Icterus galbula

• Overview
• Interesting Facts
• Common Names
• Description
• Biology
• Taxonomy
• Similar Species
• More Info
• Further Reading
• Notes

Overview

Interesting Facts

Common Names

Click on the language to view common names.

Description

Physical Description

Habitat

A forest edge inhabitant, often found near human habitation.

Vegetation: tropical lowland evergreen forest, second-growth forests and woodlands, gallery forests, tropical deciduous forests • Maximum Elevation: 2,000 meters • Sensitivity to Disturbance: Low

Typically found at an altitude of 0 to 3,793 meters (0 to 12,444 feet).[1]

Ecology: List of Habitats :

•     1     Forest   
  
•     1.4     Forest - Temperate   
  
•     1.6     Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland   
  
•     4     Grassland   
  
•     4.4     Grassland - Temperate   
  
•     14     Artificial/Terrestrial   
  
•     14.4     Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardens   
  
•     14.5     Artificial/Terrestrial - Urban Areas   
[more info]

Biology

Diet

Primarily: Insects. Lesser Quantities of: Fruit Nectar.

Reproduction

Breeds in shade trees in residential areas, also in open deciduous forests from May to July.

• Nest Location: Mid-story/canopy nesting. The birds weave a hanging nest from plant fibers, attached to a drooping branch of a tall tree.
• Clutch Size: 3-6
• Length of Incubation : 12-14? days
• Days to Fledge : 12-14
• Number of Broods: 1

Migration

Migratory

Taxonomy

Synonyms

Icterus galbula (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes

Name Status: Accepted Name .

Last scrutiny: 11-Oct-2007

Similar Species

Bullock's Oriole

Members of the genus Icterus

ZipcodeZoo has pages for 52 species and subspecies in this genus:

I. abeillei (Black-Backed Oriole) · I. auratus (Orange Oriole) · I. auricapillus (Orange-Crowned Oriole) · I. bonana (Martinique Oriole) · I. bullockii (BullockÌs Oriole) · I. bullockii bullockii (BullockÌs Oriole) · I. cayanensis (Epaulet Oriole) · I. cayanensis cayanensis (Epaulet Oriole) · I. chrysater (Yellow-Backed Oriole) · I. chrysater chrysater (Yellow-Backed Oriole) · I. chrysocephalus (Moriche Oriole) · I. croconotus (Orange-Backed Troupial) · I. cucullatus (Palm-Leaf Oriole) · I. cucullatus cucullatus (Hooded Oriole) · I. cucullatus sennetti (Hooded Oriole) · I. dominicensis (Hispaniolan Oriole) · I. dominicensis dominicensis (Black-Cowled Oriole) · I. galbula (Black-Backed Oriole) · I. galbula galbula (Black-Backed Oriole) · I. graceannae (White-Edged Oriole) · I. graduacauda (Black-Headed Oriole) · I. graduacauda audubonii (Audubon's Oriole) · I. graduacauda graduacauda (Audubon's Oriole) · I. gularis (Lichtenstein's Oriole) · I. gularis gularis (Altamira Oriole) · I. icterus (Venezuelan Troupial) · I. jamacaii (Campo Troupial) · I. laudabilis (St Lucia Oriole) · I. laudabilis laudabilis (St. Lucia Oriole) · I. leucopteryx (Jamaican Oriole) · I. leucopteryx leucopteryx (Jamaican Oriole) · I. maculialatus (Bar-Winged Oriole) · I. melanopsis (Cuban Oriole) · I. mesomelas (Yellow-Tailed Oriole) · I. mesomelas mesomelas (Yellow-Tailed Oriole) · I. nigrogularis (Yellow Oriole) · I. nigrogularis nigrogularis (Yellow Oriole) · I. northropi (Bahama Oriole) · I. oberi (Montserrat Oriole) · I. parisorum (Scott's Oriole) · I. pectoralis (Spotted-Breasted Oriole) · I. pectoralis pectoralis (Spot-Breasted Oriole) · I. portoricensis (Puerto Rican Oriole) · I. prosthemelas (Black-Cowled Oriole) · I. pustulatus (Western Streak-Headed Oriole) · I. pustulatus pustulatus (Streak-Backed Oriole) · I. pyrrhopterus (Variable Oriole) · I. spurius (Bastard Baltimore) · I. spurius fuertesi (Orchard Oriole) · I. spurius spurius (Bastard Baltimore) · I. wagleri (Black-Vented Oriole) · I. wagleri wagleri (Black-Vented Oriole)

