Overview
Interesting Facts
Common Names
Click on the language to view common names.
Common Names in Albanian:
Pul
Common Names in Armenian:
[tkhakapuyt Voror ]
Common Names in Asturian:
Gavilueta Cana
Common Names in Azerbaijani:
Boz Qagayi
Common Names in Basque:
Gavina Cendrosa, Kaio Mokohoria
Common Names in Breton:
Ar Gouelan Louet
Common Names in Catalan:
Gavina Cendrosa
Common Names in Chinese:
[bai-Tou Ou]
Common Names in Cornish:
Gwylan Gemyn
Common Names in Croatian:
Burni Galeb
Common Names in Czech:
Racek Bou, Racek Bourn
Common Names in Danish:
Stormm
Common Names in Dutch:
Europese Stormmeeuw, Stormmeeuw
Common Names in English:
Common Gull, Common Kamchatka Gull, Kamchatka gull, Mew Gull, sea mew, short-billed gull
Common Names in Esperanto:
Griza Mevo
Common Names in Estonian:
Kalakajakas
Common Names in Faroese:
Gneggjus
Common Names in Finnish:
Kalalokki
Common Names in French:
Go?land cendr?, Go, goéland cendré, goéland cendré
Common Names in Gaelic, Irish:
Faoileag
Common Names in Galician:
Gaivota Cana
Common Names in German:
Sturmm, Sturmmöwe
Common Names in Hebrew:
שחף אפרורי
Common Names in Hungarian:
Viharsir
Common Names in Icelandic:
Stormm
Common Names in Irish:
Faoile
Common Names in Italian:
Gavina, Gavina Eurasiatica
Common Names in Japanese:
Kamome, カモメ
Common Names in Latin:
Larus canus
Common Names in Latvian:
Kajaks
Common Names in Lithuanian:
Aliaskinis Kiras, Paprastasis Kiras
Common Names in Macedonian:
Siv Galeb
Common Names in Maltese:
Gawwija Sekonda
Common Names in Manx:
Foillan Bane, Foillan Vane
Common Names in Norwegian:
Fiskem
Common Names in Polish:
Mewa Delawarska, Mewa Pospolita
Common Names in Portuguese:
Alcatraz-Pardo, Gaivota-Parda
Common Names in Romanian:
Pescarus
Common Names in Romansh:
Muetta Da Tschendra
Common Names in Russian:
Sizaya Chayka, Сизая чайка, Чайка сизая
Common Names in Sardinian:
Cau Marinu
Common Names in Scots:
Faoileag
Common Names in Serbian:
Sivi Galeb
Common Names in Slovak:
Cajka Siv
Common Names in Slovenian:
Sivi Galeb
Common Names in Spanish:
Gaviota Blanca, Gaviota cana
Common Names in Spanish (Mexico):
Gaviota Blanca
Common Names in Swedish:
Fiskm, Fiskmås
Common Names in Turkish:
Dalgi
Common Names in Valencian:
Gavinot Hiperbori
Common Names in Welsh:
Gwylan Y Gweunydd
Description
Physical Description
Adult : Head : white Face : Eye Color: dark Bill: yellow with greenish tint Size: small Neck: white Body: Breast: white Upperparts: white Legs : Foot Color: greenish yellow Leg Color: greenish yellow.
Color:
Adult
alternate: Bright yellow bill · Dull
yellow legs
·
Dark eye · White head
, neck, breast, and belly · Medium
gray back and upperwings · White tertial crescent ·
Black primaries with white tips
and white line
dividing black and
gray · White tail · European birds differ in details
of wingtip pattern
Adult basic: Like adult alternate but brown smudges about head
Juvenile
: Black bill quickly developing pale
base
· Dark brown
plumage
First-year: Pink bill with black tip · Pink or gray legs ·
White head, neck and upper breast streaked with brown · Belly
brown · Medium gray back · Upperwing coverts dull brown
· Medium gray secondaries · Black primaries ·
Dark tail (European birds have white tails with sharp black terminal
bands
)
Second-year: Like adult basic but often with black-tipped yellow
bill, mostly dark primaries and partial tail band
Size/Age/Growth
About 14 to 18 inches long, with a wingspan of 42 to 43 inches. Adults weigh about 15.2 ounces .
