univ. of Illinois Press. url p. 120, p. 124, p. 125, p. 23.
• List of the specimens of the British animals in the collection of the British museum. London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1845-55. url , p. 66.
• Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh: Published by the authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901-1936. url p. 18.
• Monogenetic trematodes: their systematics and phylogeny / by Boris E. Bychowsky; edited by William J. Hargis, Jr.; translated by Pierre C. Oustinoff. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, c1961. url p. 152, p. 268, p. 624.
• North American pseudophyllidean cestodes from fishes. [UrbanaUniversity of Illinois][c1919] url p. 23, p. 23.
• Pamphlets on forestry. Fish and game. [1900?- url p. 229, p. 239.
• Proceedings and transactions of the South London Entomological & Natural History Society. London: The Society. url p. 108.
• Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Washington, Biological Society of Washington url p. 215.
• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. London, Published for the Linnean Society of London by Academic Press [etc.], 1848-1968. url p. 24.
• Publications in zoology = Publications en zoologie. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, National Museum of Natural Sciences, 1970-1982. url p. 11.
• Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 48 1907 Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1862-1968. url p. 564, Index, plate text XLIX.
• Special scientific report--wildlife / U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C.: The Service, 1949- url p. 367, p. 47.
• Spixiana. 12 1989 München: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, 1977- url fig. 1, p. 92.
• Studies on Myxosporidia; a synopsis of genera and species of Myxosporidia; with 25 plates and 2 textfigures, by Rokusaburo Kudo. .. Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois, c1920 url p. 124, p. 124.
• The Biological bulletin. Woods Hole, Mass.: Marine Biological Laboratory, url p. 15, p. 61.
• The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. London: Academic Press [etc.], 1865-1968. url p. 48, p. 51.
• The Trematoda of British fishes. London, Sold by B. Quaritch, 1947. url p. 340, p. 348.
• The fishes of Great Britain and Ireland / Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, 1880-1884. url p. 181.
• The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama / by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, 1896-1900. url p. 229, p. 239.
• The naturalisation of animals & plants in New Zealand, by Geo. M. Thomson. Cambridge [Eng.]: The University Press, 1922. url p. 252.
• Threatened non-marine molluscs of Europe Council of Europe url p. 123.
• Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. London: [The Society], 1879- url p. 66.

Notes

Contributors

• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 10, 2012.
• FishBase 2006.
• FishBase. Release date: January 5, 2010
• Freyhof, J. 2011. Leuciscus leuciscus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed January 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from 5 providers.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 12, 2007:

• Royal Ontario Museum, Fish specimens
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Biological Records Centre - Database for the Atlas of Freshwater Fishes

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 130780
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: Fis-25240
• Fishbase Species ID: 4662
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 13537041
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 163580
• IUCN ID: 219316
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 4793

Footnotes

1. Billard, R. (1997). Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne: Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p. [back]
2. Pinder, A.C. (2001). Keys to larval and juvenile stages of coarse fishes from fresh waters in the British Isles. Freshwater Biological Association. The Ferry House, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK. Scientific Publication No. 60. 136 p. [back]
3. Mean = 28.700 meters (94.160 feet), Standard Deviation = 45.730 based on 126,923 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
4. Freyhof, J. 2011. Leuciscus leuciscus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.