More Info

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Further Reading

• A List of British birds / London: British Ornithologists' Union, 1915. url , .
• A biological investigation of the Hudson Bay region. Washington, Govt. Print. Off., 1902. url , .
• A biological survey of the sand dune region on the south shore of Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Prepared under the direction of Alexander G. Ruthven. Lansing, Mich.: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck, Crawford co., state printers, 1911. url p. 291, p. 330.
• A check list of Rhode Island nesting birds, with data. [Providence? R.I.], c1908. url p. 19.
• A checklist of the vertebrate animals of Kansas / George D. Potts, Joseph T. Collins. [Lawrence, Kan.]: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 1991. url p. 17.
• A distributional list of the birds of Montana, with notes on the migration and nesting of the better known species, by Aretas A. Saunders. Berkeley, Calif., The Club, 1921. url p. 103.
• A faunal investigation of King Township, York County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1930. url p. 193.
• A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity, Norfolk County, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1931. url p. 195.
• A faunal investigation of Prince Edward County, Ontario / Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941. url p. 83.
• A faunal investigation of western Rainy River District, Ontario / [Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology], 1938. url p. 208.
• A guide to the birds of New England and eastern New York; containing a key for each season and short descriptions of over 250 species, with particular reference to their appearance in the field, by Ralph Huffmann...with four full page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes and nearly 100 cuts in the text. BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company1904 url p. 188, p. 355.
• A hand-list of British birds, with an account of the distribution of each species in the British Isles and abroad. By Ernst Hartert, F. C. R. Jourdain, N. F. Ticehurst and H. F. Withersby. London, Witherby, 1912. url p. 7.
• A history of the birds of Colorado, London, Witherby & Co., 1912. url , , .
• A list of British birds, comp. by a committee of the British ornithologists' union. London: British ornithologists' union, 1915. url p. 321, p. 415.
• A list of the birds of Florida / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 17.
• A list of the birds of Maine, showing their distribution by counties and their status in each county. Prepared under the auspices of the United ornithologists of Maine by Ora W. Knight. .. Augusta, Kennebec journal print, 1897. url p. 88.
• A list of the birds of Maryland / F.C. Kirkwood. Baltimore, Md., 1895. url p. 323.
• A list of the birds of Maryland, giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds; also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded. By F.C. Kirkwood. .. Baltimore: [Maryland Academy of Sciences], 1895. url p. 323, p. 323, p. 378, p. 378.
• A list of the birds of Maryland: giving dates of the arrival, departure and nesting periods of our regular birds, also including stragglers and such others as no doubt occur but are not recorded / Baltimore: Deutsch Lithographing & Print. Co.; 1895. url , .
• A list of the birds of New Hampshire. By Glover M. Allen Manchester, N.H., Nature press, 1903. url p. 130, p. 212, p. 27, p. 41.
• A list of the birds of eastern North America / by Charles B. Cory. Boston: For sale by B. Whidden, 1896. url p. 29.
• A manual of North American birds. By Robert Ridgway. Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1896. url p. 377.
• A manual of North American birds. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1900. url p. 377.
• A manual of the vertebrate animals of the northern United States: including the district north and east of the Ozark mountains, south of the Laurentian hills, north of the southern boundary of Virginia, and east of the Missouri river, inclusive of marine species / Chicago:A. C. McClurg, 1916. url .
• A popular handbook of the birds of the United States and Canada / Boston: Little, Brown, 1921. url .
• A popular handbook of the ornithology of the United States and Canada: based on Nuttall's Manual / by Montague Chamberlain. Boston: Little, B., & Co., 1903. url p. 83.
• A practical handbook of British birds, edited by H.F. Witherby. .. London, Witherby, 1920-24. url p. 39.
• A preliminary catalog of the birds of Missouri / St. Louis: Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1907. url .
• A preliminary list of the birds found in Vermont / by George H. Perkins; assisted by Clifton D. Howe. Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., 1901. url .
