Larus canus

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

Vegetation: freshwater marshes, coastal waters, coastal sand beaches and mudflats • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Medium

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,827 meters (0 to 12,556 feet).[1]

Ecology: Behaviour This species is fully migratory1. It breeds from May onwards in solitary pairs or in single- and mixed-species colonies of up to 300 pairs1, 3 or more (e.g. 1,000 pairs in Baltic region)4. Outside of the breeding season the species remains gregarious , foraging in flocks of up to one hundred or more individuals during the winter, flock sizes depending upon the habitat and conditions4. Habitat Breeding The species breeds along the coast1, 2, 4 and inland1, 2, 3, 4 in a variety of sites not necessarily close to wetlands1. On the coast it nests on grassy and rocky cliff-ledges1, 4, grassy slopes2, 4, inshore rocky islets , islands and stacks1, 2, 4, and on sand and shingle beaches, banks and dunes1, 4 amongst tide-wrack or flood debris4. Inland the species nests on small islands in freshwater and saline lakes3, shingle bars or small islets in streams or rivers2, islets, artificial structures and shores of artificial waterbodies with short, sparse vegetation6, and on bogs1, 4, marshes1, meadows1 and grass or heather moorland near small pools2, 4 or lakes4. After the young fledge the species often disperses to coasts, tidal estuaries, agricultural land and reservoirs1, 4. Non-breeding Outside of the breeding season it occupies similar habitats to when it is breeding, although it may occur more frequently along the coast during this period4 on estuaries with low salinities, sandy beaches and estuarine mudflats7. Diet Its diet consists of earthworms, insects, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates1 (e.g. planktonic crustaceans1, crayfish and molluscs3) and small fish1. During the spring the species will also take agricultural grain1 and often scavanges7. Breeding site The nest is a shallow cup of vegetation placed on grass, rock, sand, shingle, earth or floating and marshy vegetation1 in a variety of coastal and inland locations1, 2, 3, 4. The species may also nest off the ground on artificial structures, in nest-boxes and in trees1, 2. Management information The species may benefit from the removal of introduced predators such as American mink Neovison vison from small breeding islands5, and has been known to nest on artificial rafts intended to encourage other species (e.g. Common Tern Sterna hirundo) to breed7.

[2].

List of Habitats:

•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     5     Wetlands (inland)   
  
•     5.4     Wetlands (inland) - Bogs , Marshes, Swamps , Fens , Peatlands   
  
•     9     Marine Neritic   
  
•     9.1     Marine Neritic - Pelagic   
  
•     9.2     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs   
  
•     9.3     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel   
  
•     9.4     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy   
  
•     9.5     Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud   
  
•     9.7     Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp   
  
•     9.9     Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged)   
  
•     9.10     Marine Neritic - Estuaries   
  
•     12     Marine Intertidal   
  
•     12.1     Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline   
  
•     12.2     Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits , Etc   
  
•     12.3     Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches   
  
•     12.4     Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats   
  
•     12.6     Marine Intertidal - Tidepools   
  
•     13     Marine Coastal/Supratidal   
  
•     13.1     Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.2     Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland   
  
•     15     Artificial/Aquatic & Marine   
  
•     15.1     Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha)   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Mostly: Aquatic Invertebrates Fish Carrion

Reproduction

• Clutch Size: 3
• Length of Incubation : 24-26 days
• Days to Fledge : 30-32
• Number of Broods: 1

Taxonomy

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 24-Jun-1996

Similar Species

Ring-Billed Gull, California Gull

Members of the genus Larus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 83 species and subspecies in this genus:

L. argentatus (Herring Gull) · L. argentatus argentatus (Herring Gull) · L. armenicus (Armenian Gull) · L. atlanticus (OlrogÌs Gull) · L. atricilla (Laughing Gull) · L. atricilla atricilla (Laughing Gull) · L. audouinii (AudouinÌs Gull) · L. belcheri (Band Tailed Gull) · L. belcheri belcheri (Band-Tailed Gull) · L. brachyrhynchus (Mew Gull) · L. brevirostris (Red-Legged Kittiwake) · L. brunnicephalus (Indian Black-Headed Gull) · L. bulleri (Black-Billed Gull) · L. cachinnans (Caspian Gull) · L. californicus (Californian Gull) · L. californicus albertaensis (Light-Mantled California Gull) · L. californicus californicus (Dark-Mantled California Gull) · L. canus (Common Kamchatka Gull) · (Mew Gull) · L. canus canus (Mew Gull) · L. canus heinei (Mew Gull) · (Eastern Common Gull) · L. cirrocephalus (Grey-Hooded Gull) · L. cirrocephalus cirrocephalus (Gray-Headed Gull) · L. crassirostris (Black-Tailed Gull) · L. delawarensis (Ring-Bill Gull) · L. dominicanus (Southern Black-Backed Gull) · L. dominicanus dominicanus (Southern Black-Backed Gull) · L. eburnea (Ivory Gull) · L. fuliginosus (Dusky Gull) · L. furcatus (Swallow-Tailed Gull) · L. fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. fuscus fuscus (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. fuscus graellsii (Lesser Black-Backed Gull) · L. genei (Slender-Billed Gull) · L. glaucescens (Glaucous-Winged Gull) · L. glaucoides (White-Winged Gull) · L. glaucoides glaucoides (Iceland Gull) · L. glaucoides kumlieni (Iceland Gull) · L. glaucoides thayeri (Iceland Gull) · L. hartlaubii (Hartlaub's Gull) · (White-Headed Gull) · L. hemprichii (Hemprich's Gull) · L. hyperboreus (White-Winged Gull) · L. hyperboreus barrovianus (Glaucous Gull) · L. hyperboreus hyperboreus (Glaucous Gull) · L. ichthyaetus (Great Black-Headed Gull) · L. kumlieni (Kumlien's Gull) · L. leucophthalmus (White-Eyed Gull) · L. livens (Yellow-Footed Gull) · L. maculipennis (Brown-Hooded Gull) · L. marinus (Greater Black-Backed Gull) · L. melanocephalus (Mediterranean Gull) · L. michahellis (Yellow-Legged Gull) · L. minutus (Little Gull) · L. modestus (Grey Gull) · L. novaehollandiae (Silver Gull) · L. novaehollandiae novaehollandiae (Silver Gull) · L. occidentalis (Wyman's Gull) · L. occidentalis livens (Western Gull) · L. occidentalis occidentalis (Western Gull) · L. occidentalis wymani (Western Gull) · L. pacificus (Large-Billed Gull) · L. pacificus pacificus (Pacific Gull) · L. philadelphia (Bonaparte's Rosy Gull) · L. pipixcan (Francolin's Rosy Gull) · L. relictus (Relict Gull) · L. ridibundus (Common Black-Headed Gull) · L. ridibundus ridibundus (Black-Headed Gull) · L. rosea (Ross' Gull) · L. sabini (Sabine's Gull) · L. sabini sabina (Sabine's Gull) · L. sabini woznesenskii (Sabine's Gull) · L. saundersi (Chinese Black-Headed Gull) · L. schistisagus (Slaty-Backed Gull) · L. scopulinus (Red-Billed Gull) · L. scoresbii (Magellan Gull) · L. serranus (Andean Gull) · L. thayeri (Iceland Gull) · L. tridactyla (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. tridactyla pollicaris (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. tridactyla tridactyla (Black-Legged Kittiwake) · L. vetula (Cape Gull)

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Further Reading

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Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2009. Larus canus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 9, 2012.
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal December 03, 2007:

• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, North West Territories and Nunavut Bird Checklist, Canada
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Royal British Columbia Museum
• New Brunswick Museum, NBM birds
• UK National Biodiversity Network, Joint Nature Conservation Committee - Seabird 2000

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 8323
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-176834
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481685
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 176832
• IUCN ID: 218200
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABNNM03090
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 7575

Footnotes

1. Mean = 46.240 meters (151.706 feet), Standard Deviation = 341.040 based on 2,104 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]
2. BirdLife International 2009. Larus canus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 01 February 2012. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.