Habitat
Vegetation: freshwater marshes, coastal waters, coastal sand beaches and mudflats • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium
Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,827 meters (0 to 12,556 feet).[1]
Ecology:
Behaviour This species is fully migratory1.
It breeds
from May onwards in solitary pairs or in single- and mixed-species
colonies of up to 300 pairs1, 3 or more (e.g.
1,000
pairs in Baltic region)4. Outside of the breeding
season
the species remains gregarious
, foraging
in flocks of up to
one hundred
or more individuals during the winter, flock sizes depending
upon the habitat
and conditions4. Habitat Breeding
The species breeds along the coast1, 2, 4 and inland1,
2, 3, 4 in a variety of sites not necessarily close to
wetlands1. On the coast it nests
on grassy and
rocky cliff-ledges1, 4, grassy slopes2,
4, inshore
rocky islets
, islands and stacks1, 2,
4, and on sand
and shingle beaches, banks and dunes1,
4 amongst tide-wrack or flood debris4.
Inland the species nests on small islands in freshwater
and saline
lakes3, shingle bars
or small islets in streams
or rivers2, islets, artificial structures and shores
of artificial waterbodies with short, sparse vegetation6,
and on bogs1, 4, marshes1, meadows1
and grass
or heather moorland near small pools2, 4
or lakes4. After the young fledge
the species often
disperses to coasts, tidal
estuaries, agricultural land
and reservoirs1,
4. Non-breeding Outside of the breeding season
it
occupies similar habitats to when it is breeding, although it may
occur more frequently along the coast during this period4
on estuaries with low salinities, sandy beaches and estuarine
mudflats7.
Diet Its diet
consists of earthworms, insects, aquatic
and
terrestrial
invertebrates1 (e.g. planktonic
crustaceans1,
crayfish and molluscs3) and small fish1.
During the spring
the species will also take agricultural grain1
and often scavanges7. Breeding site The
nest is a shallow cup
of vegetation placed on grass, rock, sand,
shingle, earth or floating and marshy
vegetation1
in a variety of coastal and inland locations1, 2, 3, 4.
The species may also nest off the ground
on artificial structures,
in nest-boxes and in trees1, 2. Management
information
The species may benefit from the removal of introduced
predators
such as American mink Neovison vison from small breeding islands5,
and has been known to nest on artificial rafts intended to encourage
other species (e.g. Common Tern Sterna hirundo) to breed7.
[2].
List of Habitats:
- 4 Grassland
- 4.4 Grassland - Temperate
- 5 Wetlands (inland)
- 5.4 Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands
- 9 Marine Neritic
- 9.1 Marine Neritic - Pelagic
- 9.2 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs
- 9.3 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel
- 9.4 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy
- 9.5 Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud
- 9.7 Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp
- 9.9 Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)
- 9.10 Marine Neritic - Estuaries
- 12 Marine Intertidal
- 12.1 Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline
- 12.2 Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits , Etc
- 12.3 Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches
- 12.4 Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats
- 12.6 Marine Intertidal - Tidepools
- 13 Marine Coastal/Supratidal
- 13.1 Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
- 14 Artificial/Terrestrial
- 14.2 Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland
- 15 Artificial/Aquatic & Marine
- 15.1 Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha) [more info]
Biology
Diet
Mostly: Aquatic Invertebrates Fish Carrion
Reproduction
- Clutch Size: 3
- Length of Incubation : 24-26 days
- Days to Fledge : 30-32
- Number of Broods: 1
Taxonomy
- Domain:
Eukaryota
(
)
- Whittaker & Margulis,1978
- eukaryotes
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
)
- C. Linnaeus, 1758
- animals
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
)
- (Hatschek, 1888) Cavalier-Smith, 1983
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
)
- Grobben, 1908
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
)
- (Haeckel, 1874) Cavalier-Smith, 1998
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
)
- Bateson, 1885
- Chordates
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
)
- Cuvier, 1812
- Vertebrates
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
)
- auct.