• A preliminary list of the birds of Wayne County, Ohio. Columbus, Westbote Co., State Printers, 1896. url p. 250, p. 251, p. 304.
• A preliminary review of the birds of Nebraska, with synopses, Omaha, 1904 url .
• A study of the incubation periods of birds; what determines their lengths, Denver, Col., The Kendrick-Bellamy Co., 1917. url .
• A supplement to The birds of Rhode Island / by Reginald Heber Howe, Jr. and Edward Sturtevant. Middletown, R.I.: [s.n.], 1903. url p. 17.
• A treatise on zoology London, A. and C. Black, 1900-1909 url p. 264.
• A treatise on zoology. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1900-1909 url p. 264.
• American bird magazine, ornithology. Worcester, Mass.: C.K. Reed, 1903-1906. url p. 170, p. 20.
• American birds studied and photographed from life / by William Lovell Finley. Illustrated with photographs by Herman T. Bohlman and the author. New York: Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 257.
• American birds, studied and photographed from life, by William Lovell Finley; illustrated from photographs by Herman T. Bohlman and the author. New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1907. url p. 185.
• An ecological characterization of Coastal Maine (north and east of Cape Elizabeth) / Stewart I. Fefer and Patricia S. Schettig: principal investigators. Newton Corner, Mass.: Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, 1980. url p. 99.
• Animal and plant life in Oklahoma, Norman, 1917. url .
• Animate creation: popular edition of "Our living world": a natural history / by the Rev. J.G. Wood. New York: Selmar Hess, c1898. url p. 324.
• Animate creation; popular edition of "Our Living World" a natural history, by the Rev. J. G. Wood. Revised and adapted to American zoology, by Joseph B. Holder. New York, S. Hess[1898] url p. 324.
• Annals of the Carnegie Museum. [Pittsburgh]: Published by authority of the Board of Trustees of the Carnegie Institute, 1901- url , p. 469, p. 494, p. 567.
• Annotated list of the Avery bird collection in the Alabama museum of natural history (Geological survey museum) University, Ala., 1921. url .
• Annotated list of the birds of Oneida County, N.Y. and of the West Canada Creek Valley. [Utica, N.Y.?]1912. url .
• Annotated list of the birds of Point Pelee. n.p., n.d. url p. 145.
• Annual report / Albany: University of the State of New York, 1902-1918. url p. 104, p. 108, p. 113, p. 238, p. 73, p. 82, p. 85.
• Annual report of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., state printers, 1916-1918. url p. 93.
• Annual report of the New Jersey State Museum. Trenton, N.J.: MacCrellish & Quigley, url , p. 214.
• Annual report of the New York Zoological Society. New York: The Society, 1897- url p. 172, p. 172, p. 211.
• Appendices A-E: terrestrial resources injury assessment report: upper Clark Fork River NPL sites. Helena?, Mont.: Dept. of Justice?, 1995 url .
• Baby bird-finder. .. by Harriet E. Richards and Emma G. Cummings. .. Boston, Mass., W.A. Butterfield, 1904-06. url p. 34.
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• Bird guide. from parrots to bluebirds / by Chester A. Reed. Worcester: Reed, 1906. url p. 58.
• Bird guide...east of the Rockies, by Chester A. Reed. New York, Doubleday, Page & Co., 1910. url p. 70.
• Bird guide: land birds east of the Rockies from parrots to bluebirds / by Chester A. Reed. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1916, c1909. url p. 70, p. 70.
• Bird homes. The nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds, New York, Doubleday & McClure Co., 1900. url .
• Bird homes: The nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1903. url , .
• Bird homes: the nests, eggs and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States, with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1920, c1904. url , .
• Bird homes: the nests, eggs, and breeding habits of the land birds breeding in the eastern United States; with hints on the rearing and photographing of young birds / New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905, c1904. url , .
• Bird lore. New York City: Macmillan Co., c1899-c1940. url p. 135, p. 339, p. 341.
• Bird neighbors an introductory acquaintance with one hundred and fifty birds commonly found in the gardens, meadows and woods about our homes / by Neltje Blanchan; with introduction by John Burroughs. Toronto: G. Morang, 1898. url .
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• Bird neighbors: an introductory acquaintance with one hundred and fifty birds commonly found in the gardens, meadows, and woods about our homes / by Neltje Blanchan; with introduction by John Burroughs. Garden City: Doubleday, 1918. url p. 211.