- Jawed Vertebrates
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
)
- Goodrich, 1930
- Class:
Aves
(
)
- Linnaeus, 1758
- Subclass:
Avialae
(
)
- Gauthier, 1986
- Infraclass:
Aves
(
)
- (C. Linnaeus, 1758)
- Cohort:
Neognathae
(
)
- Pycraft, 1900
- Superorder:
Charadriimorphae
(
)
- Huxley, 1867
- Order:
Charadriiformes
(
)
- Huxley, 1867
- Suborder:
Lari
(
)
- Sharpe, 1891
- Suborder:
Lari
(
- Order:
Charadriiformes
(
- Superorder:
Charadriimorphae
(
- Cohort:
Neognathae
(
- Infraclass:
Aves
(
- Subclass:
Avialae
(
- Class:
Aves
(
- Superclass:
Tetrapoda
(
- Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
(
- Subphylum:
Vertebrata
(
- Phylum:
Chordata
(
- Infrakingdom:
Chordonia
(
- Branch:
Deuterostomia
(
- Subkingdom:
Bilateria
(
- Kingdom:
Animalia
(
Notes
Name
Status: Accepted Name
.
Last scrutiny: 24-Jun-1996
Similar Species
Ring-Billed Gull, California Gull
Members of the genus Larus
ZipcodeZoo has pages for 83 species and subspecies in this genus:
L. argentatus (Herring Gull) · L. argentatus argentatus (Herring Gull) · L. armenicus (Armenian Gull) · L. atlanticus (OlrogÌs Gull) · L. atricilla (Laughing Gull) · L. atricilla atricilla (Laughing Gull) · L. audouinii (AudouinÌs Gull) · L. belcheri (Band Tailed Gull) · L. belcheri belcheri (Band-Tailed Gull) · L. brachyrhynchus (Mew Gull) · L. brevirostris (Red-Legged Kittiwake) · L. brunnicephalus (Indian Black-Headed Gull) · L. bulleri (Black-Billed Gull) · L. cachinnans (Caspian Gull) · L. californicus (Californian Gull) · L. californicus albertaensis (Light-Mantled California Gull) · L. californicus californicus (Dark-Mantled California Gull) · L. canus (Common Kamchatka Gull) · (Mew Gull) · L. canus canus (Mew Gull) · L. canus heinei (Mew Gull) · (Eastern Common Gull) · L. cirrocephalus (Grey-Hooded Gull) · L. cirrocephalus cirrocephalus (Gray-Headed Gull) · L. crassirostris (Black-Tailed Gull) · L. delawarensis (Ring-Bill Gull) · L. dominicanus (Southern Black-Backed Gull) · L. dominicanus dominicanus (Southern Black-Backed Gull) · L. eburnea (Ivory Gull) · L. fuliginosus (Dusky Gull) · L. furcatus (Swallow-Tailed Gull) · L. fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. fuscus fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. fuscus graellsii (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. genei (Slender-Billed Gull) · L. glaucescens (Glaucous-Winged Gull) · L. glaucoides (White-Winged Gull) · L. glaucoides glaucoides (Iceland Gull) · L. glaucoides kumlieni (Iceland Gull) · L. glaucoides thayeri (Iceland Gull) · L. hartlaubii (Hartlaub's Gull) · (White-Headed Gull) · L. hemprichii (Hemprich's Gull) · L. hyperboreus (White-Winged Gull) · L. hyperboreus barrovianus (Glaucous Gull) · L. hyperboreus hyperboreus (Glaucous Gull) · L. ichthyaetus (Great Black-Headed Gull) · L. kumlieni (Kumlien's Gull) · L. leucophthalmus (White-Eyed Gull) · L. livens (Yellow-Footed Gull) · L. maculipennis (Brown-Hooded Gull) · L. marinus (Greater Black-Backed Gull) · L. melanocephalus (Mediterranean Gull) · L. michahellis (Yellow-Legged Gull) · L. minutus (Little Gull) · L. modestus (Grey Gull) · L. novaehollandiae (Silver Gull) · L. novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Silver Gull) · L. occidentalis (Wyman's Gull) · L. occidentalis livens (Western Gull) · L. occidentalis occidentalis (Western Gull) · L. occidentalis wymani (Western Gull) · L. pacificus (Large-Billed Gull) · L. pacificus pacificus (Pacific Gull) · L. philadelphia (Bonaparte's Rosy Gull) · L. pipixcan (Francolin's Rosy Gull) · L. relictus (Relict Gull) · L. ridibundus (Common Black-Headed Gull) · L. ridibundus ridibundus (Black-Headed Gull) · L. rosea (Ross' Gull) · L. sabini (Sabine's Gull) · L. sabini sabina (Sabine's Gull) · L. sabini woznesenskii (Sabine's Gull) · L. saundersi (Chinese Black-Headed Gull) · L. schistisagus (Slaty-Backed Gull) · L. scopulinus (Red-Billed Gull) · L. scoresbii (Magellan Gull) · L. serranus (Andean Gull) · L. thayeri (Iceland Gull) · L. tridactyla (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. tridactyla pollicaris (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. tridactyla tridactyla (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. vetula (Cape Gull)
More Info
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Further Reading
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- A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url , .
- A List of British birds / London: John Van Voorst, 1883. url , .
- A List of birds' eggs in the collection of Mr. William Stoate, Wembdon, Bridgewater. [188-?] url p. 44.
- A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region. By Edward A. Preble. .. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. url p. 269.
- A birdlover's year. London: Nash, 1915. url p. 88.
- A book of birds. 1908 London, Sidney Appleton, 1908. url p. 139, p. 143.
- A catalogue of Canadian birds with notes on the distribution of the species / by Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B.: J. McMillan, 1887. url p. 10.
- A catalogue of Canadian birds, By Montague Chamberlain. Saint John, N.B., J. & A. McMillan, 1887. url p. 10, p. 10.
- A catalogue of the collection of birds formed by the late Hugh Edwin Strickland. Cambridge, Univ. Press, 1882. url p. 620.
- A check list of North American birds. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1882. url p. 121, p. 8.
- A check list of North-American birds by Elliott Coues. Salem, Mass.: F.W. Putnam, 1879. url .
- A dictionary of birds, London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. url p. 295.
- A dictionary of birds, by Alfred Newton, assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker. .. Charles S. Roy. .. and Robert W. Shufeldt. .. London, A. and C. Black, 1893-1896. url p. 295, p. 295, p. 492, p. 870, p. 870.
- A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1931. url p. 149.
- A geographic classification of Neotropical mammals. 36 1958 [Chicago]Chicago Natural History Museum, 1958. url p. 623.
- A geographical bibliography of British ornithology from the earliest time to the end of 1918, arranged under counties, being a record of printed books, published articles, notes and records relating to local avifauna, by W. H. Mullens, H. Kirke Swann, F. C. R. Jourdain. London, Witherby, 1920. url p. 127.
- A glossary of popular, local and old-fashioned names, of British birds; London: H. Sotheran & Co., 1902. url p. 15, p. 19, p. 43.
- A hand-book to the birds of Great Britain / by R. Bowdler Sharpe. London: E. Lloyd, 1896-1897. url p. 73, p. 83.
- A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 200.
- A hand-list of the birds of Japan, by M. Ogawa. [Tokyo]1908. url p. 369.
- A handbook of British birds, showing the distribution of the resident and migratory species in the British islands, with an index to the records of the rarer visitants, by J.E. Harting. .. London, J.C. Nimmo, 1901. url p. 300.
- A handbook of European birds for the use of field naturalists and collectors. By James Backhouse. London, Gurney and Jackson, 1890. url p. 287.
- A handbook of the vertebrate fauna of Yorkshire: being a catalogue of British mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes / by Wm. Eagle Clarke, and Wm. Denison Roebuck. London: Reeve, 1881. url p. 83, p. 83.
- A history of British birds, with coloured illustrations of their eggs. By Henry Seebohm. .. London, Pub. for the author by R.H. Porter [etc.]1883-85. url p. 296, p. 297, p. 316.
- A history of birds / London: Methuen & Co., [1910] url .
- A history of birds, by W. P. Pycraft, with an introd. by Ray Lankester. London, Methuen and Co.[1910] url p. 272.
- A history of the birds of Europe, not observed in the British Isles / by C. R. Bree. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1875-1876. url p. 164, p. 64.
- A list of British birds / compiled by a committee of the British Ornithologists' Union. London: J. van Voorst, 1883. url , p. 189.