• Bird neighbors; an introductory acquaintance with one hundred and fifty birds commonly found in the gardens, meadows, and woods about our homes Garden City, N. Y., Garden City Pub. Co.[c1922] url .
• Bird notes. Brighton: Foreign Bird Club: 1902-1925. url p. 122, p. 188.
• Bird populations in east central Illinois: fluctuations, variations, and development over a half-century / Champaign: University of Illinois Press, c1982. url p. 134.
• Bird studies; an account of the land birds of eastern North America, London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. url , .
• Bird-life: a guide to the study of our common birds / New York: D. Appleton, 1917, c1901. url .
• Bird-life; a guide to the study of our common birds, by Frank M. Chapman. .. With seventy-five full-page colored plates after drawings by Ernest Seton Thompson. New York, D. Appleton and co., 1919 [c1901] url p. 192.
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• Birdcraft: a field book of two hundred song, game, and water birds / New York: Macmillan, 1900. url , .
• Birdcraft; a field book of two hundred song, game, and water birds, by Mabel Osgood Wright. .. With eighty full-page plates by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. London: The Macmillan company, 1897. url p. 172, p. 316.
• Birds and nature. Chicago, Ill.: A.W. Mumford, Publisher, 1900-1907. url p. 26, p. 27.
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• The naturalist of the Saint Croix. Memoir of George A. Boardman. A selection from his correspondence and published writings, notices of friends and contemporaries, with his list of the birds of Maine and New Brunswick. By Samuel Lane Boardman... Bangor, Priv. print., 1903. url p. 305, p. 305, p. 305.
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• Upon the tree-tops, by Olive Thorne Miller [pseud.] Illustrated by J. Carter Beard. BostonHoughton, Mifflin and company, 1897. url , , .
• Useful birds and their protection / by Edward Howe Forbush; ill. by the author. .. and others. [Massachusetts]: published under direction of The Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, 1908. url p. 224.
• Useful birds and their protection. Containing brief descriptions of the more common and useful species of Massachusetts, with accounts of their food habits, and a chapter on the means of attracting and protecting birds. [Boston, Printed by Wright & Potter]1913. url , .
• Useful birds and their protection: containing brief descriptions of the more common and useful species of Massachusetts, with accounts of their food habits, and a chapter on the means of attracting and protecting birds / by Edward Howe Forbush; illustrated by the author, C. Allan Lyford, Chester A. Reed, and others. Boston: Published under direction of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, by authority of the Legislature, [1907]. url p. 224.
• Vertebrates of Ontario, by C. W. Nash. Department of Education, Toronto. Printed by order of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Toronto, L. K. Cameron, 1908 url p. 59.
• Vertebrates of Ontario. TorontoPrint. by order of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario by L.K. Cameron1908 url p. 59.
• Visitors' guide to the local collection of birds in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City: with an annotated list of the birds known to occur within fifty miles of New York City / by Frank M. Chapman. New York: Printed for the Museum, 1894. url p. 54, p. 96.
• Wake-Robin, by John Burroughs. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin[1899] url p. 230.
• What bird is that? A pocket museum of the land birds of the eastern United States, arranged according to season. New York, D. Appleton[c1920] url .
• Wild birds in city parks; being hints on identifying 200 birds, prepared primarily for the spring migration in Lincoln Park, Chicago, but adapted to other localities, by Herbert Eugene Walter and Alice Hall Walter. [St. Johnsbury, Vt., Press of the St. Johnsbury republican co.]1910. url p. 34.
• Wild life of the world: a descriptive survey of the geographical distribution of animals / 2 London; F. Warne and co., 1916. url p. 347, p. 433, p. 435.
• Wildbirds of New York / by Chester A. Reed. Mohonk Lake, N.Y.: Mohonk Salesrooms, c1912. url p. 50.
• Winter sunshine, by John Burroughs. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin, c1917. url p. 239.
• Winter sunshine. BostonHoughton, Mifflin1901 url p. 239.
• Wisconsin bird-study bulletin. [Madison, Wis.]: C.P. Cary, State Superintendent, 1906. url .
• With the birds in Maine, Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1904. url , .
• Wyoming birds and their value to agriculture, Laramie, Wyoming, 1916. url .
• [Collected reprints, 1895-1916. s.l., s.n., 19--] url , , , , , .
• [Collected reprints, 1902-1928. s.l., s.n.19--] url , .