- A list of British birds belonging to the Humber district: having a special reference to their migrations / by John Cordeaux. London [England]: R. H. Porter, 1899. url p. 35.
- A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url , p. 251, p. 252, p. 393.
- A list of British birds. The genera arranged according to Sundevall's method. The nomenclature revised by Henry Thornton Wharton. London, J. Van Voorst, 1877. url p. 17.
- A list of European birds, including all those found in the western palaearctic area, with a supplement containing species said to have occurred, but which, for various reasons, are inadmissible. London, R.H. Porter, 1898. url p. 57.
- A list of European birds: including all species found in the western palaearctic region: the nomenclature carefully revised / by Henry E. Dresser. London: H.E. Dresser, 1881. url p. 36.
- A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen Manchester, N.H., Nature press, 1903. url p. 213, p. 29.
- A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 5.
- A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 33.
- A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott, 1887. url , p. 33.
- A manual of palæarctic birds, by H. E. Dresser. London, The author, 1902-03. url p. 822, p. 829, p. 832.
- A natural history of the ducks / 2 1923 Boston; Houghton Mifflin Company; 1922-1926. url p. 99.
- A natural history of the nests and eggs of British birds / by the Rev. F.O. Morris. London: John C. Nimmo, 1896. url .
- A pocket-book of British birds, by E.F.M. Elms. London: West, Newman & co. [etc.], 1906. url p. 128.
- A reprint of the North American zoology, by George Ord. Being an exact reproduction of the part originally compiled by Mr. Ord for Johnson & Warner, and first published by them in their 2d American ed. of Guthrie's geography, in 1815. Taken Haddonsfield, N.J., Pub. by the editor, 1894. url p. 47.
- A review of the birds of Connecticut / by C. Hart Merriam. New Haven, [Conn.]: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, Printers, 1877. url p. 147.
- A study of the incubation periods of birds; what determines their lengths, Denver, Col., The Kendrick-Bellamy Co., 1917. url .
- A survey and record of Woolwich and West Kent containing descriptions and records, brought up-to-date, of geology, botany, zoology, archaeology and industries of the district, with a brief photographic commentary, in commemoration of the 12th Ann General editors, C.H. Grinling, T.A. Ingram [and] B.C. Polkinghorne. Woolwich: Labour Representation Print. Co., 1909. url p. 254.
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- A vertebrate fauna of the Orkney Islands / by Thomas E. Buckley and J.A. Harvie-Brown. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1891. url p. 231.
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- A year with the birds, by W. Warde Fowler. .. With illustrations by Bryan Hook. London, New York: Macmillan and co., 1891. url p. 264.
- A year with the birds; by W. Warde Fowler. .. illustrations by Bryan Hook. London, Macmillan and co., limited, 1914. url p. 264.
- Abstract of the proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New York City, for the official year. . [New York]: The Society, [1889-1932] url p. 56.
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- An account of the flowering plants, ferns and allies of Harleston. With a sketch of the geology, climate, and natural characteristics of the neighbourhood. Compiled and edited by Francis William Galpin. To which are added Observations on the birds of the district, by Charles Candler. London, Bartlett, 1888. url p. 145.
- An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. url , p. 7.
- An illustrated manual of British birds, with 384 illustrations and 3 colored maps. London, Gurney, 1899. url p. 671.
- Anatomischer Anzeiger. Jena: G. Fischer, 1886- url , , p. 199, p. 235, p. 247, p. 248, p. 309, p. 343, p. 345, p. 41, p. 413, p. 584, p. 590, p. 649, p. 72.
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- Birds of California: an introduction to more than three hundred common birds of the state and adjacent islands, with a supplementary list of rare migrants, accidental visitants, and hypothetical subspecies / Chicago: A.C. McClurg, 1912, c1903. url .
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Notes
Contributors
- BirdLife International 2009. Larus canus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
- Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
- IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
Data Sources
Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 03, 2007:
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
- Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
- New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
- UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Seabird 2000
Identifiers
- Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8323
- Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176834
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481685
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176832
- IUCN ID: 218200
- Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNNM03090
- Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 7575
Footnotes
- Mean = 46.240 meters (151.706 feet), Standard Deviation = 341.040 based on 2,104 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
- BirdLife International 2009. Larus canus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]