Notes

Contributors

• BirdLife International 2004. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 18, 2008.
• BirdLife International 2009. Icterus galbula. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloadedon 01February2012.
• Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
• Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-present. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Zwaag, The Netherlands. Accessed January 30, 2012.
• Bronx Zoo, Bronx, NY USA
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed September 23, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
• Hines, J. E., Gregory Gough, J. R. Sauer, et al. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
• IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on January 28, 2012.
• NatureServe. 2003. Downloadable animal data sets. NatureServe Central Databases. Accessed February 6, 2005.
• Parker III, T.A., D.F. Stotz, and J.W. Fitzpatrick, and quot;Ecological and Distributional Databases for Neotropical Birds, and quot; in Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation, by D.F. Stotz, T.A. Parker III, J.W. Fitzpatrick, and D.K. Moskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). ISBN 0-226-64676-9.
• Peterson, Alan P. Zoological Nomenclature Resource. Accessed June 19, 2009.
• Ruggiero M., Gordon D., Bailly N., Kirk P., Nicolson D. (2011). The Catalogue of Life Taxonomic Classification, Edition 2, Part A. In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds). DVD; Species 2000: Reading, UK.
• Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2005. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2004. Version 2005.2. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD
• Sauer, J. R., S. Schwartz, and B. Hoover. 1996. The Christmas Bird Count Home Page. Version 95.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD

Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal March 07, 2008:

• Avian Knowledge Network: eBird
• Avian Knowledge Network: Great Backyard Bird Count
• Avian Knowledge Network: Project FeederWatch
• Bird Studies Canada: Marsh Monitoring Program - Birds
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 1981-1985
• Bird Studies Canada: Ontario Breeding Bird Atlas 2001-2005
• Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Birds (Aves)
• Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility: Royal British Columbia Museum
• Canadian Museum of Nature: Canadian Museum of Nature Bird Collection
• Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates: Bird Collection
• Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: Terrestrial vertebrate specimens
• New Brunswick Museum: NBM birds
• Royal Ontario Museum: Bird specimens
• Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: Santa Barbara Musem of Natural History
• The New York Botanical Garden: Bronx River Bioblitz
• UNIBIO, IBUNAM: CNAV/Coleccion Nacional de Aves
• University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ): Bird specimens

Identifiers

• Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 7997
• Catalogue of Life Accepted Name Code: ITS-179083
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 2481680
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Serial Number (TSN): 179083
• IUCN ID: 216020
• Natural Heritage Network Species Identifier: ABPBXB9190
• Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 13650

Footnotes

1. Mean = 227.870 meters (747.605 feet), Standard Deviation = 492.970 based on 19,987 observations. Altitude information for each observation from British Oceanographic Data Centre. [back]

©2004-2012 David Stang. All rights reserved.